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Abstract

In the employment sector there are sets of trainings for employees that are viable to organizations for them to perform to the expected levels. This presentation gives the categories of organizational training and career stages which are experienced in life as one develops career wise. These are discussed in details giving the description of the categories and their importance, and highlighting on the needs and concerns of the career stages. Also discussed are the internet sites offering online employee training and development in addition to the relevance of employee development in relation to voluntary turnover.

 

 

1. Organizational Training Categories

Required and regular training

This conforms to different legal requirements like OSHA and EEO as mandated. All the employees are given this type of training especially during their orientation into the organization at the time of absorption into employment by the organization. This type of training is important in that it ensures the safety of the employees is fully managed as it does come with safety compliance procedures. It also aids the employees acquire the relevant provisions as required by the organization apart from defining the regulations by which remunerations and working durations are related therefore guiding the employee efficiently on how to effect performance. In addition, it helps the employees get acquaintance of the organizational framework and operations, and provide them with a detailed incentive offers as they are bound to as benefits. Lastly, it gives the employees the relevant procedures on how to tackle incidents of harassment like sexual harassment prevention or other forms of harassment from the other staff.

Job/ Technical training

For the employees to perform their respective jobs well, this from of training becomes handy as it enables the employees to perform effectively. It helps the employees acquire understanding into the product knowledge, technical procedures and processes, and how to relate to customers. This training is important in that it improves on how the services are offered to the customers, it gives clear discernment on the operation of equipment in the organization, it ensures efficiency in the keeping of organization’s records and enhances telecommunications by the employees. Furthermore, it ensures that the employees have proper knowledge of the IT operations and systems within the organizations and good understanding of the products they are dealing with.

Interpersonal and problem-solving training

This addresses problems that are operational and interpersonal to the employees. It further seeks to enhance the organizational relationships for instance interpersonal communications, skills on management or supervision and conflict resolution. It ensures effective expression and relay of information among the employees apart from giving them skills in writing. It improves interrelationship among the employee and imparts skills that are relevant for coaching. It is useful in identifying pertinent issues in cases of problems and assists in managing conflicts among the employees.

Development and career training

This type of training offers long-term focus that enhances individual and organizational competencies with reflection for the future like business practices, executive development, organizational transition and leadership. It helps keep the business operations in flow by giving an insight into the trends of the business. Apart from this, it helps in strategizing, leading others and in managing transitions in the organization. Nevertheless, it aids in career planning and ensuring that the performance in the organization is properly managed.

2. Websites involved with employee training and/or development.

www.thirdforce.com, www.trainnow.net and www.mindflash.com

These sites are useful in that they are effective in managing time while at the same time providing the employee with the most recent developments in the employee sector.
3. Career Stages

Early Career

It constitutes ages +/- 20 years whereby there is need of identifying interests and exploring a number of jobs. It is concerned with external rewards and the act of acquiring more capabilities.

Mid Careers

This ranges from ages 30 to 40 years with a focus on advancing in career, though lifestyle may limit options. Another need is in the growth opportunities. Its main concerns are aligned to value, contribution, integrity and well-being.

Late Careers

This stage comprises +/- 50 years age group who have the needs of updating on skills, settling in of the individuals in the skills and being a leader with opinions that are valued. The concerns in this stage are mentoring, disengaging and organizational continuance.

Career End

The age group of 60-70 years falls in this stage. They have the needs attached to planning for retirement and examining non-work interests with the concerns of retirement and part-time employment.
4. Employee training and development is an expense that may lead to voluntary turnover because the employee always have the choice to quit from any organization no matter the expenses used in training and developing them. As McNamara Carter observes, employee training and development though increases satisfaction, motivation and morale among the employees, financial gains following efficiency in processes, adoption of new technologies and managing of risks, it does not work as a guarantee to keep the employees in any given organization as they may choose to leave any time they feel fit, (McNamara, C. 2008). Furthermore, it can be expensive to train and develop employees only for them to quit immediately after the training programmes without putting the acquired skills in the organization as noted by James M (2009).

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Abstract

            This presentation is an outline of a research on the emerging biotechnology as involves genetics. It gives the prospects of biotechnology and the necessities that come with it. In addition, it discusses the significance of biotechnology on the basis of its importance and how these are of essence to the world at the present times.

 

 

1. Introduction

This should give overview of the paper as a review of main aspects of biotechnology by specifically touching on its potentials to influence the genetic components in organisms. Kershen, L. D. (2005) clarifies that humans struggle to be artificial than co-exist with nature.

1. Background information on new/emerging biotechnology

1.                                                               i.      This will focus on the importance of the study and why it should be studied.
2.                                                             ii.      Examples of any concerns that are affiliated to biotechnology and their description
3.                                                           iii.      Where new/emerging biotechnology is commonly practiced and its scope worldwide
4.                                                           iv.      Opinions and views on biotechnology
5.                                                             v.      The stand of this paper on biotechnology based on the above opinions and views

2. Discussion
1. What biotechnology is all about and what entails it

Will define biotechnology for example as defined by Aakhayan (June 2010) being “the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of material by biological agents to provide goods and services” and any other definitions.

2. What has been said about new/emerging biotechnology

This part should give the prospects of biotechnology as viewed by other people for instance, “as a prospect to have molecular diagnosis of an organism so that the organisms which are at risk gain the capability to have a healthy offspring by checking on the conventional examinations before delivering the offspring” (Dyson, T. 2001).

3. An exploration of any views and thoughts about biotechnology

This part should give details into what have been said on biotechnology a tool that controls plant and animal genes while at the same time maintaining their intended activities. In this case, it complements on the genes (Journal of Biotechnology, 2010).

4. Any theories on biotechnology involving genetics

This will dig into highlighting any theories, if any, on emerging biotechnology

5. Challenges that involve biotechnology

This section will point out on the challenges that biotechnology is facing and the potential areas that are capable of bringing in more challenges in the emerging biotechnology.

6. The impacts of biotechnology in the present world and its potentials to bring change to the present trends in the world

In this section, discuss the effects of biotechnology like “the increased omega 3 in oils for better heart health, boosted lycopene in tomatoes for antioxidants with reducing the risk of cancer, or potatoes with 30% more protein and the ability to absorb less oil, (Lorne, H., The importance of biotechnology, 2008).

7. A reflection on the stand of this paper on the basis of the discussions

This should relate the whole paper discussion with the take of the paper.

3. Conclusions and recommendations

This will entail the summary of the paper on emerging biotechnology giving a detailed, yet brief of what the paper discusses on emerging biotechnology for instance how the plight of the world will be impacted on full adoption of biotechnology. This should summarize what biotechnology means to the present world and the direction it will take the next generation to.

Recommendations to be adopted along with the emerging biotechnology regarding the enhancement of organisms and human health will be given. Also to be included will be the system which the entire globe should formulate to help initiate programmes of biotechnology in various sectors.

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Epistemology has grown over the years and so has the study of knowledge grown through the lessons that have been attended over the past few weeks. One notable aspect of knowledge is that regardless of the area of specialisation the knowledge has to remain very dynamic over the years. As one progresses with the acquisition of knowledge even when the knowledge doesn’t change the level has to shift. With regard to this argument it is therefore arguable that knowledge, epistemology, would always change, however slight.

When faced with challenges, Feldman (Feldman, p 102) asserts that the knowledge on the approach for solving the challenge would always differ. Yet still the ultimate goal would remain the same. Any experiment carried out would endear to find solutions to some problem. While the ultimate results would be different, the objectives inherent in the experiment would project to serve the same purpose.

If epistemological relativism should guide any discourse then ideally as much as the result targeted would be similar the extent of serving the intended purpose will depend on the person carrying out the experiment. This is where epistemological relativism comes in. the truth posed by any information is therefore dependent on the recipient of the knowledge. The balancing point nevertheless is the how best the acquired knowledge serves the purpose for the study.

In epistemological relativism, Ross (Ross, p 34) argues that the need for thinking is paramount and the learner or the recipient of the knowledge has the least option but to have an open mind and engage them in thinking. Through the engagement the recipient is capable to relatively ascertaining the truth that is contained in the received knowledge.

The creation of knowledge turns out to be very systematic and progressive. This makes it imperative that epistemologists follow a specific stream of path for them to develop a consistent and empirical knowledge (Feldman, p 51). Inasmuch as there has to be epistemological relativism the need for consistence is therefore very imperative and inevitable.

The relations between firms are pecked so much on the knowledge that the relating firms require from ach other. While there is the dire need for ownership of the knowledge and skills, the trust and the relativity of the truth is what ultimately cements the relationship between the firms that have the interest of sharing certain skills and knowledge.

The setting in of globalisations and the internationalisation of skills has made epistemological development universal and near uniform (Feldman, p. 52). As information is shared by one group and the other, the need for reduced relativism becomes very imperative and inevitable. At this level of epistemological know-how, those who interact with the knowledge tend to strike a balance between the various knowledge bases.

Symbiosis when it comes to epistemology has become the order of the day world over (Yasumuro & Westney, p. 21). This has increased the likelihood of questioning the developed knowledge. Because the knowledge is shared throughout the globe, those who interact with the knowledge either critique or agree with the existing knowledge.

Companies have been able to develop branches across the globe. As the firms operate in this areas there are imperatively forced to share the production knowledge with the employees who would be hailing from within and therefore making the knowledge known to the residents and therefore prone to critique.

Yasumuro & Westney (Yasumuro & Westney, p. 14) argues that the systems theory presents the ideals of cooperation between the various units of an organisation. Subsequently the organisation has the least options of having the knowledge used shared among the players. Similarly, with the upsurge of globalisation, knowledge can not be restricted from spreading; neither can knowledge be closed away from critique.

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The Caribbean Island in relation to English colonies has been one of the contentious topics for a long time and has turned in various popular debates and talks globally. The English colonies brought various changes to the island both affirmative and negative. This paper will hence focus on some of the core values and issues that happened during the era of English colonies.

This was an era of colonization where there were major revolutions in the World history. There were changes in various sectors for example the agricultural economy which was replaced by the sugar culture (Carl & Robert, 1972, pp. 9). The period of self sufficiency was gone and it was hence replaced by English speaking Europeans who occupied the entire community. The major challenge that the black people who came from West Africa faced was language use as they were incapable of speaking the white man’s language (Carl & Robert, 1972, pp 10).

This period of English colonies was marked with greed, advancements, fame, power, ranks, exploitation of the land and other hostilities. There was immense growth of slavery. In the two decades the entire white population composed of young people who had no any attachments to the Island. Most of the immigrants were young people in their twenties and mainly the male species that had no any family ties. There was growth of the white population in Barbados and St. Christopher. However, it was not long before they started to decline (Harris, 2003, pp. 503).

The mortality that had been presumed in Barbados stimulated the import of more blacks who came from Africa in order to relieve the shortage in labor on the given plantations. This also led to speeding up of sugar culture by the year 1650. Most of the victims were freeholders. The English merchants could no longer send supplies and servants to this famous island and the land became inaccessible for the common people as it was reserved only for the rich people.  The colonists began to leave St. Christopher too by the year 640 since there was a ban on planting of tobacco that was ordered by Sir Thomas Warner in order to raise the price of the staple.

In 1645 and 1647 the White people from the English Islands had already reached their peak as far as power, wealth and numbers were concerned. To the English people from Europe, this was not just a materialistic age for the Caribbean inhabitants.  They were present for just one reason which was to become extremely rich. The promoters of the colonies were too self-centered and the only thing they thought about was how to make profit (Charles, 1957, pp. 292).  This clearly means that the white people were after power. The settlers were only focused on problems arising from adjustment and survival in their new surroundings

Most of the indecorous, ignorant, indigent and undistinguished people who comprised of the white populations from English Islands were the sons of prominent merchants and country gentlemen who had connections that enabled them to explore the world. It is patent that most of these English white people brought more misery than good to the common people. They were mainly after power and wealth and could do anything to get it. The Caribbean islands got to witness human exploitation in form of slavery and search for power and fame. It was a period that was marked by hostilities, uncertainty and surprises. The English colonies revealed what true exploitation meant.

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The rate of crime in any nation will always attract the attention of the administration of the day. However, if the crime itself appears to be disguised, it becomes challenging for the management to take any steps. Hate crime is such a qualitative cadre of crime with high relativity. However, it is indisputable that hate crime is wide spread.

(Barsky, R F, p 271) explains that hate crime will go beyond just threatening the welfare and the safety of the citizenry of any nation. It inflicts on the victims incalculable emotional and physical pain beside rearing and damaging the fabric of a free society. Such crimes that have been motivated by hatred of invidious magnitudes normally sense weighty messages of the discriminatory and intolerant nature of society. The victims of this crime and their society feel secluded.

A healthy democratic process can not exist devoid of ideals that promote human freedom. Overall, hate crime militate, disrupt and intimidate the entire community. Besides, it does vitiate any civilisation that would be enjoyed by the society that is founded on democratic ideals. In any ideal society that is democratic, the approval of practices and believes of other remains within the premise of the community and never without.

Saucier (Saucier, et al p 897 finds it very regrettable that presently the American law remains inadequately dumb on the extent of the harm that is caused by hate crime on not only public order but the individual who is affected. The need for the review and the repeal of the present legal provisions is therefore calling and inevitable. There is the dire need that provisions are made indicating the gravity of hate crime and the need thereto for preventing the recurrence of crimes of this nature.  Forthwith, there is also need to pass legislations that would see hate crimes punishable with due and appropriate severity.

It is an unfortunate scenario however that there is opposition on the passing of such laws that would help fight the practice. Congressional Digest (Congressional Digest p 31) noted that over the past, the criminal system of the United States has found itself in some tight place over the way hate crime has been handled. The argument, which appears very lopsided and protracted, is that such provisions are in conflict with the freedom of speech and expression. Nonetheless, within the very supreme law of the land infringement into the rights of others is punishable with due severity. Another protracted argument is that such provisos would tamper with the fundamental freedom of thought; but then there exists not freedom world over without curtailments.

The argument that passing hate crime legislations would make certain beliefs and ideas illegal particular those that have religious orient, is by any standards, logically and feasibly misplaced. In addition, the asserting that hate crime legislation would exacerbate conflicts is most suspect. While there could some water within these arguments, it is only logical that all the rights are protected. While it has always been taken that such utterances are meant to positively critique groups or individuals; it need to remain known such activities should not infringe into the rights of others.

Whichever the approach to hate crime, whatever the orientation of the hate crime, whichever the names used; (Barsky, R F, p 272) states that hate crime by all standards will remain against the human will and is non justifiable under whatever circumstances. The review and backlash of the practice and the related activities is worth the present man and prevailing democratic course.

 

 

Research questions

            The issue of hate crime is posing a big challenge to the entire globe. It therefore becomes imperative that concerted efforts are made to try and combat these dehumanising acts. The realisations that hate crime is a reality and part of New York City seems to have brought a great awakening to America and particularly in NYC.

The aforementioned discussed challenges form the basis for the research questions. This research, based on the backdrop of the above prelude endears to answer directly and indirectly the under listed questions and concerns.

a)      What are the major forms of hate crime that are being experience in New York City?

b)      What is the frequency of encounter of hate crime in New York City/

c)      Who are the main victims of hate crime in New York City?

d)     Is the practice of hate crime justifiable under any circumstances?

e)      What are the ills that are characteristic of hate crime?

f)       Are the available legislations sufficient and all inclusive enough to check the vice?

g)      What are the possible policies and policy guidelines that can be adopted to change the present trend on hate crime?

h)      Would the present legislation be sufficient in fighting crime that are directly linked or indirectly linked to hate crime?

i)        Would individuals have a role in the control of hate crime in New York City and around the world?

j)        Would hate crime, if unchecked find its way throughout the entire United States of America?

k)      Which other states and regions in United States of America has a high prevalence of hate crime?

The research will answer these questions either directly or indirectly. Finding the answers to this questions imply that the research will be able to establish the causal aspects of the debacle and subsequently the probable preventive measures that would be adopted by any interested parties in assisting to combat the menace. This will therefore act as a move towards unlocking the puzzle that has been posed by the hate crime, not only in New York City but across the world.

The answers t the questions will also seek to demystify the assertion cum believe that hate crime is a preserve of the poor. The paper will find the correlation, if any, between colour and victimisation of such nature.

 

 

 

Research Hypothesis

Hate crime seems to be tearing through the American political economic and social fabric. In unravelling the inherent challenges that are being posed by the hate crime the research will adopt the following research hypothesis:

a)      That major hate crime cases are concentrated in New York City.

b)      That the frequency of encountering hate crime in New York City is high compared to other parts of America.

c)      That the main victims of hate crime are black Americans, American Latinos and women

d)     That under certain circumstances, hate crime is justifiable and should not be given a blanket demonization

e)      That hate crime is characterised by the denial of basic human rights and under no circumstance would there be such justification for the same.

f)       That the available legislations are not comprehensive enough to help curb hate crime.

g)      That hate crime would be reduced through the passing of effective legislations   New York City

h)      That individual has a tidal role in the combating of hate crime practises and their involvement is imperative both within and without New York City.

i)        That if hate crime is not checked, it may spread through the whole of the United States of America.

The research will endear to establish whether the aforementioned hypotheses are null or alternative. But most importantly, the research will lead to the finding the key areas of concern on hate crime in the united states with specific reference of New York City. Subsequently, the research consequent to some of the hypothesis will unravel and shade light on the dynamics and challenges of ridding hate crime and the combating prospects thereof

The hypothesis will also direct the research towards demystifying the myth that hate crime has been largely meted on black Americans and women. This would be very incidental in helping marshal efforts towards the elimination and prevention of the menace.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Definition of Terms and Acronyms

NYC                                       : New York City

Hate crime                               : Is the victimizing of persons based on their religion, race, nationality, ethnic identification, and sex and gender orientation.

Mitigate                                   : check the rate of spread of something unwanted

Reliability                                : the ability to have similar results with even another researcher under similar circumstances

Validity                                   : ability to measure what it is intended to measure

Militate                                    : working against or an impediment to the achievement of the set goals.

VAWA                                   : Violence Against Women Act

Transgender                            : Hate crime between the genders

Inter-group hate crimes           : hate crimes between the racist and social groups

HCSA                                     : Hate Crimes Statistics Act

Homophobia                           : fear for hate crimes from the opposite sex such as domestic violence

NYPD                                     New York City Police Department

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Limitations of the Study

The study will have a number of limitations that will curtail the universality of the findings. These limitations will include but not restricted to the following:

1. The research will be only restricted in New York City
2. The city is densely populated, estimated at about 8.4 million people, this makes the sample size relatively wanting
3. Some of the hate crime activities have been taken as normal unfolding hence becoming hard to identify the practice of such practises.
4. The cost of handling an extensive research is very high given the population, in addition such research is without the reach of a single researcher
5. There is very little that has been documented on the issue of hate crime in New York City this makes the researcher delve into the research with the least clue of the state as is on the ground
6. The research topic is weird and tends to delve into the private lives of the resident of NYC. Given the pride of the city some information provided may not be the ideal state

Basic Assumptions

The research will make a number of assumptions in the analysis and in the presentation of the results. The following are some of the assumptions that research will work with:

a)      The information offered by the sample population will be representative of the 8.4 million residents of NYC

b)      Most of the respondents will be able to make a correct judgement of the hate crime in NYC

c)      NYC represents the wider America and the world at large, hence he deductions made would be treated as universal

d)     The methods adopted in the fight again hate crime would be effectively used in the whole of the United States and therefore the whole world

e)      Hate crime has the least economic benefits that can be accrued from its practise therefore they should be eradicated.

The aforementioned are assumed for the purpose of this research as the ideal position.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Literature Review

Introduction

               There exists substantive literature on the topic of hate crime. However there is no specific literature that has been very particular on the issue of hate crime in New York City. The available literature looks at the definition of hate crime and areas of prevalence. However, none of this literature seems to relate with precision the issue of hate crime and colour. Within this review a cross examination of literature on the topic is undertaken.

               There have been rising concerns on the aspect of hate crime prevalence in New York City over the last few years. Apparently this archaic practise has hit NYC with such surprise that social scientists are finding it imperative to review hate crime anew. The residents of the NYC are finding it pretty unbelievable that in a democratic state of the US’s calibre this can be experienced. Looking at the state departments, at least not a single strategy has over the years been laid to this effect; apparently not the least assistance can be obtained on the shebang from the custodian of the citizens.

               While to same extend the state has tried to control the perpetuation of hate crime in the city, sensitisation has been relatively low implying that the state has only addressed the menace on the outer part, leaving the inner part desolate. Such follow-ups have also been very poor; this has left the vulnerable prone to this practise and suffering on the pretext of lack of government knowledge. The right step towards the mitigation of the practises lies in civic education.

               While it is appreciable that some organisations have made a number of steps towards mitigating the menace, relative to the population of NYC, estimated at 8.4 millions, this is only a drop in the ocean. The human right protection agencies have still much that needs to be done to assist I curbing this dehumanising and undemocratic practise. Nevertheless, is the worth course in the direction.

               According to research, hate crime has been reported to be on the increase across the US. Research equally shows that these crimes have traversed bounds of socioeconomic and ethnic orient. It is equally documented that hate crime have been cited across varied settings inclusive of rural areas and urban centres.

Discussion on the reviewed of literature

The literature reviewed showed that hate crime is prevalent particularly between the genders and the sexes. This has been common with respect to gender identity. Apparently behind every crime, Saucier et al (Saucier, D., Brown, T L., Mitchell, R. C., Cawman, A J., p 902) asserts that those that have been targeted by the practise have been victims because of their religious, ethnic, sexual orient disability and gender identity. Civic leaders and law enforcement agencies have discovered that the failure to address the practises was eating into the social fabric of the United States of America.

It is appreciable today that there is increasing consensus on the need for the prosecution of most of the hate crime cases. Most of the American law enforcement agencies and policy makers are of the view that biases that are based on such segregation need to have a stiffer punishment that it is today. Notably the passing of legislation by the congress in 1994 towards this cardinal course was worth it. This legislation meant that a sentence was to be promulgated against crimes that were committed on account of peoples’ perceived sex orient, gender or disability.

Barsky (Barsky, R F, p 271) states that most of the victims of the anti-lesbian, anti-transgender and antigay incidents seem to have found it insignificant report such cases to the authorities. Sources privy to the law enforcement agencies within New York City do indicate that hate crimes are the least reported in the entire United States of America. Apparently, while lesbianism and gay has not had full legislative leeway throughout the United States, but spatial legislative approval, suspicion has mad them more prone to this crimes. The sources also suggest that these two cadres are the major victims of hate crimes.

Sex oriented hate crimes have also been so much on the increase. Statistics show that sex related hate crimes are rampant across the US. The FBI showed in 2005 that sex related hate crimes were the third highest reported form of hate crime that were reported. Of the cases of hate crime that received the attention of the law enforcement agencies, 14.5 % were related to sex (Danny G., p 120).

Statistics collected between the years of 1991 through to 2005 showed that there were 15000 hate crime cases that were of sex orient. In the year 2000, the numbers increased by 200% from the previous year raising an alarm to the law enforcement agencies (Bunar, N., p 169). To show the gravity of hate crime of sexual nature, the hate crimes of this orient have always been understated.

In spite of the many violent acts perpetrated against on the basis of the sex orient of individuals. Gender hate crimes have also been very prevalent. While this hate crimes have over time been treated as personal attacks, this crimes need to be treated with extra vigilance. A considerable number of women have been treated with brutality, terror, and some even assaulted to death. It is appreciable according to Sherry (Sherry M., p 26) that the passing of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) these violent acts have been utterly been reduced. It has become apparent today that most of the crimes have been mere biases against the fair sex than attacks.

Saucier (Saucier, et al p 897) states that most of the states in the United States of America have put statutes in place that prohibit hate crime that are gender based. The 50 American states have passed statutes that prohibit rapes and other related hate crime that are meted against women. On the contrary, only 24 states have statutes that are protective of women on the hate crimes that are gender biased. Moreover it appears to be contradictory that some of the states have statutes that appear out of the line with the federal position on the issue of hate crime.

The legislation that has been passed by the federal government seems to be in line with the expectation of the Violence Against Women Act. However, King (King et al p 314) states that given that all the rape, assault and domestic violence act cases have been federalised, it is imperative that the state statutes be in line with the federal provisions. Although the legislation have been drafted to ensure that the investigations and prosecutions thereof, of the federal hate crime cases are restricted to crimes that are largely motivated by some gender based animus, this seems to implicate largely the federal interests. Perhaps this is the main hate crime challenge that the federal government faces.

It has come to be identified that transgender person are the frequent targets of hate crimes. This has been largely based on their perceived non conformity with the gender norms and their inherent sexual orient or perhaps both the two. These types of crime (transgender) have been found to be more violent than other forms of hate crimes.  This has been compounded by the fact that most of the transgender prosecutions have been largely biased with particular reference to the mistrust of the local law enforcers.

The aforementioned lack of the federal backstop on both local and state authorities in cases of law enforcement has shown insurmountable intolerance and failure for the investigation of and the prosecution thereof of the transgender cases of hate crime.

The federal government has been very committal in the protection of persons with disability on the issue of hate crime. Danny G., (Danny G., p 118) states that disabled persons have been the major victims of hate crimes. However, the federal government moved with speed to protect this cadre of persons. The passing of the Fair Housing Act of the 1988 and the passing of the Disabilities Act in 1990 marked a milestone in the curbing of hate crime against disabled persons. The disabled persons were formally protected within the context of civil rights.

Subsequently, the passing of amendments on the Hate Crimes Statistics Act required that the FBI collects sufficient information that was incidental in the curbing of the vice. This was to be undertaken with particular interest to the disabled persons. The information collected by the FBI went a long way in informing both the government and interested non state actors towards marshalling resources to fight the ever-increasing crime.

Bunar (Bunar, N., p 167) argues that it is very unfortunate that most of the cities worlds over have been able to put some workforce in place to counter the ever rising hate crimes cases yet these workforces have done the least to achieve this clarion calling. It is equally a set back that few states have been able to allow for the countrywide collection of data on hate crimes and therefore depriving hate crime anti-lobby groups the opportunity to have a real glimpse of the states as is on the ground.

The Congressional Digest (Congressional Digest p 31) records that the police and other criminal fighting agencies have largely failed in addressing these issues succinctly as there have been numerous violations of human rights without the due follow-up from these agencies. The police and other enforcement agencies have apparently not been able to remediate this very aptly entrenched vice in society. King et al (King et al p 312) asserts that homophobia anti-Semitism and racism have been indiscriminately entrenched in society that they seem to be eating up the societal fabric to the very core. The goings –on in New York City seems to illustrate the lack lustre with which the vice is deep rooted in the society; across the entire civility of the USA.

Cockburn (Cockburn, A., p 9) sees the attacks on mosque and synagogues as shading light on the state of the affairs about the vice in the American fabric particularly in the New York City. The overall working with real and empirical figure would have provided sufficient insight into the magnitude of the debacle.  Hate crime according to research has been seen as a phenomenon common among youth gangs but not homophobic and racist groups that are relatively organised.

The year 1990 recorded 530 bias hate crime incidents. The crimes were meted on varying recipients such as persons, businesses and religious institutes that were demonstrating animus that was non Jewish. The study showed that at the time 148 hate crime incidents were committed on the basis of prejudice of black colour, while 118 were committed on the prejudice for whites, while 47 were bigotry meted against Hispanics.  Saucier (Saucier et al p 899) states gay persons were also victims of hate crime rated at 47 per 530 bias incidents. Asian pacific islanders received 22 cases of hate crimes of the 530 hate crime cases.

The nature of the crime was relatively diverse. However most of the crimes ranged from assault to confrontations and aggravated harassments. Robbery of the victims was also a common trend with the victims being forced to surrender their belongings. Graffiti’s have been sometimes displayed with messages demonizing lesbians and gays. In retrospect, while this was ardently happening the NYC post had the least reporting for robberies, rapes, homicides and arsons that translated into arrests of the perpetrators.

Inter-group hate crimes have also become very common in New York City with groups striving for supremacy. Sherry (Sherry M., p 29) argues that inter-group hate crimes exhibit themselves in the form of racist hate crime and class hate crimes. The punishment that have been passed for these crimes seem to be doing the least to deter the ever-increasing treacherous crime because the punishment seem to be far less stringent to deter the recurrence of these crimes.

The most misconstrued believe if that the perpetrators of hate crime would not be deterred through name calling. On his part MacLean (MacLean P, p 2) says that potential murders and rapists wouldn’t desist from committing these crimes by the shear fact that they were labelled a name. by any lucid standards this results into another crime and therefore perpetuating the very crimes that are meant to be deterred. While it is assume d that indeed such acts would play a role in the deterrence prospects, by all standards, remain speculative ventures. Replete of the many incidents of hate crime fewer prosecutions have been undertaken New York State.

Danny (Danny G., p 128) states that the manner in which vaulting of hate crimes have been put into limelight impacts upon the priorities of the police is better illustrated no more than by recent occurrences that involved allegations by black youths who had been sprayed with white paint and robbed by assailant of white ascend (Barsky, R F, p 270). Most perturbing was that most of the detectives sent to the seen stayed at the scene of crime with the assumption that the crime was in fact a hoax.  This could be attributed to the much publicity incidents of this nature generate.

Overall the administrative units of must be wary not to fall prey to warmed-over polyanna-ish and platitudes that would deter the vision of the community coexisting in harmony. Racial, sexual and religious (and age, gender, handicap, and union) divisions can create deep-rooted schisms through the entire New York City and the whole United States. Though the NYPD units of Bias community initiatives and investigations, such as excoriates, would well put the City government on notice over inter-group conflicts and hatreds. The schisms is deeply embedded may just be exacerbated individuals, groups and even the media. The media has apparently been trying to redefine the hate crime based on racism, sexism and homophobia.

Conclusion on literature Review

There are area states in the united state that have not legalised the practising of lesbianism and homosexuality. However, it needs to be appreciated that it is not the responsibility of the civilians to label the criminals of this stature as such. Besides, until proven guilty one will always be innocent, hence this prerogative should be left with the court of law. Overall the meting of hate crimes on citizens who are suspected o practicing homosexuality and lesbianism is illegal altogether and should be treated as such except that the government should move speedily to have appropriate legislation that can govern such conduct.

Sherry (Sherry M., p 27) asserts that the consensus that exists on the aspect of hate crime is sufficient for the NYC administration to develop incidental legislations to this effect. The legislations developed and passed should explicitly start by give clear and concise definitions of hate crimes, their categorisation and the punishment thereto. This move according to McMahon, et al (McMahon et al p. 71) will assist the residents of New York City to not only understand the various hate crimes but know the gravity of committing such crimes.  This would scare off the would-be hate criminals from perpetuating these crimes.

The passing of legislations would not suffice towards the fighting of hate crime perpetration. The legislating arm according to Bunar (Bunar, N., p 171) should organize for civic educations so as to educate the general public on the ills and the repercussions of hate crimes. Perhaps at the very best, some of the contents of hate crime should be inculcated through the education system so that the children grow up wary of the ills and the punishment thereto of hate crimes. Subsequently, Yueh-Ting (Yueh-Ting et al p 290) asserts that this would assist the legislative arm of the administration of New York City reduce the incidences of hate crime.

Similarly, the legislations should be followed to the letter to ensure that those who perpetrate hate crimes and supplementary crimes face the full arm of legal legislations. MacLean (MacLean P., p 2) argues punishment meted upon the perpetrators should possibly be one that is at the very ceiling of the legislative provisions. This move would consequently deter both the perpetrators and the prospective perpetrators from such acts. This will consequently serve as an example for those who would be harbouring such imaginations.

The political class also have a very strategic role in the reduction and the curbing of hate crime. When carrying out political responsibilities not groups should termed as marginalised publicly but the marginalised should be treated as such during personalised discharge of duties. Danny (Danny G., p 124) argues that all groups should be treated equally in all functions so as to embrace the aspect of equality through. The marginalization of persons based on gender should be dully demonized to have this attitude imparted in the residents of New York City. Overall, the change in attitudes of the residents of New York City and the wide America will have the hate crime trend changed over a span of time without much coercion.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Research Design

Introduction

The area under investigation is of great concern through society. However, this doesn’t imply that the research will be done across the globe. Nevertheless, the research will be undertaken over a small scope but with a global outlook. This will ensure that the results that are attained can be applied across the globe. To ensure that data is collected with the least resistance, the researchers will obtain a letter from the administrative units within the city to avoid any suspensions.

Scope of the Study

The research will be restricted to New York City and the vicinities. The data collected will be from sample populations that are located within the city. However, though it is evident that this is a concern with a global orient, this has been ardently handled in the literature review to show the import of the research. This paper seeks to restrict itself but give the results a global orient.

In the event that there will be any persons involved in the research, then they would visitors to the facilities such as lodging and hotels within New York City. However, all the respondents will be treated as residents of the city though the information colleted from such respondent would be incidental in reflecting the global perspective of the study.

Research Methodology

Methods of Data Collection

The researcher will collect data through the use of structured questionnaires that will be issued to sampled residents of New York City. The questionnaires will be used for both interview and filling by the sample population. 30 percent of the respondents will be interviewed while the remaining 70% will be issued with questionnaires to complete. The questionnaires will then be collected for analysis and interpretation thereto.

Sampling

Research Population

The research population will comprise the entire population of the New City which is estimated at which is estimated at 8.4 million according to the 2009 statistics. While the sampling will endear to cover a larger area and coverage, because of the incidence of hate crime, most of the interviewees and respondents will be randomly drawn from these areas. The respondents will be assayed mainly from these joints to support the verification of hypothesis.

The research will use a combination of three sampling procedures to enhance the validity and the reliability of the data collected. The three methods will include random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling. Having identified the scope of the research as New York City, the social joints and strategic places to be investigated will be determined through a random sampling procedure. All sample social joints population will be identified and coded. The codes will then be randomly selected to find the social joints from which the requisite data will be collected.

Once the social joints have been identified, stratified sampling technique will then be used in the determination of the persons within the social joints that would be interviewed or who will fill the questionnaires. The social joints and the strategic places will act as the sample strata. Even within the social joints, the random sampling will be applied to determine the management and the customers who would respond to the questionnaires. This will go a long way in reducing the likelihood of biases. The population identified will then be clustered to get those who would be interviewed (30%) and those to complete in the interview questionnaires (70%). The combination of this sampling method will enhance validity and reliability.

Data collection

Having identified the research sample, the research will contact interviews to those that have been sampled for interview and issue research questionnaires for those identified for the same. The respondent for the questionnaires will be given sufficiently time to have them respond fully to the questionnaires while those to be interviewed will be given a week’s prior notice to avoid ambushing the respondents or inconveniences.

Recording of Data and Presentation

The data collected will then be filled in frequency distribution table for ease of analysis. This data will then be presented on graphs for ease of interpretations and analysis thereof. The table will have aspects such as the frequency of coming across hate crime in items (second hand) bought from the market. In addition the information collected would show how many persons amongst the sample population have set eye on hate crime. If one has seen a hate crime then it shows the frequency of occurrence of hate crime. For example the respondents from social joints such as hotels would have responses such as:

Social joint	Have encountered hate crime	Have never encountered  hate crime
Hotel	83	25
Bars	64	13
Lodging	76	31
Strategic places	93	17

When this data is presented on graphs it will form a graph of the form.

The chart will then be used to shade sufficient light on those who have come across hate crime which will be sufficient proof of the prevalence of hate crime.

Interpretation of the Research Findings

The data collected will be interpreted for the sake of seeking applicability in the control of the scourge. If the data collected shows the correlation between the activities of the social places, the implication would be that mitigation of the menace will start with proper monitoring and surveillance of this social places where this crimes are prevalent. On the other hand, if the research does show that most of hate crime is resultant unwarranted prejudice, the government will be urged to review prejudice policies.

Testing For the Validity and Reliability of the Results

The consistency and stability of the research results will be measured through ensuring that data collected has the least bias. This will ensure that a similar research under the same circumstance yields the same results. This will constitute the reliability of the research outcomes.  Similarly, the degree of measure of the intended results will be approved if the research gathers sufficient information that would be used in the analysing the extent of the problem that is being posed by the hate crime in New York City. The results found will be restricted to New York will then be taken as an ideal minimum representation of the state in the whole of America and the world as a whole.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Expected Results

The research will unravel the ideal empirical state of affairs as is on the ground concerning the issue of hate crimes. Through the research the prevalent hate crime orient will be established and the probable causative factors which will form the basis for combating the vice. The research will equally seek to establish whether indeed hate crime case are mainly concentrated in New York City as is opposed to other areas of the United States of America.

The frequency of perpetration of hate crimes will be established through research with the most common hate crimes being identified. This frequency would vary according to the areas of residence. This will only be made possible through unbiased collections of the requisite data. Subsequent, it is expected that from the research areas where hate crime is most prevalent will be earmarked and therefore ardently addressed by legislative and law enforcement agencies.

The research is expected to shade sufficient light on the major victims of hate crimes. While it has been argued through that the major victims of hate crimes in New York City are Latinos, black Americans and women, there is no empirical data o this effect.  The research will therefore gather data that will be scientific and empirical enough to be used for analytical purposes. Over the world hate crimes with domestic orient have always been treated as a preserve of women but time seems to be disapproving this myth; men have become victims of domestic crime through the world. The research will seek to establish whether men are presently the major victims of hate crime in NYC.

Some of the hate crime cases have been argued to be justifiable. The research will equally gather data on the hate crime cases that are perceived as justifiable. Subsequent, the feeling of the masses on the justifiability of the hate crime cases will sought and recorded for purposes of seeking the extend of the justifiability of this cases if there is any. Most of the human rights violation cases that accompany hate crimes will also be identified and made part of the policy guidelines that will be developed towards the curbing of the vice.

The opinion of the general public on the feasibility and comprehensiveness of the present legislations will be sought and established to assist in making any amendment if need be. Effective legislations will be developed transcend to this empirical data for combating hate crime. This legislation will be supported by the feeling of the residents and therefore enhance the feasibility of the legislation and increase the ease with which the implementation will be done.

The research will, most importantly, seek to identify the position of the residents in combating hate crime. The likelihood of hate crime spreading to other areas and states in the United States will equally be established though the collected data. Overall, this research will seek to give sufficient information that assist in the development of policy that will be incidental in the fighting of hate crime in New York City and perhaps through the entire US.

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A war that has been prevalent for decades was brought to light in the state of Massachusetts in October 2009 (Mass Resistance, 2009).  It forever altered the way Americans and most parents perceive the role of the school and the state and not only in people’s lives but in the lives of the children.  The Massachusetts State education committee convened in order to hear testimonies of parents on an immense and susceptible topic which involved sex education in public schools. The primary outrage for the parents came as a result of the fact that they were never informed on their children’s syllabus on the grounds they were not to intervene or opt the children out of the sex education. They were also not notified on intended curriculum that was to be taught in school.  On similar accounts two families sued the school district when they refused to give them a chance in opting out when homosexuality was discussed in their children’s classes as they were after moral upbringing of their young children (Ian & Murphy, 2007).  The legal entity in parents when they enroll the children in the public schools is to offer a substantial control degree on how the children are taught (Emily, 2009, pp. 114).  The Supreme Court clearly stipulates that the care, custody and nurturing of the children sorely resides first with the parents whose role is to prepare for duties in which the state can neither hinder nor supply (Emily, 2009, pp. 114). It is evident that parents have been left out on crucial matters concerning their children’s upbringing. Parents need to unite against any barriers and entities which threaten to overrun their emotional, physical, mental and moral solidarity in their homes.  The parents’ rights to protect their children beliefs and moral upbringing have been immensely treaded upon and if that is not enough, there have been no apologies offered on the same.

Public schools have been implementing controversial education for example sex education in the classrooms as a major part of instruction for many years (Steve, Nancy & Chet, 2006, pp. 496).  There has been lack of empowerment on parents as they need to come strongly and discourage these classes. However, despite numerous trials, their sentiments have been falling on deaf ears.  The reason why parents should come together and discourage these kinds of topics is because their children suffer from embarrassments from such topics and considering these classes are taught briefly, there is no sufficient time to relate such grave issues. It is also possible for these teachings to go against people’s religious and moral beliefs.  Most of these public schools never teach on abstinence but rather on how to have a safe intercourse hence most family and religious values do stress on marriage before sex (Susan & Doreen, 2006, pp. 93). The teachers are never properly trained on how they should teach sexual education and hence may transgress their morals and beliefs into the topic instead of just sticking with the facts (Clint & Jerrold, 2008, pp. 42).

Though families might not be physically threatened in our recent time, it is lucid that in future,  parents might have no any say as far as the well being of their children in schools is concerned. It is therefore crucial for everybody concerned and who cares about the mind of the young generation to fight for the rights of the parents since this invasion is quite real. The same institution that the parents are helping to fund with their taxes is stabbing them on their back. The young mind is invaded by outraging topics, lessons and discussions that are so irrelevant to them and the school system is acting so insensitive to the age of the people they are conveying this message to. The invasion of sexual and political agendas ought to be stopped with immediate effect. Teaching the small children about homosexuality and lesbianism and that there is nothing wrong with such doctrines and practices is irrational. It is unethical and immoral as it violates the basic American Rights. It violates the freedom of religion as well as pursuit of happiness in the family unit. Sex education plainly should be addressed to the senior high school and college level young adults and should be an optional subject to people interested (Don,  1970, pp. 107).  It clearly does not belong to the kindergarten and the preschool children. This is because that is simply corrupting their mind with illogical information that adds no any value to them. Young people are bound to get confused by such information and they are not mature enough to make logical decisions on such topics. If public schools have to teach on controversial topics like homosexuality, then  they should just teach on what it really is without getting into details on whether it is acceptable or not.

The Supreme Court establishes the rights of the parents in controlling the religious and moral upbringing of the children. It is completely unfounded for the Third Circuit of rights to affirm that the rights of parents do stop at school’s door (Emily, 2009, Pp. 116).  Since the views on sexuality are usually inextricably linked to people’s religious and moral beliefs, parents’ main right should be to direct the upbringing of the children and to protect them from irrelevant exposure to some of the sexual subjects (Emily, 2009, pp. 124-125). The parent’s role in directing the decision of their children is usually immense when religious and moral precepts are concerned. The society expects the parents to fulfill their main role of being moral tutors because when they fail it is only them who are pointed and not the teachers.  The rights of the parents in controlling the educational and moral upbringing is quite imperative and has also been supported by the court as parental care is completely indispensable to the health of a nation (Richard, 2000, pp. 120-22).

When parents are registering their children in various public schools, they should consider the regular curriculum that is being used. The parents have total rights over their children and should refuse any controversial classes offered. The public should come strongly to offer support to the parents and refuse any teachings on such divisive topics since the school can never change the curriculum basing on the ideologies of few parents.

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Background

The healthy vitality of obesity at childhood has been dully established in the United Kingdom.  However, the approaches adopted in the talking of the challenges have been relatively elusive. While there is sufficient evidence for both private and public concerns as shown in the development of the Public Service Agreement, as a mean through which the rise in child obesity would be halted, little would have been achieved towards the same end. Sufficient data was collected through the Health Survey for England.

The House of Commons committee on health recommended that school children have the body measured on an annual basis. The parents were to be informed then on the outcome of the measure and subsequently on the requisite dietary interventions. Unfortunately the department for committee of health experts was unable to support this recommended proposal arguing that reporting these outcomes would be tantamount to screening programmes yet could not satisfy the national criteria for screening.

The requirement for such move was so stringent that required the intervention agency identifies the condition and subsequently the progression that would assist in the improvement of the health outcomes. These health outcomes required to be achieved through some randomised control trails. Similarly the agency needs to verify that the returns were over and above the projected harm resultant from the implementation of the strategy. Besides, the program implementation costs were to be proved to be relatively low besides a low inconvenience rate.

The measurement of the weight and the height of the children were to be anyhow continued. In spite of the measurement the results were not supposed to be reported to the parents; this was only to be treated as part of the national children measurement program. Although from the very onset the purpose of this gesture appeared to be shrouded in controversy; some arguing that purpose of these programmes were quite unclear. This was particularly more lucid at the grassroots. Subsequent the data was then analysed on the school basis such that any such incidental interventions would only be initiated at the school level and the performance of the interventions still monitored and evaluated at this very level.

The controversy on the programme brought into being a conglomeration of explanations with the Primary Care Trust arguing that the purpose of the intervention was very multifaceted. The programme was intended to plan and target the local resource in the intervention process. In addition the programme was to facilitate the tracking of the progress locally on the progress against the target of PSA on obesity and the subsequent local intervention performance.

The purpose was revised later with the department offering new guidelines for the objectives of the Primary Care Trust. This review saw the need of availing data for the purposes of performance management monitoring by PCT against the target set by the PSA. The data generated was also to used to assist in making the public understand the depth of the weight problem and change their attitude towards the mitigation prospects put in place by the government. The data collected also provided the local management the basis for the planning and effective service delivery.  Similarly, the data was to be used in the engagement of parents and children in programmes that would leverage the efforts of addressing the weight challenges. The changes in legislative framework saw the government reveal the result of the screening to parents in 2008.

In addition the data collected was to be used in the delivery and planning for implementation of consequential strategy. Because there was looming uncertainty over the usefulness of the weight and height data, the subsequent screening obese children; a policy review and literary review was undertaken. This reviews and literature was to be used in the surveillance and screening of the requisite programmes for the monitoring and evaluation of the control prospects.

There has been no global consensus over the childhood screening of obesity. Obesity screening guidelines have been very divergent from differing experts. The UK has had a lot of contradictions from the major agencies that are entrusted with the monitoring, screening and evaluation of obesity. Both the Child Growth foundation and the National Screening Committee seem to be in utter crossroads over the right and legitimate policy guidelines.

The UK moved swiftly however, through the ministry of education in the programme dubbed trim and fit. Through the programme the schools had to ensure that learners were not only mentally fit but also physically fit. The programme included physical and nutritional education alike. The schools had to ensure that the foods at the school canteens were regulated, as the feeding habits of the obese children were monitored closely.

Children who were identified to be having 4160% above average weight had their parents advised to seek medical check up. The parents were required to seek medical screening. Schools that recorded high increases in the weight cut of their students were rewarded as a way of motivating them to beef up their weight cut programmes. While there had been steady increases in the obesity prevalence between the years 1976 to 1992, subsequent years recorded considerable drops in the prevalence. The ages between 11 and 12` recorded a decrease of 16.6%. In retrospect, the obesity prevalence among adults was ever on the increase. The use of medicinal became imperative for the aged. Notably these efforts saw the prevalence of obesity drop from 14% to 9.8% respectively in the years 1992 to 2002.

The use of pills is most welcome particularly when the condition is at the severe level. Reductil has been largely utilised in the treatment of obesity. This is an appetite suppressant. Unfortunately, the represents has insurmountable side effects that justify the use of nutritional and physical prescriptions. These tablets may make it very hard for the patient to operate machines.  Similarly, in cases where the obese person is expectant, the unborn child is put in jeopardy.

Though the Reductil tablets have been found to increase metabolic rate, they can cause high blood pressure to the patient. Besides, these drugs would not be used for a period of over three years.  In addition this prescription would only be used under caution by obese persons who are epileptic or hypertensive. Altogether they don’t offer the best prescription.

Xenical has also been believed to be the best prescription for weight loss. Coincidentally, t is argued that the pill (capsule) works best when it complements physical fitness and dietary interventions. The medication works in the digestive system fighting fats directly. Persons who combine Xenical and physical exercises would loss to as much as 19 albs per year according to research. However, the medication has a number of side effects. Persons using Xenical develop complications in their bowel movement particularly during their first days of use. Overall, obesity is best prevented than treated.

Critical Interventions in Obesity Treatments and control

The accumulation of fats in the body has been treated over the years with the least concern in the United Kingdom. However, the statistics available today show such a shock trend. At the very extreme obesity can cause heart attacks, hypertension, stroke diabetes of type II arthritis and even cancer. It is perhaps this impending effect of obesity that has raised the red flag in the UK. Obesity is a function of the Body mass Index and the individual’s square height. Persons with a BMI of above 30 will always be termed as obese. Obesity cases with a BMI of above 40 are termed as having morbid obesity.

Initially obesity was considered a problem inherent only in high income earners. However, time seems to be denitrifying this myth. Statistics in the UK and US show that the trend is largely on the increase among low and medium income earners. It is very absurd that research shows that unless the trend is checked 41% of people in the United Kingdom will be obese. 25 years later in the year 2050, the obese population will increase to have the population then this shows interventional measures are long overdue.

The cost of treating obesity today stand at ₤5 billions but this figure will double by the year 2050 to ₤10 billions. The associated costs are estimated to increase to an estimated ₤49.9 billion per year. Much fear has been put on the children implying that as they grow the costs of the management of the obese conditions would still increase.

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The Purnell Health model consists of four rings with the outer most ring representing the global society, the third ring represents the community, the second ring the family while the innermost ring represents the individual (Purnell and Paulanka, 1998). From the person ring there are twelve wedges that represent cultural concepts and domains. The focus of this paper is a description of two of these wedges (health care practices and health practitioners) with regard to a group of Somali immigrants.

 

Health practices

Most African immigrants are very modest and private. It is necessary that care is taken that during procedures that require undress there is adequate explanation and only the area that requires examination is undressed (Pavlish, Noor and Brant, 2010).The notion of seeing a health practitioner for prevention purposes may not occur to a Somali. Since pregnancy is not an illness many Somali’s may not value antenatal care. Thus most Somali women may not attend all the necessary antenatal visits

 

Somalis from the city and those from the more rural areas have differing ideas about illness and disease. The ones from the city are more receptive to modern care while the ones from rural areas will be more receptive to traditional medical care. Additionally the ones from rural areas generally view illness as the inability to continue with one’s work. Thus they seek care rather late in biomedical illness. It is also easier for those who came from urban areas to make the transition to seeking medical care from hospitals and clinics as opposed to those who have come from rural areas as these may be less familiar with the medical care available in the city (Pavlish, Noor and Brant, 2010)

Generally home remedies are usually used first before outside medical help is sought. These remedies range from herbal preparations, over the counter prescriptions and massage.  The use of herbal preparations is usually passed on in the family and in several cases some ingredients will be sent over from Somali to make the preparations. When a Somali decides that the illness warrants a visit to the doctor, the doctor will usually be a person who has been recommended by a friend or family member (Srivastava, 2007).

 

Some of the barriers to healthcare include different perceptions of illness. Legal issues also affect the healthcare seeking behavior of the immigrants as some of them who are in the country illegally will be reluctant to seek healthcare for fear that they will be deported (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). Additionally, some of them may not regard healthcare as a priority when they have to pay for it due to poverty.

 

Mental illness is not very well accepted in the Somali community thus their utilization of the mental health system is very low (Srivastava, 2007). A person who sees a psychiatrist may not believe he has been treated unless a physical exam was done. There are almost no reported cases of depression in the community. This could be due to the stigma attached to mental illness. Body organ donation and rehabilitation are not common practices among the Somali community.

 

Heath care practitioners

The Somali are more likely to seek health care from those health care practitioners that they have seen before. They at first try to seek out their own. Gender is an issue of concern when seeking healthcare. Often women will not allow a male health practitioner to examine them especially for reproductive health issues (Purnell and Paulanka,1998; Srivastava, 2007). The same applies to men. Medical practitioners are generally held in high esteem. Health care practitioners are usually sought depending on what the problem is, that is, a midwife will be sought for a pregnant mother. Ethnomedical care and magicoreligious healthcare practitioners are not very common now as there is a growing preference for biomedical care. The use of traditional birth attendants in their country of origin was very prevalent but is now changing.

 

Compliance with medical treatment is often dependent on the perceived severity that the patient has. Some illnesses are considered severe in themselves such as diabetes or cancer. If the doctor states that the condition is severe, then the patient will be more compliant with the course of treatment.

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The publication of the book, Picture of the Dorian Gray, portrayed Wilde as a very immoral artiste. However Wilde’s multifaceted character is ardently portrayed as a artistic and creative. Within the preface through which Wilde endears to introduce his characters, he emerges as not only artistic but also very philosophically artistic and moralist. While within this book, Wilde presents a series of meaningful epigrams, his remains both an aesthetic work and inherently purposeful masterpiece.

At the very time of the development of the literary piece of work, immorality was rife and literature needed to play a role in the curbing of the ever increasing immorality. It perhaps this that propels Wilde towards the development and the painting of the picture that he ardently does for his character which is reflective of the internal person that Wilde is. It is for this reason that it is imperative that one considers the social and moral climate of the time is undertaking a literary analysis of the Picture of the Dorian Gray. While Wilde has always been found to be a proponent of aesthetic literary discourse, he was apparently motivated by the bourgeoisies’ morality which appeared to be in utter contempt.

Discussion

The characters used by Wilde evidently bring out the ideals for which he stood. Within the Dorian Gray, Henry embodies much sensitivity and humor. It is perhaps this humor that makes Wilde outstanding and multifaceted. Nevertheless, the discourse brings out the ethical certainties shocks that the society of the time was presenting. He went out of the expectation to make his art more meaningful than had been believed at the time; art was meant to remain beautiful and aesthetic.

The character of Wilde is perhaps what informs his painting of the characters in the Dorian Gray. Taking both Basil and Henry, both are presented in much sensitivity, allure and functionality than the expectations of the time. The presentation serve much purpose than is just aesthetic, on the one hand they mean to present the mirror image of the writer and on the other the road map of the days prospects to infamy. Wilde presents himself through the character as a man who abhors morality but hates idolisations of subjects regardless of the stature of such subjects.

The breach of the aesthetic philosophy endears to make the entire discourse more of a precautionary tale, yet ends up unravelling insurmountable moral lesson than was earlier intended. Nevertheless, the intended warning, if ardently taken as such, eludes sufficient precaution than could have been perceived by both philosophers and linguists. In additions, it appears a one for Wilde to have presented his discourse replete of restrictive doctrines, but had the discourse remain within the precincts of Victorian morality: this is ideally the score. A thorough dissection of the character of Lord Henry, Basil Hallward and Dorian Gray should shade more light on the ideals and the character of Wilde.

Dorian Gray is painted from the very onset as youthful and beautiful. It is this attractive and appealing sensation that seems to catch the eye of the painter Mr. Hallward and subsequently the attention of Mr. Henry, some nobility. Whether Wilde is a pleasure seeker or far from it remains to be known. However, the fact that Dorian is painted as a pleasure seeker finds Wilde as having passion and hatred for pleasurable characters. Dorian appears to be very gullible falling in with the least conviction. Dorian is also a very unrealistic character imagining that beauty and attractiveness can last through eternity is by any standards a misnomer. He does not wish to visualise the beauty going away because of age. This presents the alienability of the age, where most persons will do anything treacherous to maintain their perceived beauty. The implacable thought that ageing would make him less attractive is farfetched and beyond human standards.

Dorian lives in much guilt and seems to be submerged in a crisis of some sought because of the treatment that he offers Sibyl. This treatment deprives Sibyl the freedom that is due to him. This curtailment is characteristic of the time when Wilde was writing the Picture of the Dorian Gray. This is exhibited with treacherous precision in the fact that Dorian views the death of Sibyl as an achievement rather than a tragedy. Dorian has the least tinge of humanity as is evidenced in the fact that despite the fact of his responsibility, he appears least remorseful.

The cruelty that is presented by Dorian is beyond humanity in saying the least. This is evidenced through the hideous liking of Basil’s portrait. Ideally, his conscience is so heinous though his desire to repent makes a paradox of his character. Appreciably, the desire for repentance brings him out as human anyhow. In spite of the many beautiful and worthwhile unfolding in the life of Dorian, he fails to delineate himself from the dissipation of his soul. His murder of Basil seems to mark the beginning of his demise; receiving a lot of conscientious torture from within him. Ideally, all that is evident is that there is much individualism in the generation of the time; faltering Dorian because of his failure to live within the self established moral code. This is inherently the gullibility of the human nature. This intricate character seems to be in utter contrast with that exhibited by Henry.

Lord Henry on his part is presented as a fascinating, brilliant and of famous wit. Henry is such an astute and charming talker who leads conversation with much allure. It is that character that makes Dorian fall inevitably for him. Henry has very high standards of expectation as a radical aiming at toppling untested yet very established notions and truths. The character of Henry is relatively static with the least sign of changing.

He is apprehensively unshakable, composed and possessive of his dry wit. While he evidently remains immutable Dorian and Hallward change significantly. Henry has such an amusing yet enticing philosophy that is evidenced through the first half of the book; though disappears in the second half of the book. Even if Henry is such self-proclaimed hedonist advocating for equal pursuit of moral and immoral coexistence, he leads a staid life. Lord is both closed-minded and gullible as is evidenced in his over protectiveness of Dorian, arguing that Dorian would not commit such acts which were a preserve of the lower order.

Hallward is presented by Wilde as a talented person. The love he has for art is changed by his relation with Dorian. Basil paints Dorian as a romantic figure. Unfortunately, he does this with much antiquity and veracity.  His perception of Dorian remains ardent through the discourse taking him as truly as he ideally was. He is very defensive of Dorian, which brings him out a protective and truth seeking mortal.

In conclusion, Wilde comes out as a creative yet overprotective personality, giving credit where he doe deem due. The literary discourse paints most of the characters as static in what they stood for; particularly with respect to morality. This makes Wilde present himself through the characters as a moral person seeking human perfection. Overall, Wilde emerges as writer who advocates for realistic morality with practical stature.

 

Reflection on Teaching and Learning

The teaching and learning process is an interactive process that needs sufficient preparations and planning. To effectively teacher learners how to ride a bicycle the teacher has to develop and obtains the requisite procedures and strategies for the same. If adequate planning is done, the learning process becomes relatively faster and easy.

What?

The finer details of the learning process should be followed to ensure that the learners remain focused on what is being developed. This is because the teaching of young children can prove to be very challenging if the sessions is not effectively planned a clear plan of execution developed. The planning for the interaction with the learners determine to large extend the success of the interaction. This planning should put into consideration the materials and the resources that are to be used in the teaching learning process. Similarly, the materials identified for the teaching learning process should be at the level of the learner. Besides, the materials developed or identified for the process should take into consideration the interests and the motivation of the learners.

So what?

Riding a bicycle for the children can prove to be very challenging if the learners are not introduced to the exercise with due diligence and with sufficient motivation. If the learning is made to appear very abstract, then the learner will develop a negative attitude towards riding of bicycle and therefore impede on the learning process. The process should be presented in a motivating and captivating manner.

Teaching learning resources

v  Bicycle

v  Apron

v  Markers

v  Sports shows for the learner

v  Helmet

Objectives

By the end of the teaching session the learner should be able to:

a)      Pedal the bicycle without fear

b)      Steer the bicycle onto a straight track

c)      Turn the bicycle

d)     Balance the bicycle effectively

e)      Tricycle

f)       Bicycle with training wheels

Now what?

Once the apparatus are available for using in the teaching the teacher can know follow the lesson development procedure that will be predetermined.

Teaching procedure

Alternative I

1.              I.      Assist the learner to put on the riding gear

This gear will protect the learner from the injuries resulting from the accidents during the learning session

1.           II.      Teach the child how ride a tricycle

The tricycle will assist the learner to master how to effectively pedal and steer the bicycle with ease. Once the child has mastered how to steer the bicycle, the learner can move to next level by starting to learn how to pedalling using a bicycle with training wheels.

1.        III.      Teach the learner how to balance

Balancing can be taught though the use of training wheels, unassisted two wheeling or assisted two wheeling.

Bicycles that are intended for young rider will always come with training wheels. While this would be slower in assisting the learner develop faster the riding skill, the mode is safer and convenient for the learner to even learner on their own.  The training wheels assist the learner to stabilise before being introduced to the bicycle without the wheels.

The instructor will then adjust the wheels by and by as the learner demonstrates understanding of the skills.

Alternative II

The instructor will alternatively run around with the child on the bicycle as the learner exercises the balancing skills.

The learner can then be left on his own without know to ride the bicycle with the teacher trailing closely to avoid accidents.

Conclusion

Once planning is dully done it is possible that the learner is able to follow. During the planning process the teacher is able to have the whole picture on the possible responses and the challenges that can be faced. Subsequently, the teacher develops the strategies for countering the challenges. With the picture of the lesson in the mind of the teacher the what, so what and now what questions are adequately addressed.