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Research Methods in Nursing

 

Research Questions.

1. What differences in levels of stress are reported by male and female carers across the first six months of caregiving?
2. How do first year student nurses cope with their first clinical placement?
3. What impact does staff training in person centred caring have on patient satisfaction?
4. What are the experiences of post graduate students on a research methods course?

CRITERIA:
For each question you consider and justify an appropriate research method design; a sampling objective and sampling strategy; and discuss data collection strategies for collecting appropriate and good data.

Each question requires about 600 words.

I proposed following research designs, sample and data collections. If you could incorporate this in my work it would be great, however, if you find something that is not appropriate to answer the questions correctly I would appreciate your input and corections, please. Thank you very much.
1. What differences in levels of stress are reported by male and female carers across the first six months of caregiving?

Design: Quantitative – descriptive (cross-sectional compering groups of people)

Sample: Male and female carers across the first six months of caregiving in general nursing homes.

Data collection: Questionnaires for male and female carers working across the first six months in 10 nursing homes.

2. How do first year student nurses cope with their first clinical placement?

Design: Qualitative – ?grounded theory or ?ethnography

Sample: University students randomly invited for interview – up to 10

Data collection: Semi-structured interview method, audiotaped

3. What impact does staff training in person centred caring have on patient satisfaction?

Design: Quantitative – correlational

Sample: Simple random sampling – patients from hospital wards

Data collection: Paper survey (questionnaire) before staff training and after staff training, close-ended questions

4. What are the experiences of post graduate students on a research methods course?

Design: Qualitative – phenomenology

Sample: Purposive (convenience) sampling – post graduate students doing research method course at University (up to 10 people).

Data collection: Face-to-face interviews, direct observation, open-ended questions, audiotaped and taking notes if possible

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Course Work

Course Work
Text: The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 4th ed., by Kelly Ferris and Jill Stein.

Please use your own word answer the following questions, try to detailed your explanation, and if possible, please give some example

Chapter Discussion Questions #6 – Chapters 9, 10 & 12 (20 pts) due Sunday, December 6, by 11PM:
1. (Ch. 9) Interactionists argue that people learn their gender identities from everyday interactions and that the family is the primary source for gender socialization. Explain some of the ways that parents and siblings can teach gender. 5pts.
2. (Ch. 10) What is the “hidden curriculum?” What nonacademic functions does it fulfill? 5pts.
3. (Ch. 10) How do sociologists define religion? How is this different from a commonsense definition of religion? 5pts.
4. (Ch. 12) Compare and contrast the structural functionalist perspective of the family with the conflict perspective. 5pts.

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Matrix

 
Write 800-1000 words. Without making any reference to the film “The Matrix”, use the essay from Matrix and Philosophy entitled “Real Genre…” by Knight and McKnight to state and explicate, in a way that clarifies main ideas, how popular, contemporary works of science fiction are typically not pure or singular in genre, but are rather works of hybrid-form or so-called “mixed genre”. This part of the essay should be 350-400 words and demonstrate both relevance to the assignment and reading comprehension. Once this is complete, answer this next question: What are the second (not first) genres of “Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan” and “Which Planet Are You From”, because of which both films are truly mixed genre films? For both films, show this by discussing elements such as statements, scenes and/or themes that demonstrate a second genre at work.
Source: “Real Genre and Virtual Philosophy by Deborah Knight and Goerge McKnight” from the book called “The Matrix and Philosophy edited by William Irwin”
Guidelines (points deducted for multiple violations of the following rules):

1. Papers typed and double-spaced with normal margins and 11 or 12 point font
2. Do not use a cover page or cover of any kind. Put your name, word-count, date, and paper title in the top left corner of the paper.
3. An essential preparatory step is to first reread (review) the relevant works before you start. With the questions in mind, mark relevant passages to include in your essays.
4. Answer the entire stated questions with the appropriate focus on the main issues.
5. Don’t be narrative driven or chronological in treating texts from beginning to end.
6. Use reviews and plot summaries from the internet as needed, but do cite sources correctly.
7. For citations, in-text references are sufficient. When quoting, use quotation marks
8. For in-text citation, page numbers go in parentheses after quotation marks, not within.
9. Take care of your sentences. Proofread and edit for grammar, flow, and coherence.
10. Use pronouns correctly. Avoid use of “this” and “that” if references are vague.
11. Don’t quote without explication and don’t exceed 20 words for any one quotation.
12. Use basic structure of introduction, body, and conclusion
13. Introduction should indicate knowledge of essay-specifics, not just vague generalizations

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essay

 
this is a exam essay, it have three questions, please help me find the answers based on the slides, handbooks and you own critial thinking. do not need reference, because the answer I will write for the exam?

One of the following scenarios (either A or B or C) will be set and you will need to answer all questions associated with it. You will not know until the exam which question will be set so it is best to prepare for all. We will practice similar scenarios in the lectures.

Scenario A
A leading successful electronic company has been accused of unsustainable working practices. Their carbon footprint is high due to high energy costs and wastage, both due to their own business practices and also due to how their products are marketed, used and disposed of by their customers.

Question 1. Is this an ethical issue? In your answer explain why with reference to which stakeholders are affected and how, and with brief reference to up to three ethical theories/moral philosophers. (35%)

Question 2. How can this issue be addressed at:
a) The individual level e.g. assuming you are a senior manager at this firm (15%)
b) The organisational level (i.e. by the company) (20%)
c) Sector level (i.e. electronic industry) (10%)
d) Institutional level (this includes national and global governmental and non-governmental institutions) (15%)
Consider what could be done to address this issue at each of these levels. Where do you think the most effective changes can occur? Give real life examples where you can to illustrate your points.
Scenario B.
Jeff manages the highest performing sales team in his computer software company. Jeff took over the group 9 months ago and is pleased that they have been able to continue the high sales figures under his leadership. But lately he has been finding himself losing sleep over a growing list of questionable practices. He recognizes the intense pressure his team are under to meet and even exceed their targets � pressures that come from the company, on the one hand, and from the intense personal competitiveness that his salespeople bring to their jobs on the other. And then there are the bonuses, and the desire to please, in order to retain customers. Nevertheless, over the past few months, as he becomes more familiar with his staff and their routines, Jeff sees evidence of activities that worry him:
� sales representatives who make unrealistic promises to customers that put the software developers under huge pressure to meet impossible deadlines
� sales representatives who interact inappropriately with customers (for example, Jeff has heard rumours of representatives sharing pornography via the company e-mail), in order to win their loyalty
� sales representatives who over-promise or who use special promotions inappropriately in order to seal the deal
� sales representatives who submit unrequested credit financing applications for their customers in order to get the associated bonus (in this instance, one of the administrators processing the request approached Jeff because the paperwork looked wrong to him).
� Not all of the sales representatives behave this way, and some have left for reasons unknown. Jeff is concerned about these practices for many reasons; he is also worried about affecting the motivation of his staff who are achieving high sales.

Question 1. Perform an ethical analysis by answering the following questions:

1a) Who benefits from the current practices? (10%)

1b) Who is harmed by the current practices? (10%)

1d) What are the legal requirements? Are these being met? (5%)

1e) What are the ethical duties? Make reference to three ethical theories/philosophers covered in the course. (25%)
Question 2. Assume that Jeff wants to take the most ethical course of action. How could he go about this? What barriers or difficulties may he face and what suggestions do you have for how he may overcome these? (50%)

(advice: allow about 50% of your word count for Q1. 1a-1d should be very brief, and allow more space for 1e).

Scenario C
Sarah has just joined a firm of independent financial consultants. She finds out that the advisors, who are supposed to be independent as they are paid by their client, always steer their clients towards the financial products where they receive the highest commission, rather than the one that is best for their client. This seems to be a clear conflict of interest, but when she queries this practice, she is told that it isn�t commission as the consultants don�t get paid this directly. However, it�s a small company and this practice affects the profits and thus has a big effect on the size of the annual bonus which can be as much as 20% of salary.
Now answer the following questions:
1. Which stakeholders are harmed by the present situation? (10%)
2. What rights do the stakeholders have and what duties does the firm owe to these stakeholders? (10%)
3. Is this practice ethical? If not, why not? (10%)
4. What organisational factors might make it easy/difficult for Sarah to behave ethically? (20%)
5. What individual factors might make it easy/difficult for Sarah to behave ethically? (15%)
6. Now assume that Sarah wants to behave ethically, consider how she might go about addressing the situation ethically. (15%)
7. Now assume you are the manager in charge: assuming you want the company to operate ethically, how might you go about ensuring more ethical conduct on the part of your employees? (20%)
Guidance for exam
Answers that just repeat the question in different ways and which show no sign of additional learning will not pass. It is necessary to read and understand the power-point slides and to follow up concepts, references, terms etc. so you are fully familiar with the content and how it might apply. You should not just remember and copy power-point slides or extracts from articles � you should demonstrate understanding of how certain content relates to the questions asked. But remember the lectures and power point slides are just meant as a starting point for you as an independent student to do your own research. You will not get a good mark if you rely on these alone. Do your own research. For example:
– Look up company CSR/sustainability reports to get examples of what companies actually do. Another useful resource may be to look up sustainability/CSR/ethics awards to get examples of good practice.
– Google key terms and concepts mentioned to find out what they mean and how they are applied. For example do you know what ISO14001 is? It is in the slides, if you do not know what it means look it up. Do you know what the WBCSD is? It is in the slides, look it up and explore the website for ideas and examples.
– Make use of the resources provided such as corporate critic and ethical consumer websites and the e-newsletters to see what constitutes good and bad practice in the relevant sectors
– Read the articles listed on blackboard � or at least their abstracts
– Most importantly � think! In particular when you have to consider how to address an ethical problem in the work place, it may take creative thinking or creative solutions and there will definitely be more than one right answer or approach. Your opinion is valuable, as long as it is clearly informed by your reading both of the academic literature, but also relating to what business actually does and what solutions have been adopted by existing organisations, and how effective these have been.
Guidance advice for a first class answer
Make sure that when you make a key point in your answer that you fully explain it. There are many ways of backing up a point you want to make. In the following examples I will give guidance on style, not content, so X will be used to mean the specific idea, issue, citation etc. These suggestions apply to the questions where you will be explaining how to enable a solution to an ethical issue
1. Explain your answer e.g. one way to enable a more ethical practice is to X� This is because X enables �. and encourages �..
2. Provide a concrete example e.g. one way to enable a more ethical practice is to X� For example the company X adopted this practice in order to ��
3. Provide a citation e.g. the article X (name/date) provides many useful illustrations of how to enable responsible leadership. The example most useful in this context is to X�. This is because �..
4. Provide a critical analysis of a specific practice e.g. one way to enable a more ethical practice is to X� However in a study of �.. (reference) it was found that X was ineffective because �.. This means that if X is to be an effective solution, it would need to be supported by �..

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Education

 
Review “Sample Arizona AIMS Exam Questions.” This contains seven assessment items for fourth-graders from the standardized Arizona AIMS exam. Complete this assignment in three parts:
1. Complete a “Table of Specifications” using the table format provided. Begin by analyzing each of the seven assessment items. For each item, create a learning objective aligned to what the assessment item is measuring. Write these learning objectives in the first column under “Learning Objectives.” Then, for each assessment item, classify the item, indicating its type (e.g., multiple choice, essay) under the level of knowledge/skill the student is being asked to display in the item.
2. Review each assessment item for cultural bias (e.g., ethnic, gender, or socioeconomic bias). Write a short description of your review beneath your Table of Specifications.
3. Lastly, create new assessment items for each of the original seven assessment items using a different Depth of Knowledge (DOK) Level than what was originally required. Be sure your new assessment item aligns to the learning objective you wrote, or, if you prefer, re-write the learning objective slightly to more accurately reflect your new assessment. Include the learning objectives, the new assessment items, and their Depth of Knowledge (DOK) Level classification beneath the statement of bias.

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Philanthropic Fundrasing

 
Topic: Read Worth the entire chapter 11 including Case 11.1 A and 11.1 B. The cases begin on Page 297. Afterwards, answer the following:

1. In the cases above, do the ethical issues involve behavior of a fund-raiser, conditions placed on the gift or the impact of the gift on the organization’s mission and resources, characteristics or personal reputation of the donor, or concerns about privacy?
2. How would you handle the issues raised by each case?
3. After reflecting on the presentation viewed in this module/week, describe the parallels of Christian principles and ethical standards of business.:

Also, you must use a reference from the Harvard Business Review, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, or the Journal of Management Studies, etc.

This paper must be formatted in APA format 6th edition (including references), written in third person, and must include only primary research (from academic/peer-reviewed journals).

Refer to the APA Manual, 6th edition for formatting guidelines.

Biblical integration:
Provide integration of a biblical concept that supports the answer to the Case Study question. . Biblical integration is more than just quoting a verse. Be sure to explain the biblical principle seen in the verse and how that principle may be applied to the issue at hand.

The Bible, NIV, KJV, and NKJV are all acceptable for use in this order.
References:
Using current APA format, list all references used in the response.

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Strategic Management

 
Goals, values and ethical positions.
For this week’s discussion, answer the following question:
Choose a well known organisation and discuss how its values and ethical position could be used for both setting goals and performance measurement.
I prefer journals in referencing.

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History

 
For this project you will investigate a topic in world history up to 1000 CE. Write an essay of 1200 words, in which you examine the development of some aspect of an ‘Ancient City’ and investigate its history as it relates to the rise of civilization. To complete this research you will need to locate 1) one or more primary historical sources (documents written in the ancient period by people living in (or who visited) the city, 2) at least one secondary historical source that places the primary sources in their historical context (works written by contemporary historians).

a) at least ONE Primary Source (a document or object produced by the people and during the time you are investigating). You need to explain why this is a primary source and how you are going to use it.

b); and TWO secondary sources that are scholarly historical articles or books about the topic. Discuss how these sources will help you to place the primary source in its historical context. Provide citations for these (not URLS) in this or a similar format:

– Introduction (your revised proposal)

Then break your story up into sections divided by sub-headings:

– Part I – Sub-heading and then a discussion of what you think the reader needs to know first to follow your argument/story.

– Point a

– Point b

– Point c

– Part II Sub-heading

– Point a

– Point b

– Point c

– Part III (and so on until you have outlined your story)

– Conclusion (either a recap of the main points of your essay, a discussion looking forward from the end of your essay (some like to discuss how their topic relates to today), or both of these.

Bibliography divided into two sections: 1) Primary sources, and 2) Secondary sources

My Project Proposal

feel free to change anything content/sources

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt
The kingdom of Egypt is the most ancient known in Africa. Historians divide the
history of ancient Egypt into the following periods:
Prehistory (up to ca. 3100 B.C.),
the Archaic Period (ca. 3100–2650 B.C.),
the Old Kingdom (ca. 2650–2150 B.C.),
the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2040–1640 B.C.),
the New Kingdom (ca. 1550–1070 B.C.),
the Late Period (ca. 712–332 B.C.),
and the Ptolemaic (Hellenistic) and Roman Periods (332 B.C.–A.D. 395).
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the
period in the history of ancient Egypt between about 2040 BC and 1640 BC,
stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the
Twelfth Dynasty. When the Eleventh Dynasty reunified Egypt, it had to create a
centralized administration such as had not existed in Egypt since the downfall of
the Old Kingdom government. To do this, it appointed people to positions, which
had fallen out of use in the decentralized First Intermediate Period. This basic
form of administration continued throughout the Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt of Dynasty 12, which is on of the great periods of
Egyptian art and literature.
Primary source:
Wah’s jewelry (Thebes, tomb of Wah1985 b.c)-In ancient Egypt both men and
women wore jewelry for adornment, magical protection, and as a symbol of
status. Especially in the Middle Kingdom—are incised with names and titles of
officials.

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Concept Synthesis Paper on Personal Nursing Philosophy

Concept Synthesis Paper on Personal Nursing Philosophy
Two Practice-Specific Concepts: Identification, discussion, and documentation from the literature of your perspective on at least two other concepts specific to your own practice.
•List of Propositions: A numbered list of at least five propositions or assumption statements that clearly connect the concepts described.

Importante
The essay enlisted two practice-specific concepts.
The essay included clinical examples for each of the chosen concepts.
The clinical examples illustrated the concepts in a manner, which further clarified the students’ use of the conceptual material.
The essay demonstrated consistency between concepts, assumptions, and clinical application.
The essay identified and discussed students’ perspective on two other concepts specific to their practice.
The essay included a numbered list of at least 5 propositions or assumptions.
The concepts were connected and integrated to reveal a meaningful sequence.
The essay demonstrated clarification and organization of the students’ professional foundation.
The essay demonstrated evidence of critical thinking in analysis and response.
The essay demonstrated understanding and integration of lecture material, reading assignments, and sources consulted.
Essay was well written, well organized, and articulate.
Presentation Criteria
The paper clearly demonstrated understanding of theoretical principles (i.e., concept development, definitions, assumptions, etc.)
The paper revealed clarity, organization, and articulation of ideas.
The paper showed that ideas were well-documented.
The paper revealed the breadth of research effort.
The paper demonstrated appropriate use of APA format in references and citations.

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Behavioral Modification

 

The goal of this study is to either increase a desired behavior that would help you accomplish your goals or to decrease a behavior that is currently interfering with accomplishing your goals. We all have behaviors that we would like to improve and things we would like to stop doing. By using the basic learning principles (i.e. classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning) and variants of these principles (i.e. token economy, shaping, etc.) you are going to attempt to change your behavior over the course of the next few weeks.
Baseline: Take one week to identify what you want to change and then measure it. It could be as simple at the amount of time you spend exercising a week or how much you study per day. In complex conditions like anxiety and depression, it might be how many times you confront the feared situation/object (anxiety) or how many times you do something that you once enjoyed but no longer do (depression). If you have any questions, please ask me.
Reinforcement/Punishment: Find an appropriate reward and/or punishment and use these to modify your behavior. These stimuli must be given appropriately and consistently (i.e. if you give yourself a night out at the end of the week for studying certain # of hours per week DON’T go out unless you meet this goal). As you meet your goals and are reinforced/punished, increase the goals even more (For example, if you are trying to lose weight, you may start rewarding yourself by losing 1 lb. the first week, a total of 3-4 lbs by the second week, 6-8 lbs by the third week, etc.) Please, make sure to set realistic goals though or behavior will not be changed at all.
Analysis: In your paper, please discuss what you have decided to do, why you decided to do it, and which learning principles you have used to effect this change. Provide a line graph of the behavior you are measuring (including baseline) and progress over 3 weeks of time. Describe the obstacles you had to overcome and the problems you encountered along the way. Were you successful in changing your behavior? If not, describe why you think you failed to achieve your goals. This is NOT a research paper, so you do not need sources or to cite anything.
The first two paragraphs should introduce the topic of the behavioral modification and why it is important. Paragraph three should describe how you measured the behavior at baseline. Paragraph four should describe the events of week 1 and the reinforcers/punishers used. Paragraph five should describe week 2, paragraph six for week 3. Finally, paragraph 7 should sum up your experience with this project. Finally, attach a line graph detailing your progress from baseline to week 3 (cannot be hand drawn).