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This week, you will construct a formal research proposal to address an identified problem within the literature. This serves as an exercise in research writing and the presentation of ideas in an academic context.

Weekly Resources:
• None

Assignment: Develop a Research Proposal (20 points)
Imagine you are a mid-level researcher at a world-renown, high-tech laboratory that receives millions of dollars in government grants each year. You are competing with another established researcher for a highly coveted endowed researcher position in the lab that will enable you to focus on any research area of your choosing within the cloud computing domain. Additionally, the role comes with a research assistant and stipend for the full three years. You must submit a comprehensive research proposal outlining your proposed research project to the selection committee to be considered for the position.

Your proposal must contain at least ten academic references (within last 5 years) and be of the quality expected of senior capstone level work. The proposal may be an extension of a previously written problem statement paper that you are intrigued with (and is research-worthy) or a completely new topic derived from the readings and research. If in doubt, please share your idea with the professor and request feedback. Your research proposal should contain the following sections:
• Title Page
o Title: The title of your work should be concise and describe what your research will entail.
o Student Name
o Course ID, Name, and Semester Taken
o University
o Date
• Table of Contents
• Background
o This section will provide enough information so that the reader understands the general context, settings, and basis for the proposed research. A non-expert may read the proposal, so ensure there is sufficient framing and discussion of the underlying concepts.
• Problem Statement
o This section will focus on the presentation of a literature-supported open research question or problem that must be addressed. Additional areas should include detailed discussions of its scope, nature, what the problem is, how it developed or evolved into a problem, why it is a problem, and a brief discussion as to the other works that establish it as a problem within the literature.
• Goal
o This section provides a concise definition of the goal of the study, what it will accomplish, and how it will be measured. That is, how you will define success and failure of the study (if applicable).
• Relevance and Significance
o This section provides additional support for the problem statement and goal by discussing why the problem exists, who is affected by it, and the impact of the problem. Additionally, discussion of the study’s significance, the promise of its outcome, and its outcomes will address the stated problem.
• Literature Review
o This section will focus on clearly identifying the major areas that the research will focus on to establish a foundation of the study within the body of knowledge. The presentation of literature is an expansion of an annotated bibliography that justifies the problem, hypothesis, impact, and significance of the study.
• Approach
o A detailed explanation of how the study will be undertaken and how the goal will be achieved. This should take the form of a discussion of the methodology used, each step, milestone, and an explanation of each. Ensure that the approach is supported by the literature, as it cannot be based solely on opinion or experience.
• References

Length: 10-12 pages (not including the title page, table of contents, and reference list)
References: Support your paper with 5 appropriate and relevant recent scholarly references
Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University’s Academic Integrity Policy.
Upload your document and click the Submit to Dropbox button.

Learning outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4

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The free write is not an edited piece of work, but you must use two sources from nursing literature. Please write down your thoughts, insights, stories, cases, examples, experiences and whatever comes to mind for that particular topic. I also encourage you to use the course competencies for thematic elements to your writing. Please upload the paper into the discussion thread posted for that purpose. These papers will be used to complete the Family Theory Interview Project later on in the course. Please read and respond to students in your group when ideas are interesting and you have learned from them.

This free write is meant to help you access your deepest and most powerful feelings about family, as well as building on your past and your developing knowledge of family: academically, professionally, and personally.

The 2-3 page free write on healthy families, for example, may include ideas gleaned from your text, stories from your childhood, something you read in the newspaper, a novel or poem, or an interaction you witnessed in the grocery story. The objective of the free write is to help you decide what most interests you in family health nursing and what literature you might use for your annotated bibliography and your final research work with a family. Examination of the course competencies will organize your thoughts and focus your ideas on the desired outcomes of the learning you are doing.

As stated in the syllabus, this is not an edited piece of work. This material is rich in image, story and insight. The free write is meant in part to get in touch with this material. Thoughts from your readings should also be included and will spark new ideas unique to you.

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Ms. Corday is so controlling that she is circumventing the project manager and giving direction to the people working on the ship. This is extremely frustrating to the project manager, and it is confusing who is in charge.

What should the Project Manager do?
What should the Project Team members do?

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Objective 2: Use a critical thinking framework to evaluate alternative courses of actions and reach sound decisions in workplace situations.

See the Required business document in a separate file in this module.

Analyze the business document below (scroll down), applying all 8 steps of the critical thinking framework model discussed in the US Army Management Staff College AMSC Critical Thinking report (citing Dr. Richard Paul model) at http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army/critical/roy.htm

You are using the 8 step method disseminated by Roy Eichhorn, Strategic Systems Department, Army Management Staff College, in the report entitled, DEVELOPING THINKING SKILLS: CRITICAL THINKING AT THE ARMY MANAGEMENT STAFF COLLEGE in section COMPONENTS OF CRITICAL THINKING AT AMSC.

From the ASMC report: "Elements of Reasoning; (1) Points of view, frame of reference, perspective, orientation (2) Purpose of the thinking, goal, objective (3) Question at issue, problem (4) Implications and consequences (5) Information, data, facts, observations and experiences (6) Assumptions, presuppositions, taking for granted (7) Interpretations and inference, conclusions and solutions (8) Concepts, theories, definitions, actions, laws, principles, models

THE AMSC PHILOSOPHY ON CRITICAL THINKING […] We are often asked why we go to the effort of trying to teach critical thinking; people already know how to think. The first answer to this question is that yes, we all think, but do we do it well and are we able to evaluate the quality of our thinking? […] Dr. Paul responded to this question with the statement that reflects our philosophy: "We are always thinking, the question is, are we in charge of our thinking, or is our thinking in charge of us?"

The following is one of Dr. Paul’s definitions of critical thinking that summarizes our approach:

"Critical thinking is the ability to think about one’s thinking in such a way as:
to recognize its strengths and weaknesses and, as a result,
to recast the thinking in improved form.
Such thinking about one’s thinking involves the ability to identify the basic elements of thought (purpose, question, information, assumption, interpretation, concepts, implications, point of view) and assess those elements using universal intellectual criteria and standards (clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, and logicalness)."

Apply all 8 of the AMSC steps.of the critical thinking model to assess the arguments made in the memo. Leaving out discussion of steps will adversely affect your grade. As the final 9th step in the paper, use the content on fallacies in Almossawi, Ali (2013). An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments -https://bookofbadarguments.com/?view=allpages to identify any fallacies in the memo. Although not necessary for a passing grade, answers to some of the questions may be enhanced by doing additional research.

Remember that your task here is to evaluate the author’s argument as objectively as possible, not to give your own opinions on the issue. Be sure to use the analytical points as set out in the critical thinking report, not your own thoughts on the issue.

The paper should be 7-9 double spaced pages. This number does not include the title page or the reference page(s). All your references should be listed at the end of the paper as required by the APA format. Please be very careful in your papers to use proper grammar, spelling and English language usage. The citations and the reference list in the paper should be formatted in accordance with the APA guidelines, and be sure to include all references where required. NOTE: FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT YOU DO NOT NEED TO INCLUDE AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR THE PAPER.

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• Abstract
• Introduction

Talk about bitcoin and the importance of predict the price.

Brief describe what I will do and what I will analyze to predict the price.

• Literature Review
• Methodology

Mainly about all models be used in this paper to get the best one (with lowest error). I will build some forecasting models and regression models to get the best one.

• Forecasting models

Describe step by step about what I did in R to build what kind of models, brief analyze each model I have and focus on the best one.

• Regression models

Same as forecasting, but all models in this part is regression models.

• Discussion

Compare the best forecasting model and the best regression model to get a best one overall. Clearly describe this model and it’s benefit and drawbacks.

• Conclusion

What I get from all these analysis?

How important it is?

Uses of the best model.

Bitcoin future market. (good or bad)

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In this assignment, students will analyze how a construct (e.g., child well-being, family functioning, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, etc.) is being measured in evaluation of programs and practice. In this analysis, students have the choice to focus on either 1) two different standardized measures of the same construct of interest or 2) the same standardized measure applied to two different population groups. In either case, the paper should provide a theoretical definition of the construct being measured, a description of the instrument(s), (including a summary of reliability and validity), and a consideration of its relevance for social work practice with or on behalf of families.

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Within your groups, you will need to discuss hypothesis possibilities and how to setup your experimental design. A quick google search of “seed germination experiments” may be helpful in your discussion. Once your group has settled on both, please select a reporter for your group who will email me a word document with your group’s hypothesis and experimental design for approval.

Tips to consider when developing your experiment:

Your hypothesis should be related to your experimental variable.
You will need to include a control that doesn’t receive the experimental variable treatment.
You will need to make sure all other variables are as consistent across all treatments. For example, if your experimental variable is light, you want to make sure that temperature, water, etc. are the same for all seed containers.
Your design submission should be extremely clear and able to be reproduced by any stranger your handed that document to. Think of it as well developed recipe from your grandmother.
Your experiment should run no longer than one month but may be completed sooner. This will be dictated by your design.
When designing, be clear on what criteria and data you will be collecting and how that data will support or refute your hypothesis.
Upon approval, you all will need to purchase your supplies including seeds and begin your experiment according to your design. If you are here in Fayetteville, Bell’s Seed Store downtown should have seeds year round for your to choose from. Otherwise, you may have to order some packets online. If you are having trouble locating seeds, please let me know. During the process of setting up and completing your experiment, remember to take lots of notes and pictures of the entire process, not just the final results. You will use these during a later assignment.

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Interview a fellow peer in your class who works in a different health discipline than you. Begin your interview with the following questions:

What is your role as a health care team member?
How do you define professionalism and how does professional responsibility influence your work?
Do you consider leaders in your organization stewards of health care? Why or Why not?
Is it important to you that leaders exercise professional advocacy and authenticity as well as power and influence when working with colleagues? Why or why not?

In 500-750 words, summarize your interview and share your impressions of your peer’s responses.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin.

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Kendra Allen

Rashida Conway

Stephanie Motz

Wanda Williams

Grand Canyon University

College of Nursing

NUR 502 – Theoretical Foundations for Nursing Roles and Practice

Grand Theorist Report

Grand Theorist Report-Madeline Leininger

Introduction

Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care Theory provides healthcare professionals with a baseline tool of how to communicate and give nursing care to all types of cultures. Because the world of nursing is very diverse, it is essential that healthcare professionals can communicate with their patients. If the patients culture is not considered when giving nursing care, the patients’ chances of experiencing optimal health and wellness will decrease. Madeleine Leininger began her nursing career in the 1940’s. It was then she discovered that nurses lacked cultural competency. This lack of cultural competency causes nurses to give inadequate care to their patients. Leininger stated, “I experienced culture shock and I felt helpless to assist children who so clearly expressed different cultural patterns and ways they wanted care”. (Nelson, 2007). This experience encouraged Leininger to develop the Culture Care Theory.

Madeleine Leininger studied ethnography, in which she developed ethnonursing methodology as a basis to help explore transcultural nursing. Within her studies she realized different cultures cared for their families in different ways, all of which were pertinent to the wellbeing of the patient. In conclusion, Leininger’s theory became known as the culture care theory.

The rationale for the selection of Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care Theory is as follows:

Healthcare professionals and patients are influenced by their cultures. Nurses must be aware of their own culture to be able to accept another person’s culture. Culture influences the way we think, act, and respond to our environment. Healthcare professionals can promote trust. Provide better healthcare, lead to higher rates of acceptance of diagnosis and improve treatment adherence.

Biography

Dr. Madeleine Leininger was born in 1925 in Sutton, Nebraska (Boyle & Glittenberg, 2013). It was in 1948 that Leininger obtained her nursing degree from St. Anthony’s School of Nursing in Colorado and her Bachelors of Science in 1950 from Kansas (Boyle & Glittenberg, 2013). She went on to receive her PhD in cultural and social anthropology and continued to receive recognition and awards throughout her life. Not only considered to be one of the most influential scholars of the nursing profession, Leininger was also “the first nurse anthropologist and founded the discipline of transcultural nursing” (Ray, 2012, p. 6). She embodied the need of caring in nursing and life in general. All of her endeavors early on from being a third grade teacher (Ray, 2012) to obtaining her nursing degree, and beginning her career during World War II  (Ray, 2012) were all considered to be influences to her development of the Culture Care Theory.

High-Middle Range Theory

            Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care Theory is identified as a high-middle range theory. High middle range theories encompass concepts of “caring, growth and development, self-transcendence, resilience, and psychological adaption” (McEwen, 2014, p. 217). Major concepts that are a part of Leininger’s Culture Care Theory are culture, culture care, and culture care differences that are related to transcultural human care (McEwen, 2014). This theory values consideration of a patient’s culture in nursing care.

Assumptions Underlying the Theory

Leininger’s Culture Care theory describes the holistic approach to patient care and she expresses the necessity to view the patient’s overall cultural background to provide nursing care. Adopting aspects of transcultural nursing is crucial to our healthcare system and nurses are obligated to be sensitive and appreciative of all cultural variances. An individual’s values, beliefs, and customs should be considered when caring for patients or discussing their treatment plans with families. Transcultural sensitivity is a paradigm of nursing care. Culturally congruent nursing care and education that exudes familiarity will create an environment of trust and the patient will willingly contribute to their overall success in treatment. Metaparadigm is defined as having a broader worldview and conceptualization of four topics; person (human needs), environment, health, and nursing. (McEwen, 2014) Transcultural nursing is the “lifeway of an individual or a group with reference to values, beliefs, norms, patterns, and practices.” (McEwen, 2014)

Major Concepts

Madeline Leininger’s theory of Transcultural Nursing starts with looking at the patient as a whole. This includes not only a physical assessment, but a cultural, spiritual and psychosocial assessment as well. Once the nurse has a better idea of the patient’s cultural background, they can begin to use the culturalogical assessment to create a plan of care that takes the patient’s cultural needs into consideration (Petiprin, 2016). In order to properly care for patients with cultural specific needs, the nurse must be aware of three nursing actions: cultural preservation, cultural care accommodation and cultural restructuring (Petiprin, 2016). The first step of cultural preservation is the awareness of the patient’s culture. Once the nurse and patient have established that relationship, the patient will be comforted that their cultural values are being acknowledged and preserved. The second action of cultural care accommodation is negotiation about a plan of care with the patient and nurse. Certain cultural practices can potentially be harmful to others involved in the patient’s plan of care and must be discussed and negotiated. For example, in some Hispanic cultures, a newborn is given a red string bracelet around their wrist or neck to ward off evil. This cultural practice, however, can be extremely dangerous to the newborn in terms of choking hazards. Therefore, the nurse must be understanding of the patient’s cultural practices, but be firm in modifying the practice for the safety of the baby. Perhaps the family could agree to the mother wearing the bracelet instead of the baby, or possibly tying the bracelet around the baby’s stroller instead. This is an issue that must be carefully discussed as to not offend, but to educate the patient on safety. The third action is to help the patient repattern or restructure their cultural practices in order to better fit everyone’s needs. Tying in with negotiation, there needs to be an open discussion about the patient’s wishes and what is considered safe practice in the hospital. Together, the patient and the nurse can develop a personalized and safe plan of care.

Major Propositions of the Theory

When looking at the world practically, diversity in industrialized nations is increasing rapidly (Ray, 2016). The main proposition of Madeline Leininger’s transcultural nursing theory is to be aware. Our world is ever changing and new cultural practices being discovered every day. Healthcare professionals must acknowledge the patient’s beliefs upon general assessment to better tailor their plan of care. Another important proposition of this theory is to be self-aware of how the patient’s culture makes the nurse or healthcare professional feel. Self-evaluation of attitudes towards caring for patient from different cultural background can change the way the nurse cares for their patients (Petiprin, 2016). In today’s society, nurses are required to be accepting of their patients’ cultural background. Being culturally sensitive can help the nurse involve the patient in their personal plan of care, resulting in better outcomes in care.

Examples in Literature

The objective of Leininger’s Theory is to provide culturally congruent nursing care to persons of different cultures and the healthcare worker to understand the acceptable forms of care within each. Research has shown that recognizing and understanding these cultural differences can positively influence nursing care and health. (Leininger & McFarland, 2006) More recently with nursing education and nursing scholars have used her theory as a basis for research for numerous articles on cultural implication to a variety of research studies related to health issues and the review of cultural education in nursing. (McEwen, 2014)

Integration into Practice

Nurses and other healthcare professionals will be able to use Leininger’s’ Culture Care theory as a foundation to give quality nursing care in the following ways: 1. educating the nurses in culture care will enable nurses to gather the proper assessment data. For example- “Hispanic males are very stoic in general, and do not readily admit to feeling pain. Native Americans don’t understand the need for medical care until they feel sick. As a result, they postpone care until they have a physical ailment that indicates long term complications of chronic disease such as diabetes”. (Burley, 2007). Nurses will be able to assess their patients to determine if they are experiencing pain and have the proper medication available when the patient requests the pain medication. Nurses will educate patients and family members on prevention of disease and illness. The patients and family members will be able to verbalize and demonstrate knowledge of understanding of disease prevention and illness. This will lessen readmission into the hospitals and promote optimal health and wellness; 2. Nurses will be able to assess their patients’ educational level and comprehension skills to provide individualized care to the patients’ culture beliefs which will promote optimal health and wellness. Patients must have care plans that are individualized to their culture environment and needs. For example:  A patient who is hospitalized for a total knee replacement, who doesn’t have a high school diploma with limited reading skills will require a much different teaching method as opposed to the patient who has a master’s degree.

Examples of Implementation of the Theory

Implementation of Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care Theory upon initial assessment and thereafter will promote quality nursing care. Nurses will be able to individualize the patients care plan specific to their patients’ needs which will promote an environment that is inclusive of the patients’ culture values. For example: 1. “Hispanic male patients are very stoic and don’t readily admit to feeling pain” (Burley, 2007). Nurses will ask open ended questions about pain and pain control. When the patient does decide they want pain medication to relieve their pain, the pain medication will be readily available as opposed to having the patient wait longer in pain while the physician is called by the nurse to get the medication ordered. The patient’s pain control outcome can be measured with this technique in place. Patients will be able to participate in activities that promote optimal health and wellness with their pain level controlled. Patients will report their pain levels as being controlled and attended to by the healthcare team which will increase patient satisfaction ratings; 2. “Native Americans don’t understand the need for medical care until they feel sick. As a result, medical attention is not sought until their medical condition indicates long term complications of chronic disease such as diabetes.” (Burley, 2007). Nurses will educate the patients and caregivers on disease prevention. For example: Patients and caregivers will be educated on the proper foods to eat, and exercise to manage and prevent diabetes. This will lessen readmission into the hospitals and decrease mortality rates of chronic illness and disease.

Conclusion

Leininger’s Culture Care Theory can be utilized in practice to ensure that the culture of a patient is maintained and considered when delivering nursing care. There continues to be a growth in multicultural population in today’s healthcare. This requires cultural competence to be incorporated into nursing education through schools and education for clinical practice. This requires a nurse to be unbiased and “understand his/her own world views and those of the patient, to avoid stereotyping and misapplication of scientific knowledge” (Ansuya, 2012, p. 5). The American Nurses Association implemented a new standard for nurses to include cultural congruence into practice (Marion, Douglas, Lavin, Barr, Gazaway, Thomas & Bickford, 2017). The Culture Care Theory provides a strong foundation to work in conjunction with this standard and expand the knowledge of nurses to provide holistic and culturally competent care.

References

Ansuya. (2012). Transcultural nursing: cultural competence in nurses. International            Journal of Nursing Education, 4(1), 5-7.

Boyle, J. S. PhD, RN, MPH, FAAN. (2013). Madeleine Leininger, PhD, LHD, RN,          FRCA, FAAN: A Remembrance. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 24(1), 5.

Burley, Pam. RN. (03/01/2007). 10 Barriers to compliance – and how to overcome them.

Modern Medicine. Retrieved from www.modernmedicine.com

How Culture Influences Health. (2014). Caring for Kids New to Canada. Retrieved from http:

//www.kedsnewtocanada.ca/culture/influence

Leininger, M. m., & McFarland, M. (2006) Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A

Worldwide Nursing Theory (2^ndEd.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett

Marion, L, Douglas, M., Lavin, M., Barr, N., Gazaway, S., Thomas, E., & Bickford, C. (2017).

Implementing the New ANA Standard 8: Culturally Congruent Practice. Online Journal ofIssues in Nursing, 22(1), 1doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No01PPT20

McEwen, M. (2014). Theoretical Basis for Nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &

Wilkins.

Nelson, Jean PDD, RN. (2006). Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care Theory: The Theory of

Culture Care Diversity and Universality. Continuing Education Article. Vol. 10, No.

Retrieved from ed.a.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org

Petiprin, A. (2016). Madeleine Leininger’s Contribution to Nursing Theory: Transcultural

Nursing. http://www.nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Madeline-Leininger.php

Ray, M. A. (2012). Remembering Madeleine M. Leininger, PhD, LHD, DS, RN, CTN,     FAAN, FRCNA, 1925-2012. International Journal for Human Caring, 16(4), 6-8.

Ray, M. A. (2016). Transcultural caring dynamics in nursing and health care (2nd Ed.).

Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.

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