Category: Health care

literature review using 10 peer-reviewed

10 peer-reviewed references and cited.
Research Question : Is there a significant increase in the rate of Hepatitis B infection among people
with diagnosed with HIV in the United States , compared to the United States reported rate for the
general population?
keep it general and your population should only be those diagnosed with HIV).
Null hypothesis : The general hypothesis for this research is given the reduced immunity among people
with HIV, there is a significant increase in the rate of Hepatitis B among this group compared to the
rate for the general population.
Alternative hypothesis: There are various risk factors that are associated with the increase in the
rate of hypothesis B among people diagnosed with HIV compared to the general population and this does
not have to do with the HIV infection.

*For this module , you are asked to clearly identify the approved research question from Module 1. You
are also asked to provide a 3-page literature review using 10 peer-reviewed studies previously
conducted that specifically relate to your research question. Your literature review should discuss
previous studies that have been conducted (which directly relates to your research question),
including results that support or do not support your hypothesis. Provide a critical evaluation of
inconsistent studies. The conclusion should identify gaps in research conducted on your topic. Refer
to the articles in the Background Reading on writing a literature review
*you need to follow the questions asked, with subtitles so you organize your work.
make sure you include the identified research question, so I can follow your literature write-up.
make sure that your conclusion to include what is asked above.

Assignment Expectations

Length: SLP assignments should be between 2-3 pages (500-750 words) in length.

References: References must be included from scholarly sources (e.g. peer-reviewed journal articles).
Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is
critical thinking). When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it must be enclosed in
quotes. The references should be cited within the text and also listed at the end of the assignment in
the References section (APA format recommended).
Please refer to the modular assignment for further assignment expectations.

Reading required:
Edith Cowan University. Literature Review: Academic Tip Sheet. Retrieved May 26, 2012
fromhttp://intranet.ecu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/20621/literature_review.pdf
University of California, Santa Cruz. Guidance on Literature Reviews. Retrieved May 26, 2012
fromhttp://library.ucsc.edu/help/howto/write-a-literature-review
James Bell Associates. (2008). Evaluation Brief: Conducting a Process Evaluation. Arlington, VA.
August 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2012 fromhttp://www.jbassoc.com/reports/documents/evaluation%20brief
%20-%20conducting%20a%20process%20evaluation%20-%20final%E2%80%A6.pdf
——————————————————————————————————
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This is the paper that I wrote but was not accepted?? See the comment(you need to follow the questions
asked, with subtitles so you organize your work.
make sure you include the identified research question, so I can follow your literature write-up.
make sure also to change your conclusion to include what is asked above.}
Literature Review
Different authors have explored Hepatitis B and HIV coinfection and the significant increase in the
rate of Hepatitis B among people diagnosed with HIV compared to the United States reported rate for
the general population. Buskin et al.,(2011) evaluated trends and risk factors for viral hepatitis
among HIV patients age 13 and older . That analysis include 29,490 participants diagnosed with HIV
.and the findings reveal that overall cohort participants were diagnosed with liver disease 8% with
chronic hepatitis B. The study also reveals that Hepatitis B infection rate rise from 7 % in 1998 to 9
% in 2004.
Another study from Spradling et al.,(2010) present another framework for examining Hepatitis B
infection rate in patients diagnosed with HIV. In this study shows that Hepatitis B virus infection
rate is substantially higher in HIV patients compared with General population. The two studies relates
to my research questions and support my hypothesis .U.S department of health (2011) stated that Viral
hepatitis is a leading cause of death and claims the lives of 12,000–15,000 Americans each year.
Current data shows that 38,000 persons were newly infected with virus and persons with HIV are
disproportionately affected by this virus so the results of these studies are again relevant to my
research question
In the United States, there is a close similarity between human immunodeficiency virus types 1 with
viral hepatitis epidemiology. The prevalence of HBV infection among individuals with HIV patients is
reported to be about 80% with the prevalence of chronic HBV infection being 10% (Tedaldi et al.
,2008). This data is, however, limited in the present day yet the data is crucial for understanding
the infection of HBV among the HIV-infected individuals. Unlike in the past, number of people becoming
infected with HIV and Hepatitis B has been rising tremendously in the United States. The Centers of
Disease Control has estimated that over 1, 178, 350 adolescents and adults are living with HIV
infection by 2008. This is the most recent national data showing the estimated prevalence of
individuals living with HIV in the U. S. The statistics indicates an increase of about 7% from the
2006 estimates (Williams et al., 2011).
Despite the increasing number of individuals becoming infected, national data on HBV infection
prevalence show contradicting data. Various health departments, through the CDC, have reported that
since 1990s to 2009, the prevalence of HIV infection has reduced (CDC, 2009). William et al., (2011)
agree with this report saying that the reduced prevalence rate is as a result of the use of infant
vaccination and vaccinations provided to adolescents and children (Williams et al., 2011). The
researchers are optimistic that with the declining trend, a major population of patients with HIV will
be protected from the hepatitis B infection. The reports by William et al., (2011) and that of CDC are
similar and disagree with my hypothesis.
The Institute of Medicine (IOM,2010) reported that the surveillance capacity for monitoring chronic
and acute viral hepatitis is limited at a local and state level as a result of these reports not being
submitted by the state. This means that the actual prevalence of HBV among HIV patients is not
reflected with the current national data. This report by IOM, therefore, agrees with my hypothesis and
this leads to variable and incomplete data.
Iser & Lewin(2009) looked at the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) on the life
expectancy of those infected with HIV. However, there is no much research done to establish the
effects of HAART on the transmission of HBV. Additionally, the effects of HBV have continued to become
apparent among the population of those infected with HIV. There is disagreement in research on the
impact of HIV on the disease infection and progression of HBV .
Isolated anti-HBc is evidence in individuals infected with HIV as a serological pattern. However, the
role of isolated anti-HBc remains a debatable issue, and research has not yet found any relationship
between it and liver disease. Among those infected with HIV and have the isolated anti-HBc reactivity,
the development of latent hepatitis B has been found to range from a minor percentage to as high as 89
percent (Gaglio, et al 2007).
The incident HBV infection data for HIV -infected individuals is limited yet this data could have
helped in the provision of opportunities on HBV infection prevention among HIV-infected individuals.
One of the studies has reported that the acute HBV infection incidences is as large as 12.2 cases in
1000 persons and the prevalence rate being 7.8% (Kellerman et al., 2003). This study utilizes a window
of observation from 1998 to 2001 and did not provide the proportion of HBV infection of becoming
chronic and failure to be reported (Kim, 2009). This means that the HBV infection prevalence in the
United States is underestimated. The available national data indicate and an overall decrease of HB
infection incidences in the overall population within the past two decades (CDC, 2008).

References
Buskin, S. E., Barash, E. A., Scott, J. D., Aboulafia, D. M., & Wood, R. W. (2011). Hepatitis B and C
infection and liver disease trends among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. World
journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 17(14), 1807.
Centers of diseases control and prevention (2010). Viral Hepatitis Statistics & Surveillance On
February 15th, 2013 from http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/Statistics/index.htm
Chun, H. M., Fieberg, A. M., Hullsiek, K., Lifson, A. R., Crum-Cianflone, N. F., Weintrob, A. C., &
… Landrum, M. L. (2010). Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a US Cohort of HIV-Infected
Individuals during the Past 20 Years.Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(3), 426-436. doi:10.1086/649885

Please draft the Section 4 Nonclincal Plan of Magentia/Osteoporosis following the "Instructions

of CDP"

The author, Winnickoff, et al (2009), wanted to establish beliefs about the health effects of third hand smoke and home smoking bans, there was the sure intent to asses the health beliefs of adults on the issue of exposing children to third hand smoke, whether smokers and non-smokers have different views on the same. How does cigarette smoking affect people and mostly children? The author addressed issues such as the types of smoke to be able to fully understand and come up with concrete facts. There are different types of smoking, which are second hand smoking and third hand smoking. There is no form of exposure that could label as safe. All levels of exposure have their own effects. States have then been compelled to form laws that govern cigarette smoking to protect other people who might be easily exposed to such environments. For instance, people who work in bars, workplaces and the like. Second hand smoking has been found to have adversely affect adults and causing a high rate of death. The third hand smoking has been found to affect the health of young children. According to Winnickoff, et al (2009), beliefs about the effects of thirdhand smoking on health are independently connected with total restriction of smoking at home. It was clear that thirdhand smoking is a health hazard to young children and is an important fact to consider as a reason enough to push for bans on smoking at home. The health information on thirdhand smoke contamination can easily be placed in current tobacco campaigns, programs as well as clinical practices. Types of cigarette smoke and their effects to the people exposed to them is also an important factor to understand to be able to find best ways of alienating the same. Keeping on the low effects caused by the same. For instance if one has to smoke at home he should then ensure that the fans are on , windows are open or smoke from somewhere open and far from the house and wait until that smell of smoke is over. How well are people exposed to facts concerning cigarette smoke and their effects? Healthcare (2008).  How do beliefs vary from different groups, what do they think about cigarette smoke and how willing are they to adapt to a healthier way of living was some of the important factors that the author had in mind. If people are able to follow policies stipulated concerning cigarette smoke the lives of people will be in less danger. People will be in a position to avoid sicknesses arising from such smoke. For instance lung cancer or chest problems. The lives of children and their health will also be safe, as they will no longer be exposed to harmful smoke. People at work will also feel respected in that they will not be forced to inhale the smoke that comes from smokers especially from bars. There are obvious dangers if people literally ignore the obvious negatives of smoking. The number of death rates will increase as well as poor health conditions caused by cigarette smoke could be highly realized.   There was an effort to find out the major beliefs on the effect of thirdhand smoke to children, in that connection, there were varying differences between adult. Some of them felt that the third hand smoke affected children whereas others thought the secondhand smoke affected children. According to the author, it was arrived at that, third hand smoke was independently associated with rules prohibiting home smoking whereas second hand smoking was not independently connected to rules prohibiting smoking at home or in vehicle.

PLEASE ONLY NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS/WRITERS TAKE ORDER, AND WHO PREVIOUSLY CONDUCTED SIMILAR TASK IN

THE AREA OF ASTHMA

KIND REGARD’S

1.Please Tackle the following objectives
establishing tables with results with most common clinical features and signs on patients and discuss
each table separately

2. To identify the clinical patterns among children admitted in Sohar Hospital during the study
duration.

3. To identify the treatment and diagnosis techniques in the management of chronic asthma in
infants aged less than 9 years. In the study area (Sohar Hospital).

Conclusion

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Assessment Component 2 – The Urban Health Profile (1500 words) is due in Week in 17 and carries 20% of
the module’s total marks. This will be submitted in the form of a written profile (report) of 1500
words to the Assessment (Undergraduate) Office.
The Urban Health Profile requires you to focus on two aspects: the practical (observation and data
collection) and the theoretical (informed by the wider literature) work on the urban health issue
chosen for this Assessment. You have to choose a relevant urban health issue, choose a local area
(neighbourhood) to carry-out the study, and physically observe and collect data from the area for the
Profile. You also have to look for scholarly literature published in relation to this urban health
issue (this can be from the area and beyond). This literature will inform your analysis and
theoretical discussion of the urban health issue and the area studied.

To prepare this Assessment Component 2, you have to take note of the following:
a) Choose a relevant urban health issue for your Urban Health Profile. This could be the same or
different to what you looked at for your Assessment Component 1 (Presentation). Provide a clear
rationale why this is an urban health issue and why you have chosen to study the issue in the selected
area. You have to provide clear and full description of the local area (neighbourhood) you have chosen
to study.
b) Present and give an account of the data and information you observed and collected from the local
area (or neighbourhood) in relation to the urban health issue you are studying. This could include
various aspects in relation to the area and the urban health issue such as size of the area,
population, observation on related determinants (factors) that influence the urban health issue,
physical facilities or amenities that are relevant to this issue as resources (e.g. parks; gyms; food
outlets – corner shops, supermarkets, fresh food markets, restaurants, fast food outlets, community
centres, housing and accommodation) and health and social service points relevant to this issue. This
part requires you to do a community inventory in relation to the urban health issue you have chosen.
You can do this with the help of Google mapping.
c) Provide an analysis and interpretation of data and information presented in this Profile,
commenting on the implications of such data on the urban health issue and population health in the
area. In this part, you should be scholarly enough by linking your analysis and interpretation of your
local data with the wider literature on this urban health issue. Therefore, you should be able to
suggest relevant recommendations and draw conclusions from your analysis and interpretation of the
Profile data that are informed by the wider literature on this urban health issue.
d) The written Urban Health Profile should include: a title – reflecting the urban health issue and
local area (neighbourhood) studied; an introduction – signposting the work and providing a description
of the urban health issue, the area studied, a clear rationale for choosing to study this issue and
the chosen area, including any key issue/s observed or known about the area; presentation and
description of data and information collection about the urban health issue and the area; discussion,
analysis and interpretation of data and information about the urban health issue and the area chosen
(with strong scholarly reference to the widely published literature on this urban health issue);
suggested relevant recommendations and conclusion

Urban Health Profile Marking Criteria
The Urban Health Profile will be assessed against LO6 and the marking will focus on:
a) Ability to choose a relevant urban health issue and clear rationale (20%)
b) Collection and presentation of relevant data / information, and creativity in the use of tools to
present the Urban Health Profile (40%)
c) Analysis and interpretation of data / information, commenting on implications of such data and
drawing relevant conclusions (40%)
Useful Readings
Cave B, Cooke A and Benson K (2004) Urban Renaissance Lewisham – health and social impact assessment.
London: NHS Lewisham PCT. Availabel Online at: www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=44245
National Assoiciation of County and City Health Officials (2007) The Big Cities Health Inventory – The
Health of Urban USA. Washington DC: NACCHO. Available Online at:
http://csde.washington.edu/news/notices/BigCityHealthDataNov2007.pdf
Robertson MJ and Cousineau MR ( ) Health Status and Acess to Health Services among the Urban Homeless.
In AJPH May 1986, Vol 76, No 5. Available Online at:
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.76.5.561
•
Harvard System Referencing
This link provides all you need to know about referencing your work correctly in the Harvard system.
Print a copy for yourself.
•
CELT Help With Academic Essay Writing
This is an excellent resource about writing a good academic essay. My advice is that you spending time
reading this before starting any work on your essay. Click on this link to access this resource.
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Help With Academic Skills at London Met
This link provides access to different forms of help with academic skills at London Met. My advice to
you is to try your best to utilise this help before it is too late to improve yourself and achieve the
grades you aspire to have.

 
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The research proposal should be: ABSTRACT – A brief summary ( around 50 words) of the research

to be undertaken. It should preferably be written in non-technical language such that a non-

specialist in the discipline will know what the proposal involves. SYNOPSIS OF LITERATURE – An

introduction/synthesis of the key ideas & references that lead to the statement of the

research question & objectives. (There is no specified maximum number of words, bear in mind

this is not a literature review, and this section should be the minimum necessary to place the

proposal in context) RESEARCH QUESTION/OBJECTIVES – State briefly & clearly the research

question being asked & the objectives of the research. METHODOLOGY – A description of how the

research will be undertaken. Sufficient detail of methods, and of sample size, source etc

should be given so that it is clear how the methodology addresses the research aims.DATA

COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS . The supervisor said about second( research proposal) uploaded form

“I think that this has more potential but I’d be careful about limiting yourself to warfarin.

The coming years, during which you’ll be completing your PhD, will see more use of the novel

oral anticoagulants so I think that these need to be a focus to ‘future-proof’ your research.

There will need to be education of patients about these new agents too, especially in relation

to adherence as they typically have shorter half-lives than warfarin so missed doses will

potentially have a much more significant impact on efficacy”. I’m also not sure about the

truth of your statements “most pharmacists are not able to effectively advice their patients

on issues associated with warfarin treatment”, and “Improved pharmacist education on warfarin

management is the only effective way to optimize the use of it to improve patients’ adherence

to their treatment regimen”. Is the problem that pharmacists don’t know enough about warfarin,

or is it that they simply don’t have adequate opportunities to educate patients on warfarin?

We’ve already done some work in the area of pharmacist home visits incorporating warfarin

education in any case – please see attached. What I’d suggested, as mentioned below, is

initially the development of a prospective database to evaluate patients’ diet, antithrombotic

knowledge, anticoagulation satisfaction and adherence. This database can then be used to

identify patient outcomes and subsequently what the actual nature of any problems are – is it

a lack of information provided by healthcare professionals, or is it that healthcare

professionals don’t have sufficient opportunities to follow patients up to repeat the

important messages, or is it other factors interfering with adherence? You can then plan lack

an intervention to address these actual real world problems.
-Use about 5 -10 references ( articles) and do not focus only on warfarin.

On April 9, 2003 the U.S. congressional Subcommittee on Health (part of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce) heard testimony from various witnesses on the topic “Strengthening and Improving Medicare.”

Since that time, the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA ) was passed to extend the life of Medicare programming. Part of this legislation involved the passage of Part D (Prescription Drug Insurance). Another significant part of this legislation involved various Pay For Performance (P4P) incentives. In this project you will read the short paper on Medicare Reform. Then you will search the Internet and Online Library for 1 article (2003 or newer) summarizing recent legislation/changes related to Medicare Part A-D programming.

Part 1: Summarize and share witness testimony

Your job is to summarize and synthesize the most recent Medicare related legislation from the an article and analyze what impact this will have on the involved stakeholders (i.e., patients, providers, third-party payers). Attach this article with assignment.

Part 2 : Provide a forecast for Medicare Reform

Include a prediction of how this Medicare legislation will impact the life of the Medicare program. Lastly, you must propose at least 1 change to the current Medicare legislation that will extend the life of the program beyond 2026.

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Resource: Ch. 2 of Human Diseases

Fourteen percent of the population in Nairobi, Kenya is infected with the HIV virus. The rate is even higher in the Kenyan military at 20%. (Mulvihill et al., 2006)

· Compose a 1,300- to 1,450-word paper in APA format that provides an overview of HIV/AIDS. Address the following:

o Explain the difference between HIV and AIDS.
o Describe various ways HIV can be transmitted.
o Identify and discuss what has changed in the immune system when an HIV patient becomes an AIDS patient.
o Explain why the body’s innate immunity fails in an AIDS patient.
o Describe treatments available for HIV/AIDS patients.
o Discuss precautions to prevent the spread of HIV.
o Describe at least one global awareness campaign to fight the spread of HIV.

· Use at least three sources other than your text.

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SCENARIO: Some projections for the future strongly suggest that once the cost of providing complex technology-dependent, home-based care exceeds the cost of providing the same care in an institutional setting, such home-based care will either cease or be heavily rationed. Indeed, most individuals needing technology-dependent care will be forced into institutional settings.

Q: If that projection proves accurate, what are the ethical concerns and issues raised by each alternative?

Note: Prepare an essay on the subject below using your own words. Read the scenario carefully and answer the question fully. Proofread your answer for clarity and to correct “mechanical” errors (spelling, punctuation, and grammar). If you either quote or paraphrase the textbook or other sources in preparing your answer, be sure to cite those sources appropriately in APA format. The response should be no longer than three (3) double-spaced pages.
You are to argue both sides of the issue, explicitly basing your arguments on ethical theories and/or principles.
Do not internet references or resources.

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