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The rate of crime in any nation will always attract the attention of the administration of the day. However, if the crime itself appears to be disguised, it becomes challenging for the management to take any steps. Hate crime is such a qualitative cadre of crime with high relativity. However, it is indisputable that hate crime is wide spread.

(Barsky, R F, p 271) explains that hate crime will go beyond just threatening the welfare and the safety of the citizenry of any nation. It inflicts on the victims incalculable emotional and physical pain beside rearing and damaging the fabric of a free society. Such crimes that have been motivated by hatred of invidious magnitudes normally sense weighty messages of the discriminatory and intolerant nature of society. The victims of this crime and their society feel secluded.

A healthy democratic process can not exist devoid of ideals that promote human freedom. Overall, hate crime militate, disrupt and intimidate the entire community. Besides, it does vitiate any civilisation that would be enjoyed by the society that is founded on democratic ideals. In any ideal society that is democratic, the approval of practices and believes of other remains within the premise of the community and never without.

Saucier (Saucier, et al p 897 finds it very regrettable that presently the American law remains inadequately dumb on the extent of the harm that is caused by hate crime on not only public order but the individual who is affected. The need for the review and the repeal of the present legal provisions is therefore calling and inevitable. There is the dire need that provisions are made indicating the gravity of hate crime and the need thereto for preventing the recurrence of crimes of this nature.  Forthwith, there is also need to pass legislations that would see hate crimes punishable with due and appropriate severity.

It is an unfortunate scenario however that there is opposition on the passing of such laws that would help fight the practice. Congressional Digest (Congressional Digest p 31) noted that over the past, the criminal system of the United States has found itself in some tight place over the way hate crime has been handled. The argument, which appears very lopsided and protracted, is that such provisions are in conflict with the freedom of speech and expression. Nonetheless, within the very supreme law of the land infringement into the rights of others is punishable with due severity. Another protracted argument is that such provisos would tamper with the fundamental freedom of thought; but then there exists not freedom world over without curtailments.

The argument that passing hate crime legislations would make certain beliefs and ideas illegal particular those that have religious orient, is by any standards, logically and feasibly misplaced. In addition, the asserting that hate crime legislation would exacerbate conflicts is most suspect. While there could some water within these arguments, it is only logical that all the rights are protected. While it has always been taken that such utterances are meant to positively critique groups or individuals; it need to remain known such activities should not infringe into the rights of others.

Whichever the approach to hate crime, whatever the orientation of the hate crime, whichever the names used; (Barsky, R F, p 272) states that hate crime by all standards will remain against the human will and is non justifiable under whatever circumstances. The review and backlash of the practice and the related activities is worth the present man and prevailing democratic course.

 

 

Research questions

            The issue of hate crime is posing a big challenge to the entire globe. It therefore becomes imperative that concerted efforts are made to try and combat these dehumanising acts. The realisations that hate crime is a reality and part of New York City seems to have brought a great awakening to America and particularly in NYC.

The aforementioned discussed challenges form the basis for the research questions. This research, based on the backdrop of the above prelude endears to answer directly and indirectly the under listed questions and concerns.

a)      What are the major forms of hate crime that are being experience in New York City?

b)      What is the frequency of encounter of hate crime in New York City/

c)      Who are the main victims of hate crime in New York City?

d)     Is the practice of hate crime justifiable under any circumstances?

e)      What are the ills that are characteristic of hate crime?

f)       Are the available legislations sufficient and all inclusive enough to check the vice?

g)      What are the possible policies and policy guidelines that can be adopted to change the present trend on hate crime?

h)      Would the present legislation be sufficient in fighting crime that are directly linked or indirectly linked to hate crime?

i)        Would individuals have a role in the control of hate crime in New York City and around the world?

j)        Would hate crime, if unchecked find its way throughout the entire United States of America?

k)      Which other states and regions in United States of America has a high prevalence of hate crime?

The research will answer these questions either directly or indirectly. Finding the answers to this questions imply that the research will be able to establish the causal aspects of the debacle and subsequently the probable preventive measures that would be adopted by any interested parties in assisting to combat the menace. This will therefore act as a move towards unlocking the puzzle that has been posed by the hate crime, not only in New York City but across the world.

The answers t the questions will also seek to demystify the assertion cum believe that hate crime is a preserve of the poor. The paper will find the correlation, if any, between colour and victimisation of such nature.

 

 

 

Research Hypothesis

Hate crime seems to be tearing through the American political economic and social fabric. In unravelling the inherent challenges that are being posed by the hate crime the research will adopt the following research hypothesis:

a)      That major hate crime cases are concentrated in New York City.

b)      That the frequency of encountering hate crime in New York City is high compared to other parts of America.

c)      That the main victims of hate crime are black Americans, American Latinos and women

d)     That under certain circumstances, hate crime is justifiable and should not be given a blanket demonization

e)      That hate crime is characterised by the denial of basic human rights and under no circumstance would there be such justification for the same.

f)       That the available legislations are not comprehensive enough to help curb hate crime.

g)      That hate crime would be reduced through the passing of effective legislations   New York City

h)      That individual has a tidal role in the combating of hate crime practises and their involvement is imperative both within and without New York City.

i)        That if hate crime is not checked, it may spread through the whole of the United States of America.

The research will endear to establish whether the aforementioned hypotheses are null or alternative. But most importantly, the research will lead to the finding the key areas of concern on hate crime in the united states with specific reference of New York City. Subsequently, the research consequent to some of the hypothesis will unravel and shade light on the dynamics and challenges of ridding hate crime and the combating prospects thereof

The hypothesis will also direct the research towards demystifying the myth that hate crime has been largely meted on black Americans and women. This would be very incidental in helping marshal efforts towards the elimination and prevention of the menace.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Definition of Terms and Acronyms

NYC                                       : New York City

Hate crime                               : Is the victimizing of persons based on their religion, race, nationality, ethnic identification, and sex and gender orientation.

Mitigate                                   : check the rate of spread of something unwanted

Reliability                                : the ability to have similar results with even another researcher under similar circumstances

Validity                                   : ability to measure what it is intended to measure

Militate                                    : working against or an impediment to the achievement of the set goals.

VAWA                                   : Violence Against Women Act

Transgender                            : Hate crime between the genders

Inter-group hate crimes           : hate crimes between the racist and social groups

HCSA                                     : Hate Crimes Statistics Act

Homophobia                           : fear for hate crimes from the opposite sex such as domestic violence

NYPD                                     New York City Police Department

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Limitations of the Study

The study will have a number of limitations that will curtail the universality of the findings. These limitations will include but not restricted to the following:

1. The research will be only restricted in New York City
2. The city is densely populated, estimated at about 8.4 million people, this makes the sample size relatively wanting
3. Some of the hate crime activities have been taken as normal unfolding hence becoming hard to identify the practice of such practises.
4. The cost of handling an extensive research is very high given the population, in addition such research is without the reach of a single researcher
5. There is very little that has been documented on the issue of hate crime in New York City this makes the researcher delve into the research with the least clue of the state as is on the ground
6. The research topic is weird and tends to delve into the private lives of the resident of NYC. Given the pride of the city some information provided may not be the ideal state

Basic Assumptions

The research will make a number of assumptions in the analysis and in the presentation of the results. The following are some of the assumptions that research will work with:

a)      The information offered by the sample population will be representative of the 8.4 million residents of NYC

b)      Most of the respondents will be able to make a correct judgement of the hate crime in NYC

c)      NYC represents the wider America and the world at large, hence he deductions made would be treated as universal

d)     The methods adopted in the fight again hate crime would be effectively used in the whole of the United States and therefore the whole world

e)      Hate crime has the least economic benefits that can be accrued from its practise therefore they should be eradicated.

The aforementioned are assumed for the purpose of this research as the ideal position.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Literature Review

Introduction

               There exists substantive literature on the topic of hate crime. However there is no specific literature that has been very particular on the issue of hate crime in New York City. The available literature looks at the definition of hate crime and areas of prevalence. However, none of this literature seems to relate with precision the issue of hate crime and colour. Within this review a cross examination of literature on the topic is undertaken.

               There have been rising concerns on the aspect of hate crime prevalence in New York City over the last few years. Apparently this archaic practise has hit NYC with such surprise that social scientists are finding it imperative to review hate crime anew. The residents of the NYC are finding it pretty unbelievable that in a democratic state of the US’s calibre this can be experienced. Looking at the state departments, at least not a single strategy has over the years been laid to this effect; apparently not the least assistance can be obtained on the shebang from the custodian of the citizens.

               While to same extend the state has tried to control the perpetuation of hate crime in the city, sensitisation has been relatively low implying that the state has only addressed the menace on the outer part, leaving the inner part desolate. Such follow-ups have also been very poor; this has left the vulnerable prone to this practise and suffering on the pretext of lack of government knowledge. The right step towards the mitigation of the practises lies in civic education.

               While it is appreciable that some organisations have made a number of steps towards mitigating the menace, relative to the population of NYC, estimated at 8.4 millions, this is only a drop in the ocean. The human right protection agencies have still much that needs to be done to assist I curbing this dehumanising and undemocratic practise. Nevertheless, is the worth course in the direction.

               According to research, hate crime has been reported to be on the increase across the US. Research equally shows that these crimes have traversed bounds of socioeconomic and ethnic orient. It is equally documented that hate crime have been cited across varied settings inclusive of rural areas and urban centres.

Discussion on the reviewed of literature

The literature reviewed showed that hate crime is prevalent particularly between the genders and the sexes. This has been common with respect to gender identity. Apparently behind every crime, Saucier et al (Saucier, D., Brown, T L., Mitchell, R. C., Cawman, A J., p 902) asserts that those that have been targeted by the practise have been victims because of their religious, ethnic, sexual orient disability and gender identity. Civic leaders and law enforcement agencies have discovered that the failure to address the practises was eating into the social fabric of the United States of America.

It is appreciable today that there is increasing consensus on the need for the prosecution of most of the hate crime cases. Most of the American law enforcement agencies and policy makers are of the view that biases that are based on such segregation need to have a stiffer punishment that it is today. Notably the passing of legislation by the congress in 1994 towards this cardinal course was worth it. This legislation meant that a sentence was to be promulgated against crimes that were committed on account of peoples’ perceived sex orient, gender or disability.

Barsky (Barsky, R F, p 271) states that most of the victims of the anti-lesbian, anti-transgender and antigay incidents seem to have found it insignificant report such cases to the authorities. Sources privy to the law enforcement agencies within New York City do indicate that hate crimes are the least reported in the entire United States of America. Apparently, while lesbianism and gay has not had full legislative leeway throughout the United States, but spatial legislative approval, suspicion has mad them more prone to this crimes. The sources also suggest that these two cadres are the major victims of hate crimes.

Sex oriented hate crimes have also been so much on the increase. Statistics show that sex related hate crimes are rampant across the US. The FBI showed in 2005 that sex related hate crimes were the third highest reported form of hate crime that were reported. Of the cases of hate crime that received the attention of the law enforcement agencies, 14.5 % were related to sex (Danny G., p 120).

Statistics collected between the years of 1991 through to 2005 showed that there were 15000 hate crime cases that were of sex orient. In the year 2000, the numbers increased by 200% from the previous year raising an alarm to the law enforcement agencies (Bunar, N., p 169). To show the gravity of hate crime of sexual nature, the hate crimes of this orient have always been understated.

In spite of the many violent acts perpetrated against on the basis of the sex orient of individuals. Gender hate crimes have also been very prevalent. While this hate crimes have over time been treated as personal attacks, this crimes need to be treated with extra vigilance. A considerable number of women have been treated with brutality, terror, and some even assaulted to death. It is appreciable according to Sherry (Sherry M., p 26) that the passing of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) these violent acts have been utterly been reduced. It has become apparent today that most of the crimes have been mere biases against the fair sex than attacks.

Saucier (Saucier, et al p 897) states that most of the states in the United States of America have put statutes in place that prohibit hate crime that are gender based. The 50 American states have passed statutes that prohibit rapes and other related hate crime that are meted against women. On the contrary, only 24 states have statutes that are protective of women on the hate crimes that are gender biased. Moreover it appears to be contradictory that some of the states have statutes that appear out of the line with the federal position on the issue of hate crime.

The legislation that has been passed by the federal government seems to be in line with the expectation of the Violence Against Women Act. However, King (King et al p 314) states that given that all the rape, assault and domestic violence act cases have been federalised, it is imperative that the state statutes be in line with the federal provisions. Although the legislation have been drafted to ensure that the investigations and prosecutions thereof, of the federal hate crime cases are restricted to crimes that are largely motivated by some gender based animus, this seems to implicate largely the federal interests. Perhaps this is the main hate crime challenge that the federal government faces.

It has come to be identified that transgender person are the frequent targets of hate crimes. This has been largely based on their perceived non conformity with the gender norms and their inherent sexual orient or perhaps both the two. These types of crime (transgender) have been found to be more violent than other forms of hate crimes.  This has been compounded by the fact that most of the transgender prosecutions have been largely biased with particular reference to the mistrust of the local law enforcers.

The aforementioned lack of the federal backstop on both local and state authorities in cases of law enforcement has shown insurmountable intolerance and failure for the investigation of and the prosecution thereof of the transgender cases of hate crime.

The federal government has been very committal in the protection of persons with disability on the issue of hate crime. Danny G., (Danny G., p 118) states that disabled persons have been the major victims of hate crimes. However, the federal government moved with speed to protect this cadre of persons. The passing of the Fair Housing Act of the 1988 and the passing of the Disabilities Act in 1990 marked a milestone in the curbing of hate crime against disabled persons. The disabled persons were formally protected within the context of civil rights.

Subsequently, the passing of amendments on the Hate Crimes Statistics Act required that the FBI collects sufficient information that was incidental in the curbing of the vice. This was to be undertaken with particular interest to the disabled persons. The information collected by the FBI went a long way in informing both the government and interested non state actors towards marshalling resources to fight the ever-increasing crime.

Bunar (Bunar, N., p 167) argues that it is very unfortunate that most of the cities worlds over have been able to put some workforce in place to counter the ever rising hate crimes cases yet these workforces have done the least to achieve this clarion calling. It is equally a set back that few states have been able to allow for the countrywide collection of data on hate crimes and therefore depriving hate crime anti-lobby groups the opportunity to have a real glimpse of the states as is on the ground.

The Congressional Digest (Congressional Digest p 31) records that the police and other criminal fighting agencies have largely failed in addressing these issues succinctly as there have been numerous violations of human rights without the due follow-up from these agencies. The police and other enforcement agencies have apparently not been able to remediate this very aptly entrenched vice in society. King et al (King et al p 312) asserts that homophobia anti-Semitism and racism have been indiscriminately entrenched in society that they seem to be eating up the societal fabric to the very core. The goings –on in New York City seems to illustrate the lack lustre with which the vice is deep rooted in the society; across the entire civility of the USA.

Cockburn (Cockburn, A., p 9) sees the attacks on mosque and synagogues as shading light on the state of the affairs about the vice in the American fabric particularly in the New York City. The overall working with real and empirical figure would have provided sufficient insight into the magnitude of the debacle.  Hate crime according to research has been seen as a phenomenon common among youth gangs but not homophobic and racist groups that are relatively organised.

The year 1990 recorded 530 bias hate crime incidents. The crimes were meted on varying recipients such as persons, businesses and religious institutes that were demonstrating animus that was non Jewish. The study showed that at the time 148 hate crime incidents were committed on the basis of prejudice of black colour, while 118 were committed on the prejudice for whites, while 47 were bigotry meted against Hispanics.  Saucier (Saucier et al p 899) states gay persons were also victims of hate crime rated at 47 per 530 bias incidents. Asian pacific islanders received 22 cases of hate crimes of the 530 hate crime cases.

The nature of the crime was relatively diverse. However most of the crimes ranged from assault to confrontations and aggravated harassments. Robbery of the victims was also a common trend with the victims being forced to surrender their belongings. Graffiti’s have been sometimes displayed with messages demonizing lesbians and gays. In retrospect, while this was ardently happening the NYC post had the least reporting for robberies, rapes, homicides and arsons that translated into arrests of the perpetrators.

Inter-group hate crimes have also become very common in New York City with groups striving for supremacy. Sherry (Sherry M., p 29) argues that inter-group hate crimes exhibit themselves in the form of racist hate crime and class hate crimes. The punishment that have been passed for these crimes seem to be doing the least to deter the ever-increasing treacherous crime because the punishment seem to be far less stringent to deter the recurrence of these crimes.

The most misconstrued believe if that the perpetrators of hate crime would not be deterred through name calling. On his part MacLean (MacLean P, p 2) says that potential murders and rapists wouldn’t desist from committing these crimes by the shear fact that they were labelled a name. by any lucid standards this results into another crime and therefore perpetuating the very crimes that are meant to be deterred. While it is assume d that indeed such acts would play a role in the deterrence prospects, by all standards, remain speculative ventures. Replete of the many incidents of hate crime fewer prosecutions have been undertaken New York State.

Danny (Danny G., p 128) states that the manner in which vaulting of hate crimes have been put into limelight impacts upon the priorities of the police is better illustrated no more than by recent occurrences that involved allegations by black youths who had been sprayed with white paint and robbed by assailant of white ascend (Barsky, R F, p 270). Most perturbing was that most of the detectives sent to the seen stayed at the scene of crime with the assumption that the crime was in fact a hoax.  This could be attributed to the much publicity incidents of this nature generate.

Overall the administrative units of must be wary not to fall prey to warmed-over polyanna-ish and platitudes that would deter the vision of the community coexisting in harmony. Racial, sexual and religious (and age, gender, handicap, and union) divisions can create deep-rooted schisms through the entire New York City and the whole United States. Though the NYPD units of Bias community initiatives and investigations, such as excoriates, would well put the City government on notice over inter-group conflicts and hatreds. The schisms is deeply embedded may just be exacerbated individuals, groups and even the media. The media has apparently been trying to redefine the hate crime based on racism, sexism and homophobia.

Conclusion on literature Review

There are area states in the united state that have not legalised the practising of lesbianism and homosexuality. However, it needs to be appreciated that it is not the responsibility of the civilians to label the criminals of this stature as such. Besides, until proven guilty one will always be innocent, hence this prerogative should be left with the court of law. Overall the meting of hate crimes on citizens who are suspected o practicing homosexuality and lesbianism is illegal altogether and should be treated as such except that the government should move speedily to have appropriate legislation that can govern such conduct.

Sherry (Sherry M., p 27) asserts that the consensus that exists on the aspect of hate crime is sufficient for the NYC administration to develop incidental legislations to this effect. The legislations developed and passed should explicitly start by give clear and concise definitions of hate crimes, their categorisation and the punishment thereto. This move according to McMahon, et al (McMahon et al p. 71) will assist the residents of New York City to not only understand the various hate crimes but know the gravity of committing such crimes.  This would scare off the would-be hate criminals from perpetuating these crimes.

The passing of legislations would not suffice towards the fighting of hate crime perpetration. The legislating arm according to Bunar (Bunar, N., p 171) should organize for civic educations so as to educate the general public on the ills and the repercussions of hate crimes. Perhaps at the very best, some of the contents of hate crime should be inculcated through the education system so that the children grow up wary of the ills and the punishment thereto of hate crimes. Subsequently, Yueh-Ting (Yueh-Ting et al p 290) asserts that this would assist the legislative arm of the administration of New York City reduce the incidences of hate crime.

Similarly, the legislations should be followed to the letter to ensure that those who perpetrate hate crimes and supplementary crimes face the full arm of legal legislations. MacLean (MacLean P., p 2) argues punishment meted upon the perpetrators should possibly be one that is at the very ceiling of the legislative provisions. This move would consequently deter both the perpetrators and the prospective perpetrators from such acts. This will consequently serve as an example for those who would be harbouring such imaginations.

The political class also have a very strategic role in the reduction and the curbing of hate crime. When carrying out political responsibilities not groups should termed as marginalised publicly but the marginalised should be treated as such during personalised discharge of duties. Danny (Danny G., p 124) argues that all groups should be treated equally in all functions so as to embrace the aspect of equality through. The marginalization of persons based on gender should be dully demonized to have this attitude imparted in the residents of New York City. Overall, the change in attitudes of the residents of New York City and the wide America will have the hate crime trend changed over a span of time without much coercion.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Research Design

Introduction

The area under investigation is of great concern through society. However, this doesn’t imply that the research will be done across the globe. Nevertheless, the research will be undertaken over a small scope but with a global outlook. This will ensure that the results that are attained can be applied across the globe. To ensure that data is collected with the least resistance, the researchers will obtain a letter from the administrative units within the city to avoid any suspensions.

Scope of the Study

The research will be restricted to New York City and the vicinities. The data collected will be from sample populations that are located within the city. However, though it is evident that this is a concern with a global orient, this has been ardently handled in the literature review to show the import of the research. This paper seeks to restrict itself but give the results a global orient.

In the event that there will be any persons involved in the research, then they would visitors to the facilities such as lodging and hotels within New York City. However, all the respondents will be treated as residents of the city though the information colleted from such respondent would be incidental in reflecting the global perspective of the study.

Research Methodology

Methods of Data Collection

The researcher will collect data through the use of structured questionnaires that will be issued to sampled residents of New York City. The questionnaires will be used for both interview and filling by the sample population. 30 percent of the respondents will be interviewed while the remaining 70% will be issued with questionnaires to complete. The questionnaires will then be collected for analysis and interpretation thereto.

Sampling

Research Population

The research population will comprise the entire population of the New City which is estimated at which is estimated at 8.4 million according to the 2009 statistics. While the sampling will endear to cover a larger area and coverage, because of the incidence of hate crime, most of the interviewees and respondents will be randomly drawn from these areas. The respondents will be assayed mainly from these joints to support the verification of hypothesis.

The research will use a combination of three sampling procedures to enhance the validity and the reliability of the data collected. The three methods will include random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling. Having identified the scope of the research as New York City, the social joints and strategic places to be investigated will be determined through a random sampling procedure. All sample social joints population will be identified and coded. The codes will then be randomly selected to find the social joints from which the requisite data will be collected.

Once the social joints have been identified, stratified sampling technique will then be used in the determination of the persons within the social joints that would be interviewed or who will fill the questionnaires. The social joints and the strategic places will act as the sample strata. Even within the social joints, the random sampling will be applied to determine the management and the customers who would respond to the questionnaires. This will go a long way in reducing the likelihood of biases. The population identified will then be clustered to get those who would be interviewed (30%) and those to complete in the interview questionnaires (70%). The combination of this sampling method will enhance validity and reliability.

Data collection

Having identified the research sample, the research will contact interviews to those that have been sampled for interview and issue research questionnaires for those identified for the same. The respondent for the questionnaires will be given sufficiently time to have them respond fully to the questionnaires while those to be interviewed will be given a week’s prior notice to avoid ambushing the respondents or inconveniences.

Recording of Data and Presentation

The data collected will then be filled in frequency distribution table for ease of analysis. This data will then be presented on graphs for ease of interpretations and analysis thereof. The table will have aspects such as the frequency of coming across hate crime in items (second hand) bought from the market. In addition the information collected would show how many persons amongst the sample population have set eye on hate crime. If one has seen a hate crime then it shows the frequency of occurrence of hate crime. For example the respondents from social joints such as hotels would have responses such as:

Social joint	Have encountered hate crime	Have never encountered  hate crime
Hotel	83	25
Bars	64	13
Lodging	76	31
Strategic places	93	17

When this data is presented on graphs it will form a graph of the form.

The chart will then be used to shade sufficient light on those who have come across hate crime which will be sufficient proof of the prevalence of hate crime.

Interpretation of the Research Findings

The data collected will be interpreted for the sake of seeking applicability in the control of the scourge. If the data collected shows the correlation between the activities of the social places, the implication would be that mitigation of the menace will start with proper monitoring and surveillance of this social places where this crimes are prevalent. On the other hand, if the research does show that most of hate crime is resultant unwarranted prejudice, the government will be urged to review prejudice policies.

Testing For the Validity and Reliability of the Results

The consistency and stability of the research results will be measured through ensuring that data collected has the least bias. This will ensure that a similar research under the same circumstance yields the same results. This will constitute the reliability of the research outcomes.  Similarly, the degree of measure of the intended results will be approved if the research gathers sufficient information that would be used in the analysing the extent of the problem that is being posed by the hate crime in New York City. The results found will be restricted to New York will then be taken as an ideal minimum representation of the state in the whole of America and the world as a whole.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Expected Results

The research will unravel the ideal empirical state of affairs as is on the ground concerning the issue of hate crimes. Through the research the prevalent hate crime orient will be established and the probable causative factors which will form the basis for combating the vice. The research will equally seek to establish whether indeed hate crime case are mainly concentrated in New York City as is opposed to other areas of the United States of America.

The frequency of perpetration of hate crimes will be established through research with the most common hate crimes being identified. This frequency would vary according to the areas of residence. This will only be made possible through unbiased collections of the requisite data. Subsequent, it is expected that from the research areas where hate crime is most prevalent will be earmarked and therefore ardently addressed by legislative and law enforcement agencies.

The research is expected to shade sufficient light on the major victims of hate crimes. While it has been argued through that the major victims of hate crimes in New York City are Latinos, black Americans and women, there is no empirical data o this effect.  The research will therefore gather data that will be scientific and empirical enough to be used for analytical purposes. Over the world hate crimes with domestic orient have always been treated as a preserve of women but time seems to be disapproving this myth; men have become victims of domestic crime through the world. The research will seek to establish whether men are presently the major victims of hate crime in NYC.

Some of the hate crime cases have been argued to be justifiable. The research will equally gather data on the hate crime cases that are perceived as justifiable. Subsequent, the feeling of the masses on the justifiability of the hate crime cases will sought and recorded for purposes of seeking the extend of the justifiability of this cases if there is any. Most of the human rights violation cases that accompany hate crimes will also be identified and made part of the policy guidelines that will be developed towards the curbing of the vice.

The opinion of the general public on the feasibility and comprehensiveness of the present legislations will be sought and established to assist in making any amendment if need be. Effective legislations will be developed transcend to this empirical data for combating hate crime. This legislation will be supported by the feeling of the residents and therefore enhance the feasibility of the legislation and increase the ease with which the implementation will be done.

The research will, most importantly, seek to identify the position of the residents in combating hate crime. The likelihood of hate crime spreading to other areas and states in the United States will equally be established though the collected data. Overall, this research will seek to give sufficient information that assist in the development of policy that will be incidental in the fighting of hate crime in New York City and perhaps through the entire US.

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A war that has been prevalent for decades was brought to light in the state of Massachusetts in October 2009 (Mass Resistance, 2009).  It forever altered the way Americans and most parents perceive the role of the school and the state and not only in people’s lives but in the lives of the children.  The Massachusetts State education committee convened in order to hear testimonies of parents on an immense and susceptible topic which involved sex education in public schools. The primary outrage for the parents came as a result of the fact that they were never informed on their children’s syllabus on the grounds they were not to intervene or opt the children out of the sex education. They were also not notified on intended curriculum that was to be taught in school.  On similar accounts two families sued the school district when they refused to give them a chance in opting out when homosexuality was discussed in their children’s classes as they were after moral upbringing of their young children (Ian & Murphy, 2007).  The legal entity in parents when they enroll the children in the public schools is to offer a substantial control degree on how the children are taught (Emily, 2009, pp. 114).  The Supreme Court clearly stipulates that the care, custody and nurturing of the children sorely resides first with the parents whose role is to prepare for duties in which the state can neither hinder nor supply (Emily, 2009, pp. 114). It is evident that parents have been left out on crucial matters concerning their children’s upbringing. Parents need to unite against any barriers and entities which threaten to overrun their emotional, physical, mental and moral solidarity in their homes.  The parents’ rights to protect their children beliefs and moral upbringing have been immensely treaded upon and if that is not enough, there have been no apologies offered on the same.

Public schools have been implementing controversial education for example sex education in the classrooms as a major part of instruction for many years (Steve, Nancy & Chet, 2006, pp. 496).  There has been lack of empowerment on parents as they need to come strongly and discourage these classes. However, despite numerous trials, their sentiments have been falling on deaf ears.  The reason why parents should come together and discourage these kinds of topics is because their children suffer from embarrassments from such topics and considering these classes are taught briefly, there is no sufficient time to relate such grave issues. It is also possible for these teachings to go against people’s religious and moral beliefs.  Most of these public schools never teach on abstinence but rather on how to have a safe intercourse hence most family and religious values do stress on marriage before sex (Susan & Doreen, 2006, pp. 93). The teachers are never properly trained on how they should teach sexual education and hence may transgress their morals and beliefs into the topic instead of just sticking with the facts (Clint & Jerrold, 2008, pp. 42).

Though families might not be physically threatened in our recent time, it is lucid that in future,  parents might have no any say as far as the well being of their children in schools is concerned. It is therefore crucial for everybody concerned and who cares about the mind of the young generation to fight for the rights of the parents since this invasion is quite real. The same institution that the parents are helping to fund with their taxes is stabbing them on their back. The young mind is invaded by outraging topics, lessons and discussions that are so irrelevant to them and the school system is acting so insensitive to the age of the people they are conveying this message to. The invasion of sexual and political agendas ought to be stopped with immediate effect. Teaching the small children about homosexuality and lesbianism and that there is nothing wrong with such doctrines and practices is irrational. It is unethical and immoral as it violates the basic American Rights. It violates the freedom of religion as well as pursuit of happiness in the family unit. Sex education plainly should be addressed to the senior high school and college level young adults and should be an optional subject to people interested (Don,  1970, pp. 107).  It clearly does not belong to the kindergarten and the preschool children. This is because that is simply corrupting their mind with illogical information that adds no any value to them. Young people are bound to get confused by such information and they are not mature enough to make logical decisions on such topics. If public schools have to teach on controversial topics like homosexuality, then  they should just teach on what it really is without getting into details on whether it is acceptable or not.

The Supreme Court establishes the rights of the parents in controlling the religious and moral upbringing of the children. It is completely unfounded for the Third Circuit of rights to affirm that the rights of parents do stop at school’s door (Emily, 2009, Pp. 116).  Since the views on sexuality are usually inextricably linked to people’s religious and moral beliefs, parents’ main right should be to direct the upbringing of the children and to protect them from irrelevant exposure to some of the sexual subjects (Emily, 2009, pp. 124-125). The parent’s role in directing the decision of their children is usually immense when religious and moral precepts are concerned. The society expects the parents to fulfill their main role of being moral tutors because when they fail it is only them who are pointed and not the teachers.  The rights of the parents in controlling the educational and moral upbringing is quite imperative and has also been supported by the court as parental care is completely indispensable to the health of a nation (Richard, 2000, pp. 120-22).

When parents are registering their children in various public schools, they should consider the regular curriculum that is being used. The parents have total rights over their children and should refuse any controversial classes offered. The public should come strongly to offer support to the parents and refuse any teachings on such divisive topics since the school can never change the curriculum basing on the ideologies of few parents.

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Background

The healthy vitality of obesity at childhood has been dully established in the United Kingdom.  However, the approaches adopted in the talking of the challenges have been relatively elusive. While there is sufficient evidence for both private and public concerns as shown in the development of the Public Service Agreement, as a mean through which the rise in child obesity would be halted, little would have been achieved towards the same end. Sufficient data was collected through the Health Survey for England.

The House of Commons committee on health recommended that school children have the body measured on an annual basis. The parents were to be informed then on the outcome of the measure and subsequently on the requisite dietary interventions. Unfortunately the department for committee of health experts was unable to support this recommended proposal arguing that reporting these outcomes would be tantamount to screening programmes yet could not satisfy the national criteria for screening.

The requirement for such move was so stringent that required the intervention agency identifies the condition and subsequently the progression that would assist in the improvement of the health outcomes. These health outcomes required to be achieved through some randomised control trails. Similarly the agency needs to verify that the returns were over and above the projected harm resultant from the implementation of the strategy. Besides, the program implementation costs were to be proved to be relatively low besides a low inconvenience rate.

The measurement of the weight and the height of the children were to be anyhow continued. In spite of the measurement the results were not supposed to be reported to the parents; this was only to be treated as part of the national children measurement program. Although from the very onset the purpose of this gesture appeared to be shrouded in controversy; some arguing that purpose of these programmes were quite unclear. This was particularly more lucid at the grassroots. Subsequent the data was then analysed on the school basis such that any such incidental interventions would only be initiated at the school level and the performance of the interventions still monitored and evaluated at this very level.

The controversy on the programme brought into being a conglomeration of explanations with the Primary Care Trust arguing that the purpose of the intervention was very multifaceted. The programme was intended to plan and target the local resource in the intervention process. In addition the programme was to facilitate the tracking of the progress locally on the progress against the target of PSA on obesity and the subsequent local intervention performance.

The purpose was revised later with the department offering new guidelines for the objectives of the Primary Care Trust. This review saw the need of availing data for the purposes of performance management monitoring by PCT against the target set by the PSA. The data generated was also to used to assist in making the public understand the depth of the weight problem and change their attitude towards the mitigation prospects put in place by the government. The data collected also provided the local management the basis for the planning and effective service delivery.  Similarly, the data was to be used in the engagement of parents and children in programmes that would leverage the efforts of addressing the weight challenges. The changes in legislative framework saw the government reveal the result of the screening to parents in 2008.

In addition the data collected was to be used in the delivery and planning for implementation of consequential strategy. Because there was looming uncertainty over the usefulness of the weight and height data, the subsequent screening obese children; a policy review and literary review was undertaken. This reviews and literature was to be used in the surveillance and screening of the requisite programmes for the monitoring and evaluation of the control prospects.

There has been no global consensus over the childhood screening of obesity. Obesity screening guidelines have been very divergent from differing experts. The UK has had a lot of contradictions from the major agencies that are entrusted with the monitoring, screening and evaluation of obesity. Both the Child Growth foundation and the National Screening Committee seem to be in utter crossroads over the right and legitimate policy guidelines.

The UK moved swiftly however, through the ministry of education in the programme dubbed trim and fit. Through the programme the schools had to ensure that learners were not only mentally fit but also physically fit. The programme included physical and nutritional education alike. The schools had to ensure that the foods at the school canteens were regulated, as the feeding habits of the obese children were monitored closely.

Children who were identified to be having 4160% above average weight had their parents advised to seek medical check up. The parents were required to seek medical screening. Schools that recorded high increases in the weight cut of their students were rewarded as a way of motivating them to beef up their weight cut programmes. While there had been steady increases in the obesity prevalence between the years 1976 to 1992, subsequent years recorded considerable drops in the prevalence. The ages between 11 and 12` recorded a decrease of 16.6%. In retrospect, the obesity prevalence among adults was ever on the increase. The use of medicinal became imperative for the aged. Notably these efforts saw the prevalence of obesity drop from 14% to 9.8% respectively in the years 1992 to 2002.

The use of pills is most welcome particularly when the condition is at the severe level. Reductil has been largely utilised in the treatment of obesity. This is an appetite suppressant. Unfortunately, the represents has insurmountable side effects that justify the use of nutritional and physical prescriptions. These tablets may make it very hard for the patient to operate machines.  Similarly, in cases where the obese person is expectant, the unborn child is put in jeopardy.

Though the Reductil tablets have been found to increase metabolic rate, they can cause high blood pressure to the patient. Besides, these drugs would not be used for a period of over three years.  In addition this prescription would only be used under caution by obese persons who are epileptic or hypertensive. Altogether they don’t offer the best prescription.

Xenical has also been believed to be the best prescription for weight loss. Coincidentally, t is argued that the pill (capsule) works best when it complements physical fitness and dietary interventions. The medication works in the digestive system fighting fats directly. Persons who combine Xenical and physical exercises would loss to as much as 19 albs per year according to research. However, the medication has a number of side effects. Persons using Xenical develop complications in their bowel movement particularly during their first days of use. Overall, obesity is best prevented than treated.

Critical Interventions in Obesity Treatments and control

The accumulation of fats in the body has been treated over the years with the least concern in the United Kingdom. However, the statistics available today show such a shock trend. At the very extreme obesity can cause heart attacks, hypertension, stroke diabetes of type II arthritis and even cancer. It is perhaps this impending effect of obesity that has raised the red flag in the UK. Obesity is a function of the Body mass Index and the individual’s square height. Persons with a BMI of above 30 will always be termed as obese. Obesity cases with a BMI of above 40 are termed as having morbid obesity.

Initially obesity was considered a problem inherent only in high income earners. However, time seems to be denitrifying this myth. Statistics in the UK and US show that the trend is largely on the increase among low and medium income earners. It is very absurd that research shows that unless the trend is checked 41% of people in the United Kingdom will be obese. 25 years later in the year 2050, the obese population will increase to have the population then this shows interventional measures are long overdue.

The cost of treating obesity today stand at ₤5 billions but this figure will double by the year 2050 to ₤10 billions. The associated costs are estimated to increase to an estimated ₤49.9 billion per year. Much fear has been put on the children implying that as they grow the costs of the management of the obese conditions would still increase.

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The Purnell Health model consists of four rings with the outer most ring representing the global society, the third ring represents the community, the second ring the family while the innermost ring represents the individual (Purnell and Paulanka, 1998). From the person ring there are twelve wedges that represent cultural concepts and domains. The focus of this paper is a description of two of these wedges (health care practices and health practitioners) with regard to a group of Somali immigrants.

 

Health practices

Most African immigrants are very modest and private. It is necessary that care is taken that during procedures that require undress there is adequate explanation and only the area that requires examination is undressed (Pavlish, Noor and Brant, 2010).The notion of seeing a health practitioner for prevention purposes may not occur to a Somali. Since pregnancy is not an illness many Somali’s may not value antenatal care. Thus most Somali women may not attend all the necessary antenatal visits

 

Somalis from the city and those from the more rural areas have differing ideas about illness and disease. The ones from the city are more receptive to modern care while the ones from rural areas will be more receptive to traditional medical care. Additionally the ones from rural areas generally view illness as the inability to continue with one’s work. Thus they seek care rather late in biomedical illness. It is also easier for those who came from urban areas to make the transition to seeking medical care from hospitals and clinics as opposed to those who have come from rural areas as these may be less familiar with the medical care available in the city (Pavlish, Noor and Brant, 2010)

Generally home remedies are usually used first before outside medical help is sought. These remedies range from herbal preparations, over the counter prescriptions and massage.  The use of herbal preparations is usually passed on in the family and in several cases some ingredients will be sent over from Somali to make the preparations. When a Somali decides that the illness warrants a visit to the doctor, the doctor will usually be a person who has been recommended by a friend or family member (Srivastava, 2007).

 

Some of the barriers to healthcare include different perceptions of illness. Legal issues also affect the healthcare seeking behavior of the immigrants as some of them who are in the country illegally will be reluctant to seek healthcare for fear that they will be deported (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). Additionally, some of them may not regard healthcare as a priority when they have to pay for it due to poverty.

 

Mental illness is not very well accepted in the Somali community thus their utilization of the mental health system is very low (Srivastava, 2007). A person who sees a psychiatrist may not believe he has been treated unless a physical exam was done. There are almost no reported cases of depression in the community. This could be due to the stigma attached to mental illness. Body organ donation and rehabilitation are not common practices among the Somali community.

 

Heath care practitioners

The Somali are more likely to seek health care from those health care practitioners that they have seen before. They at first try to seek out their own. Gender is an issue of concern when seeking healthcare. Often women will not allow a male health practitioner to examine them especially for reproductive health issues (Purnell and Paulanka,1998; Srivastava, 2007). The same applies to men. Medical practitioners are generally held in high esteem. Health care practitioners are usually sought depending on what the problem is, that is, a midwife will be sought for a pregnant mother. Ethnomedical care and magicoreligious healthcare practitioners are not very common now as there is a growing preference for biomedical care. The use of traditional birth attendants in their country of origin was very prevalent but is now changing.

 

Compliance with medical treatment is often dependent on the perceived severity that the patient has. Some illnesses are considered severe in themselves such as diabetes or cancer. If the doctor states that the condition is severe, then the patient will be more compliant with the course of treatment.

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The publication of the book, Picture of the Dorian Gray, portrayed Wilde as a very immoral artiste. However Wilde’s multifaceted character is ardently portrayed as a artistic and creative. Within the preface through which Wilde endears to introduce his characters, he emerges as not only artistic but also very philosophically artistic and moralist. While within this book, Wilde presents a series of meaningful epigrams, his remains both an aesthetic work and inherently purposeful masterpiece.

At the very time of the development of the literary piece of work, immorality was rife and literature needed to play a role in the curbing of the ever increasing immorality. It perhaps this that propels Wilde towards the development and the painting of the picture that he ardently does for his character which is reflective of the internal person that Wilde is. It is for this reason that it is imperative that one considers the social and moral climate of the time is undertaking a literary analysis of the Picture of the Dorian Gray. While Wilde has always been found to be a proponent of aesthetic literary discourse, he was apparently motivated by the bourgeoisies’ morality which appeared to be in utter contempt.

Discussion

The characters used by Wilde evidently bring out the ideals for which he stood. Within the Dorian Gray, Henry embodies much sensitivity and humor. It is perhaps this humor that makes Wilde outstanding and multifaceted. Nevertheless, the discourse brings out the ethical certainties shocks that the society of the time was presenting. He went out of the expectation to make his art more meaningful than had been believed at the time; art was meant to remain beautiful and aesthetic.

The character of Wilde is perhaps what informs his painting of the characters in the Dorian Gray. Taking both Basil and Henry, both are presented in much sensitivity, allure and functionality than the expectations of the time. The presentation serve much purpose than is just aesthetic, on the one hand they mean to present the mirror image of the writer and on the other the road map of the days prospects to infamy. Wilde presents himself through the character as a man who abhors morality but hates idolisations of subjects regardless of the stature of such subjects.

The breach of the aesthetic philosophy endears to make the entire discourse more of a precautionary tale, yet ends up unravelling insurmountable moral lesson than was earlier intended. Nevertheless, the intended warning, if ardently taken as such, eludes sufficient precaution than could have been perceived by both philosophers and linguists. In additions, it appears a one for Wilde to have presented his discourse replete of restrictive doctrines, but had the discourse remain within the precincts of Victorian morality: this is ideally the score. A thorough dissection of the character of Lord Henry, Basil Hallward and Dorian Gray should shade more light on the ideals and the character of Wilde.

Dorian Gray is painted from the very onset as youthful and beautiful. It is this attractive and appealing sensation that seems to catch the eye of the painter Mr. Hallward and subsequently the attention of Mr. Henry, some nobility. Whether Wilde is a pleasure seeker or far from it remains to be known. However, the fact that Dorian is painted as a pleasure seeker finds Wilde as having passion and hatred for pleasurable characters. Dorian appears to be very gullible falling in with the least conviction. Dorian is also a very unrealistic character imagining that beauty and attractiveness can last through eternity is by any standards a misnomer. He does not wish to visualise the beauty going away because of age. This presents the alienability of the age, where most persons will do anything treacherous to maintain their perceived beauty. The implacable thought that ageing would make him less attractive is farfetched and beyond human standards.

Dorian lives in much guilt and seems to be submerged in a crisis of some sought because of the treatment that he offers Sibyl. This treatment deprives Sibyl the freedom that is due to him. This curtailment is characteristic of the time when Wilde was writing the Picture of the Dorian Gray. This is exhibited with treacherous precision in the fact that Dorian views the death of Sibyl as an achievement rather than a tragedy. Dorian has the least tinge of humanity as is evidenced in the fact that despite the fact of his responsibility, he appears least remorseful.

The cruelty that is presented by Dorian is beyond humanity in saying the least. This is evidenced through the hideous liking of Basil’s portrait. Ideally, his conscience is so heinous though his desire to repent makes a paradox of his character. Appreciably, the desire for repentance brings him out as human anyhow. In spite of the many beautiful and worthwhile unfolding in the life of Dorian, he fails to delineate himself from the dissipation of his soul. His murder of Basil seems to mark the beginning of his demise; receiving a lot of conscientious torture from within him. Ideally, all that is evident is that there is much individualism in the generation of the time; faltering Dorian because of his failure to live within the self established moral code. This is inherently the gullibility of the human nature. This intricate character seems to be in utter contrast with that exhibited by Henry.

Lord Henry on his part is presented as a fascinating, brilliant and of famous wit. Henry is such an astute and charming talker who leads conversation with much allure. It is that character that makes Dorian fall inevitably for him. Henry has very high standards of expectation as a radical aiming at toppling untested yet very established notions and truths. The character of Henry is relatively static with the least sign of changing.

He is apprehensively unshakable, composed and possessive of his dry wit. While he evidently remains immutable Dorian and Hallward change significantly. Henry has such an amusing yet enticing philosophy that is evidenced through the first half of the book; though disappears in the second half of the book. Even if Henry is such self-proclaimed hedonist advocating for equal pursuit of moral and immoral coexistence, he leads a staid life. Lord is both closed-minded and gullible as is evidenced in his over protectiveness of Dorian, arguing that Dorian would not commit such acts which were a preserve of the lower order.

Hallward is presented by Wilde as a talented person. The love he has for art is changed by his relation with Dorian. Basil paints Dorian as a romantic figure. Unfortunately, he does this with much antiquity and veracity.  His perception of Dorian remains ardent through the discourse taking him as truly as he ideally was. He is very defensive of Dorian, which brings him out a protective and truth seeking mortal.

In conclusion, Wilde comes out as a creative yet overprotective personality, giving credit where he doe deem due. The literary discourse paints most of the characters as static in what they stood for; particularly with respect to morality. This makes Wilde present himself through the characters as a moral person seeking human perfection. Overall, Wilde emerges as writer who advocates for realistic morality with practical stature.

 

Reflection on Teaching and Learning

The teaching and learning process is an interactive process that needs sufficient preparations and planning. To effectively teacher learners how to ride a bicycle the teacher has to develop and obtains the requisite procedures and strategies for the same. If adequate planning is done, the learning process becomes relatively faster and easy.

What?

The finer details of the learning process should be followed to ensure that the learners remain focused on what is being developed. This is because the teaching of young children can prove to be very challenging if the sessions is not effectively planned a clear plan of execution developed. The planning for the interaction with the learners determine to large extend the success of the interaction. This planning should put into consideration the materials and the resources that are to be used in the teaching learning process. Similarly, the materials identified for the teaching learning process should be at the level of the learner. Besides, the materials developed or identified for the process should take into consideration the interests and the motivation of the learners.

So what?

Riding a bicycle for the children can prove to be very challenging if the learners are not introduced to the exercise with due diligence and with sufficient motivation. If the learning is made to appear very abstract, then the learner will develop a negative attitude towards riding of bicycle and therefore impede on the learning process. The process should be presented in a motivating and captivating manner.

Teaching learning resources

v  Bicycle

v  Apron

v  Markers

v  Sports shows for the learner

v  Helmet

Objectives

By the end of the teaching session the learner should be able to:

a)      Pedal the bicycle without fear

b)      Steer the bicycle onto a straight track

c)      Turn the bicycle

d)     Balance the bicycle effectively

e)      Tricycle

f)       Bicycle with training wheels

Now what?

Once the apparatus are available for using in the teaching the teacher can know follow the lesson development procedure that will be predetermined.

Teaching procedure

Alternative I

1.              I.      Assist the learner to put on the riding gear

This gear will protect the learner from the injuries resulting from the accidents during the learning session

1.           II.      Teach the child how ride a tricycle

The tricycle will assist the learner to master how to effectively pedal and steer the bicycle with ease. Once the child has mastered how to steer the bicycle, the learner can move to next level by starting to learn how to pedalling using a bicycle with training wheels.

1.        III.      Teach the learner how to balance

Balancing can be taught though the use of training wheels, unassisted two wheeling or assisted two wheeling.

Bicycles that are intended for young rider will always come with training wheels. While this would be slower in assisting the learner develop faster the riding skill, the mode is safer and convenient for the learner to even learner on their own.  The training wheels assist the learner to stabilise before being introduced to the bicycle without the wheels.

The instructor will then adjust the wheels by and by as the learner demonstrates understanding of the skills.

Alternative II

The instructor will alternatively run around with the child on the bicycle as the learner exercises the balancing skills.

The learner can then be left on his own without know to ride the bicycle with the teacher trailing closely to avoid accidents.

Conclusion

Once planning is dully done it is possible that the learner is able to follow. During the planning process the teacher is able to have the whole picture on the possible responses and the challenges that can be faced. Subsequently, the teacher develops the strategies for countering the challenges. With the picture of the lesson in the mind of the teacher the what, so what and now what questions are adequately addressed.

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Rapidly changing global work and education environments have presented many challenges for family members, friends, and romantic partners separated by the distance; thus, studies have shown that constant communication and interaction holds a prime importance in the maintenance of these relationships (Canary & Dainton, 2003 p.53).  The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of mobile communication technology (MCT) on long-distance personal relationships. MCT is a current phenomenon that has rapidly grown from a nearly invisible base two decades ago to become an inevitable aspect of everyday human interaction. However, there is conflicting research evidence on the value of this mode of communication in maintaining interpersonal relationships.  While some studies claim electronic communication strengthens family ties and romantic connections, other findings argue that it substitutes face-to-face social interactions and connections (Joseph, 1976). When focusing specifically on this new media in a transnational context, there is substantial research that suggests mobile communication technologies play a crucial role in family and romantic relationships.  Hence, this study will attempt to accomplish an understanding of whether or not mobile communication technologies (MCT) maintains relationships between individuals separated by the distance and if it enhances personal connectedness by allowing families and social partners to move across transnational spaces. By examining various perspectives on MCT, transnationalism, and interpersonal relationships, I will focus on various questions.

Mediated communication does play a very integral role in the society. From mere phone calls to text messaging, email to the internet, mobile phones help in the facilitation of an important day to day communication. Significant researches have been dedicated to the study of mobile technology.

Mobile technology helps in maintaining both long distance and local relationships.  Communication is vital in maintenance of long distant relationships and the mobile technology has aided these kind of efforts through giving people multiple choices of staying in touch.   The use of mobile phones allows communication to transcend to great and vast distances. In researching on the communication patterns among the students, it has been observed that maintenance of relationships before starting college is crucial (Ziff, 1976).

The mobile phone as a main form of mediated communication is a very rich medium as compared to an email or an IM as a result of addition of auditory cues and synchronicity.  Mobile phone conversations require the users to be available in order for communication to take place (Licoppe. 2004, pp 135-156). Mobile phone communication is usually seen as a more formal type of communication as compared to other forms of mediated communication for example text messaging and email (Maren, Patrick, Joachim, 2008, pp. 163).  It is the best mode of communication for the family as well as distant friends since it is more interactive and rich in its nature.

Short message service is also seen as asynchronous type of communication since the users are not required to be present when the message is received or sent. Mobile phones are usually a convenient means of communication since they are usually readily available regardless of one’s location and the SMS makes it easy to transmit the messages easily.

Long distances romantic relationships are not usually a novelty as far as academic studies are concerned.  Relationships are inevitably separated by job relocations, military obligations, and prison marriages among others.  The long distance relationships are usually maintained through relying heavily on the availability as well as use of the communication technologies (Daniel & Marianne, 2003, pp. 51).  Instant messaging and mobile phones are the most prevalent modes of communication that are used in daily basis among people in long distance relationships as compared to other means of communication.

It is lucid that maintaining of long distance relationships can be quite tough though mobile phones and other modern technologies have made life easier.  Most couples are left debating on whether to be apart or together in order to maintain a healthy relationship (Sahlstein, 2004, pp. 689-710). However, though Sahlstein in her article emphasizes on use of mobile phones in order to maintain a healthy relationship among couples and family, logically, communication over the phone is not the only imperative aspect in a relationship. At times people need to see their partners and ascertain their reaction face to face. By asserting that mobile phones help in preventing breakups is completely illogical. During the olden days, couples in long distance relationships usually used to limit the time they spent talking to each other because of the costly phone bills. Today because of the amplified cell phone plans of free mobile to mobile as well as internet services, it is quite easy to stay in touch with one another.  However, though research suggests that use of mobile phones is cheap; it is rational to note that cheap is relative. What might be cheap to one person might be expensive to another and therefore it is important to note that there are people who still cannot afford mobile phones and even operating it.

The migrants do not cut ties with their countries of origin but they maintain a close contact with them through transnationalism and use of mobile phone communication. Transnational experiences trigger people to focus on the rapidly evolving changes in technology. There are various factors that lead people to use particular technology as opposed to others. These are class, cultural values, settlement history, generation as well as access (Anastacia & Heather, 2006, pp. 109-124; Raelene, 2006. pp. 125-142).  However, Anastacia and Heather’s article is limited and quite narrow on the grounds that those are not determinants to choosing a particular mode of communication as opposed to the other.

Studies on transnationalism and the media have oscillated between various assumptions. There are theories that do assume the immense role of the media in shaping the identities and other theories argue for the resilience of the local cultures, ethnic, national as well as the emergence of phenomena for example the long distance nationalism.  Mobile phones have played a major role in the lives of transnational families.

Mobile communication is one of the fastest businesses globally. For example in Italy there are more mobile phones than even the inhabitants (Philip, Ludovico & Marco, pp. xvi).  Mobile communication is a vital part of our each day life. Their prices have fallen as their functionality increase. For example in USA, 40% of the students in the middle and primary schools have mobiles thus communicating with their families and partners who are outside the country is not a problem to them.. 90% of the university students and 75% of the high school students have mobile phones (Philip, Ludovico & Marco).  This has helped in making communication and life easier as far as maintaining children and parents relationships is concerned.

In Asia there have been tremendous increases in the number of mobile phones as well as Taiwan and Hong Kong where there are more phones than the inhabitants (Philip, Ludovico & Marco). The Jamaicans no longer rely on expensive calling cards or collect calls in order to communicate with their relatives and friends living abroad (Heather, 2006, pp. 143-159). To them mobile phones are unadulterated blessings that transform the main role of transnational communications from intermittent event to part of their daily life. To most critics, the mobile phone is usually seen as a major object of ambivalence that brings unforeseen obligations and burdens (Heather, 2006, pp. 143-159).  This is because as much as it is useful, it also leads to disagreements between partners mostly through short messages.

Families and parents perceive their phones as a major way of consistently staying connected across divergent situations. The global acceptance and increase in the use of mobiles has created vast opportunities in the communication sector. It has led to enhancement of information flow among people living worlds apart and even in cases of emergencies (Sakkapoulos, Lytras &Tsakalidis, 2006, pp. 208-215; Atluri, Heechang & Vaidya, 2008, pp. 439-475).

Despite mobile technologies being effective in keeping relationships in control and active, there has been great assumption that mobile phones are cheap means of communication and easy to use. However, not everybody can afford using them thus more research needs to be focused on the use of mobile phones.

There has been little focus on the health effects of mobile phones and how to curb this catastrophe. In the recent years, there has been an immense increase as far as use of mobile phones is concerned as well as microwave radiations which ought to raise concerns on the possible health impacts.  In a research done at Taipei the overall number of all mobile phone subscribers were 2.3 billion in the year 2006 which was expected to be 3.3 billion in 2011 (Fredrik, Lennart, Michael & Kjell, 2007). Most of the European countries do have a mobile phone penetration of over 100% meaning that there are obviously more subscribers as compared to the inhabitants (Fredrik, Lennart, Michael & Kjell, 2007).

In Japan about 40% of the entire populations have access to internet through mobile phones (Nansi, 2004, PP. 51). Mobile internet is a time enhancing practice as compared to the PC which is a time displacing practice (Kenichi, 2002, pp. 43-58).

The evolving forms of the mobiles permit the consideration of whether certain practices for example text messaging ought to be thought as the new form or means of communication in contrast with face to face interactions.  The mobile’s strategic means of thinking about the new association forms is in technological terms a device which would render the location completely insignificant allowing access of worldwide networks (Steve, 2002, pp. 288).

When compared with other mode of communication, the mobile has an equivocal status which is quite complex to conceptualize. It belongs to the new media category though much of its literature is not pertinent. Speaking via phone has been seen to be so natural that the mediating technology has been forgotten and terms like cyberspace no longer seems to fit.

On a closer look at the empirical phenomena of the mobile device in the use of our every day life, we tend to find that the philosophy and sociology  does consist of terms that are apt though have divergent referents for example problematization of private and public distinction, social mobility, structural transformation, phonocentrism, metaphysics of one’s presence and immutable mobile.

Most people argue that use of phones in public spaces makes the relation of public and private quite concrete as it brings private life into the social sphere. Moreover most critics assert that mobile phones do disturb the normal preference for silence in the public settings.  The use of the mobile phones in the public space does have numerous implications for the normal suctioned behaviors. Its use usually becomes experience of discontinuity and spatial fragmentation where most activities are compartmentalized in a series of some fleeting encounters as well as impressions of just little duration.

According to some researchers, the mobile devices reconfigure the spaces of the social life in the urban areas (Steve, 2002, pp. 296). Introduction of the communication technologies that do not require any connection at any fixed location has led to re examination of what is really meant as distance, proximity and mobility.

In a study conducted by (Rebecca, 2002, pp. 21-30), it revealed that Instant Messaging has been globally adopted by the teenagers. There was a study of 16 teenage IM users. The study had shown some differences in the nature of mobile use between the college and high school teens. The differences were accounted by the teenager’s autonomy degree, internet access as well as transportation access. However, the article lacked deep analysis of the reason behind increase of teenage use of mobile phones. The author should have given some reasons like communicating with their partners or even family. Mobile phones are even used to send money between people who live far apart thus increased on its popularity.

 

There are numerous gaps in the study of mobile technology. Most of the case studies have not focused on the use of mobile phones alone and how it influences people and businesses but have focused so much on other means of communication like the internet. The studies have also failed to focus in details on the negative effects of mobile technology and only focusing on the affirmative side thus rendering most of the case studies biased.

The cultural shifting as well as the blending landscape that is occupied by various users usually fractures intimate relationships with cultural differences as well as physical distance. Use of the mobile phones helps people to negotiate on such relationships as well as the liminal spaces which are created by close couples of the modern life who have conservative values, coexistence of both local and global and the main tension which is experienced by the young people who are focused on being independent though connected with the people they love. High amount of mobile communication between couples is usually directly related to affirmative outcomes. Mobile communication hence reduces some relational uncertainty thus increasing intimacy.

The previous research has focused a lot on the importance of mobile phones in relationships and businesses though there is nothing much that has yet been written. The mobile technology has developed over years because of the reduced costs and its effectiveness. The colleges and generally the students as well as the teenagers have been the main methodology focus and have been used as the case study to denote the popularity of the mobile phones. There should be increased methodology on the same focusing on the businesses, the negative aspects of the mobile phones and generally the rate at which the popularity of the mobile phones have increased and the reasons behind the increase. To avoid biased results there should be analysis of all ages and gender in relation to the mobile technology. Carrying out of this research will help to give analysis and more insight on mobile technology and its effectiveness as well as its limitations. It will help the future researchers to focus on getting more detailed information on the same.

Mobile technology has changed the lives of many and has made life simpler in everyday life and in most sectors of life. Be it in businesses, relationships, effective communication, giving importance and prominence to privacy, carrying out researches and getting people involved in the ICT careers, mobile technology can never be underestimated. However, there are numerous limitations as the literature available has failed so far to focus immensely on other imperative facets and given the affirmative more prominence and priority. Future research and researchers should try to focus deeply on the topic in order to avoid bias and vague results.

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The internet has been appropriately used in the spread and passing of communication messages over the last two decades effectively well. Nevertheless, at inception the roles the internet is currently playing never appeared forthcoming. Internet applications seem to be getting the traditional media my surprise and storm that was earlier projected.

Internet seems to be finding more utility across board. The youth and the elderly alike are using the internet and the World Wide Web in the accessing of vital information. Internet however, seems to be enjoying a number of competitive advantages over the traditional media. Inherently, internet is devoid of censorship as is the case with broadcast media and written media. Newspapers and television are normally extensively censored to ensure that the information reaching the readers is feed no indoctrinating information.

The transmission of internet information is relatively faster compared to the traditional media. This seems to give the internet an edge over the various traditional media. Althaus & Tewksbury argue that this makes the internet and the World Wide Web a preferred choice for consumers. Besides the distribution costs of the information available through the internet is marginally lower compared to the traditional media. On their part Waal & Schoenbach assert that given the economic nature and rationality of consumers, they have to seek the medium which is relatively cheap to them; internet appears to be such type of media.

The World Wide Web according to John, Yan & Zhan, has been used in accessing the information and the news from the traditional media. This further makes the internet a preferred alternative by many consumers. Most consumers will prefer to have all their products under one roof; the internet seems to offer this preference with much efficacy yet is very cheap. In addition the internet has been used to access a variety of information simultaneously; this further makes the internet and the World Wide Web more popular with most of the consumers.

In retrospect, those who use the internet have been found though research to love readership that those people who use traditional media such as the radio and the television. Consequently, one will argue that the internet is promoting the readership culture which has bee found to be dwindling over the years. Subsequent, Waal & Schoenbach assert that the internet and the World Wide Web has been found to gratify the desires of most of the reading class with variety.

The youth have argued that the internet has a high superiority than are the traditional media. This is because along with the passing of information and news to the readers and visitors of these sites, the internet also provides other sites that offer entertainment alongside the functional aspect of passing information. On their part the traditional media largely offer singular services at a time. This doubles up the utility of the internet as a medium of communication.

The television and the radio can presently be accessed through the internet. This is perhaps the troubling part about the interaction between the internet and the traditional media. While the internet was initially meant to supplement the other forms communications the internet is apparently substituting the traditional media altogether. Waal & Schoenbach state that this has started rendering the traditional media obsolete, redundant, and inappropriate and less convenient.

In their view John, Yan & Zhan, find the traditional media have over time been seen as less effective because of the lack of interaction that has been found to run through most of the traditional media. Overall this characteristic feature of traditional media makes the internet and the World Wide Web have a competitive advantage over them altogether.  Internet allows for prompt feed back.

Traditional media have remained over the years to be single directional.  In the beliefs of Althaus & Tewksbury this feature makes the internet exceptional makes most consumers have preference for this medium. This has been made possible through lead links that makes it possible for the reader and visitors of the various sites to have salient concerns addressed without contact with the developers of the different sites on the internet. This interaction lacks in the other traditional media and hence leveraging the internet above them.

According to Althaus & Tewksbury, the youth in particular and the young have a lot of anxiety over the computer. This makes them have preference to the internet than they have for traditional media. In addition, the developers of the various sites spice the sites with varying entertaining features that make the sites addictive to those who visits them. Subsequently, the visitors of the sites start developing a dislike for traditional media.

At the development of the internet and the World Wide Web, the central objective was to develop a medium for communication and not an medium for entertaining, this dynamic feature has seen the internet transform from a mere source of communication to a multivariate medium that provides this incidental services at ago.

It emerges from the foregoing discussion that the revolutionary nature of the internet remains less so; because the adoption of the use of the internet results in the reduction in the use of other traditional media. Waal & Schoenbach asserts that this contravenes the founding principles for which the internet was ardently developed and designed. The consumption behaviour of the internet users eats unplanned into the incomes of the users. John, Yan & Zhan, argue that this makes the internet a counterproductive venture within the economic precincts.

The displacement of the traditional media by the internet has been massive. While this displacement would not be ardently brought out through this paper, it is projected that the newspapers and the broadcast will suffer an immense blow. This is seen to be dependent on the media complexities that have been prompted by the media environment and the changing trends in the internet world.

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1.0 Introduction

As the number of people and the radiologists in practice dwindle, there has been an immense need for all the physician extenders who are in radiology (Donna, JEFF, James, Vicki, Tony, Randy, Jackson & Richard, 2008).  Radiologists Assistants have an immense potential of becoming a vital component as far as radiology is concerned as they reduce the work loads as well as the burden for the responsibilities in the area of their practice. This paper hence focuses on the rationale and the major reason why radiologists’ assistants increase productivity. It will also focus on the available literature review and its limitations as well as recommendations.

1.1 Rationale

The RA productivity is imperative in the fact that productivity do serve as the main perquisite in improving  of radiology care and to some extent patients might not get full attention and care without being helped by the RA’s. This topic will hence focus on giving some limelight on the importance of RA’s as far as productivity is concerned.

1.2 Research Questions

• Does Radiologists Assistants increase productivity?
• What is the importance of Radiology in medicine?
• What are the problems in radiologist profession?

1.3 Research problem

There has been a shortage among the radiologist workforce which makes it complex for the patients to access quality care thus there is increased time of waiting, complaints and complications that make the quality of care quite poor. The responsibilities of RA in the improving of productivity as well as efficiency can be enhanced.

2.0 Literature review

It is usually assumed that the RA as well as the radiology practitioner assistant (RPA) work similarly as the physician extenders (Rebecca, Beth & William, 2009). Radiologist profession is usually associated with heavy shortages of the workforce thus the radiologists find it quite complex to go ahead and cope with the responsibilities (Jane, Brian, Lisa, Manuel & Darla, 2000). The RA is effective solution to the challenging issues and hence could enhance productivity of the radiology departments.

The RA’s cooperate with the radiographers in interpreting studies and since there is complexity of the entire imaging process, there is a need for professional radiologist’s assistants (Nightingale & Hogg, 2007, pp. 284-290).  The RA can support the radiologists in their functions through assisting them in the double reading, and hence the reports and interpretations can become the main measure of quality among the RA’s. The RA’s can easily resolve issues to do with patient dissatisfaction, long waiting times, insensitivity, lack of communication and other issues.

2.1 De limitations

There has been insufficiency of vast case studies focusing on the role of RA’S and their importance.

3.0 Recommendations

There ought to be further research on the importance of radiologists’ assistants and how they increase productivity. With the rate of shortages in the workforce, there ought to be more information on the RA’s and their importance in the radiology field.

4.0 Conclusion

Radiologists Assistants are increasingly being recognized as effectual solution to radiology care issues. Shortages in the workforce lead the radiologists to perform more routine functions. The RAs are beneficial options to the hospitals as they improve productivity and care through the reduced waiting times, enhanced quality, efficient interactions of the patients, and reduced numbers of lawsuits and complications for malpractice.

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Introduction

Healthcare organizations and professionals avidly address the issue of ethnic and racial disparities as well as multicultural diversity in health . Purnell’s model is a major circle which represents an immense global society which consists of politics as well as communications, warfare and conflicts, famines and natural disasters, commerce, businesses, information technology, space exploration and the aptitude of the people to travel globally and interact. The model allows for assessment of a modern culture by focusing on 12 domains which are found in each culture. The model structure focuses on the community level to individuals ( Purnell, 2002, pp. 193-196). It generally takes into account that one must comprehend the society at large as well as their norms before they are applicable in communicating with a specific person.  The domains comprise of inhabited localities, overview, communication, topography, family organization and roles, bicultural ecology, workforce issues, nutrition, childbearing and pregnancy practices, spirituality and death rituals and finally health care providers (Purnell, 2000, pp. 40-46).   This paper hence focuses on death rituals and spirituality according to Purnell’s model.

Death rituals

Death rituals comprise of how the culture as well as the individuals view rituals, death as well as behaviors in preparation for burial practices and death (Louise & Carolyn, 2008, pp. 235). Some of the bereavement behaviors are also included in the domain. The rituals which surround death do reflect greatly on what death means to divergent societies and culture. It drives on this question. Is death a failure as far as medical science is concerned, a part of life’s circle or basically an ultimate liberation?

The Haiti people are culturally sensitive and  incase they realize the time of death is impending, the family gather together to cry, pray as well as use spiritual artifacts and religious medallions (Cosgray, 1999, pp. 482-507, Miller, 2000, pp. 204-11).  They usually prefer dying in their homes rather than in the hospital (American Geriatrics Society, 2006,  pp. 87).  Autopsy is usually allowed in some circumstances and in case death is seen to be caused by maleficence, then autopsy can be done. It can also be done to make sure that the body is dead and essentially not a zombie (Haitian information bureau, 1994). The bereavement practices comprise of dernier priye, veye as well as prise de deuil (Haitian information bureau, 1994). This process helps the soul to pass to the next world. Prise de deuii does take place on the seventh day and is similar to the funeral which hence begins on mourning period (Haitian information bureau, 1994).

Spirituality

It comprises of the use of prayers and religious practices. It also focuses on the meaning of life as well as where people get to gain their strength (Louise & Carolyn, 2008, pp. 235). It also involves a connectedness in search of a meaning with an immense power which is broader than religious beliefs.  The Haiti people do practice two religions namely Voodoo and Christianity (Andre,  2007, pp. 292).  Catholicism was the main religion that was introduced to the Haitians and thereafter the Protestantism. Most of them are quite active in church as religion helps in shaping their entire cultural identity. The Voodoo religion was believed to have been brought in with the slaves to Haiti and hence considered to be the national religion(Andre,  2007, pp. 292).  It has no any hierarchy or theology. In Voodoo, they believe in a god called Bon Dieu who has three spirits namely the dead, loa and twins. The loa are usually the forces of health, reproduction, evil and good (Andre,  2007). The twins are usually descendants of one god and the Haiti people believe that incase the twins are remembered during religious ceremonies, they will hence help to improve life (Andre,  2007). The dead are considered to be helpful and part of the family. The major tenet of Voodoo is to heal the people from their sickness and the priests are paid for healing and other activities like spelling casts.

Conclusion

Purnell model is very abstract, quite comprehensive as far as content is concerned, has some form of logical congruence as well as conceptual clarity which demonstrates a clinical perspective and utility. It helps the health professionals in offering individualized , appropriate care and culturally competent care to the patients. It can as well be used in accessing families, community and the society. It is quite easy to apply and is relevant to any cultural setting.