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Religion is a set of fundamental ideals concepts and beliefs that guide the direction of an individual and also helps him to demystify abstract thoughts and answer questions such as how the world began? What is life? Religion is associated with culture as it contains practices and rituals. Religions are as many as the different communities that exist on earth, the main ones being Christian, Islam, Hindu, Buddhism and Judaism.

Each religion is characterized by the varying opinions on different subjects, rituals and ceremonies and beliefs. As at now there are over 750 million distinguishable religions all over the world. Of course most of these are derivatives of the main religious doctrines in the world. Judaism has over 30,000 sub groups attached with it while Christianity is divided into two main branches; Catholic and protestant. The protestant branch is fragmented into very many churches.

The question as to whether religion causes war is as controversial as the comparison of religions themselves. Religion being a matter of dogma and in most cases a blind following of doctrines puts the various religions in a collision path due to the differences in opinions and also the availability of information. There is not a universal standard for religion and this has opened up a channel for development of the various religions. The government’s hands are tied in the regulation of the upcoming new religious doctrines; this is because the right to worship and so is the freedom of association.

Religion has evolved and transformed in great degree since the 18^th century. A historical discourse on religion reveals that it was developed as a human inclination towards order.Initially religion was an attempt to instill order in communities, an identification element that differentiated one community with the other. It was meant to foster cohesiveness among the members of the communities as it united them in beliefs and the constant gathering of members. Religion in those days gravitated towards fostering socially acceptable behavior and offer guidance on major issues affecting the community.

From the 18^th century to the 21^st century has seen religion undergo radical changes. It has moved from an epitome of order and respect in the society to an economic venture. This has seen the exponential rise of many religious institutions and consequently a significant reduction in degree of moral standing. Anyone who has the capacity to influence, ability to lead and possesses excellent oratory skills starts their own religious doctrine and in a matter of time gathers a following. The religious institutions have overemphasized the importance of material contributions to foster their development and financial integrity lacks among the leadership. In light of the above it is evident that religion has outgrown its initial objectives.

In relation to war, comparative study on wars that the world has engaged in reveals that religion has contributed to a small almost negligible degree. World war one and world war two were not as a result of religious conflicts. The Sierra-Leone war was a result of western manipulation in a scramble for diamonds. The Rwandan genocide was brought about by ethnic rivalry. The US attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq were an attempt at the restoration of democratic rule and an attempt to kick out terrorists in the respective nations. Though these wars can be argued to have a religious aspect to them. The attack by US on Afghanistan began on October 2001, approximatey a month after the September 9/11 attack on the world trade center which was bombed. The war was a retaliation on the Taliban who admitted responsibility of the attack under the leadership of Osama Bin Laden.

The war in Philippines is a clear case of inter-religious conflict. This is between the two most successful religions: Christianity and Islam. The northern region is mainly Muslim, the only region in the whole of Philippines .Muslim was brought to the region at around 13^th century by Arab traders. In that area Muslim Christian conflicts has been a continual issue that has been persistent over all the years. Though this may appear as a clear cut religion caused war, we must also note that religion also has been used to achieve political ends. Therefore one must realizes that though the war may rage ,it might after all be  seen  as a political war too.

The implication of politicizing religion is that it becomes so easy to associate a particular region to a religion; this has adverse effects that have an effect on individual relations. This goes further goes ahead to create room for stereotyping. The common generalization that people have upon an area starts bringing out the differences in the open. Normally a war does not start like that, aggression especially if the religion has extremists in the area. A strict discipleship manifested by the area religious leader may incite one religion against the other. This has been the case in Philistines. Funding from warlords who stand to benefit from the war and armed conflicts ensue as the weapons are availed.

There are other countries that also had the same problem of inter-religious groups fighting each other. Nigeria, in Africa has seen Christians and Muslims in conflict with each other in the Niger delta region. Though this cannot be directly attributed to religious differences since there is also a significant contribution into the war by the desire to take control of the oil rich region

Examination of the history of the wars of the world reveals that a great number of wars that have ever taken place are a result of other causes. Other than religion being used as an excuse for war by the war inclined communities the presence of political forces influencing the course of wars, religion is a vita aspect of society

Despite the fact that religion is being misused nowadays its importance to the society is of a great contribution. There are many uses of religion and the first and major one being to inculcate morals to the followers. This has been a moral thread that has been observed to run across the various religious disciplines. This helps to reduce the cases of social misfits in the societies such as: thieves, rapists and liars.

Wars are almost always begun on the grounds of political and economic showdown and also as a show of might and superiority in powerful nations. The reasons could also be the discovery of a valuable mineral as has been the case in a number of states in Africa. Religion though is used in the attempt to justify wars in most areas has a little contribution in it. It could be as small as the difference in number of churches and mosques between two areas.

Religion in its unadulterated form emphasizes the value of peaceful coexistence, the virtues of honor, integrity and honesty for there to be a cohesive society. The consistent lowering of principle in religion has allowed for its violation to form even cultic organizations. Therefore religion has no direct link in wars; it should be the way to healing of the wars.

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Federal Bureau of investigation is a police department that plays a major role in protection and security matters. Law is effectively enforced through this department and response to any cases of insecurity. Amongst their major duties is response to any acts of criminal nature or terrorist attacks on the citizens. Those who work for the FBI deal with criminal investigation, intelligence divisions, counter terrorism and cyber crimes amongst others. This is done through roving patrols, identification of checks and internal patrols. Electronic intrusion and communication is monitored by the FBI. Given the heavy duties that they are expected to perform there are set qualifications (Gatewood, Fellid, Barrik, 2008 pp 234).

A series of assessment questions are used to hire special agents. A combination of multiple hurdles is used to qualify/ disqualify candidates at each stage. One has to fill a preliminary application form so as to determine if you meet the minimum qualifications which are,  be a US citizen or from the common wealth Northern Mariana,

• be 23-37 years of age,
• have professional work experience for three years,
• apply through the FBI field covering your area of residence,
• have a valid driving license, pass a standardized physical fitness test,
• pass a background information consisting polygraph tests and drug test
• Possess a high school diploma (Paul, Karen, Terry, & Frances, 2008).

After this process one fills a questionnaire which states the applicant’s background information. Once you successfully complete the second hurdle you are given three tests which are bio data inventory, cognitive and situational tests. The fourth step is application for the job and only those who passed phase I proceed to phase ii which is the fifth process. The final screening process entails drug tests, polygraph, background investigation, personnel security and physical fitness exam. Successful candidates are recruited immediately.

Strategic human resource

            A strategic plan of hiring the human resource is used to lay out steps that are crucial for any organization. It is a plan that ensures organizations have the right skills, right number of employees to carry out tasks at the right time. Human resource managers are assigned the heavy duty of looking into the company’s vision, mission and objectives. The strategy used to achieve the mentioned points is therefore important so as to achieve all the goals and hit set targets. The manager alone cannot make it and he requires cooperation from employees as well as the clients. Several characters are needed when one seeks to recruit employees for instance passion, creativity, motivation, ability to work with team members and potential. These factors are backed up by set qualifications so as to meet job specifications (Jackson, Schuller, & Werner, 2009).

For the manager to develop a human resource he has to be well knowledgeable about what the organization needs so as to perform the job satisfactorily. Factors like job analysis, task identification, skills required and ability to perform the task have to be considered. Managers use job description to outline duties that applicants will be expected to perform. Job specification on the other hand is used to specify details of qualifications that are necessary so as to perform the job for instance skills, abilities and level of qualification.

The multiple hurdle approach if taken to appoint and select special agents is faced by advantages as well as disadvantages. It is a compelling and challenging career at the same time is of great importance to citizens as their security is vital for survival. To some people being an FBI is an exceptionally rewarding career.

Advantages and disadvantages of using the multiple hurdles approach

Requirement cut off

Multiple hurdles as an approach requires test takers to pass each test procedure by scoring more than the cut off scores. Each applicant is therefore expected to meet the hurdle for the cut off set then go to another predictor. For one to remain a viable applicant you must sequentially pass each predictor. This thus makes selection of the best easy and ensures that all who are selected have met a set requirement.

Failure to successfully pass a cutoff in any stage means that you automatically lose the opportunity. No further consideration is given, meaning that second chances do not exist in the multiple hurdles approach. This becomes a disadvantage as many factors contribute to not meeting the cutoff score. Potential should not be confined to a set cut off point as it limits ability to further careers (Gatewood, Fellid, Barrik, 2008 pp 234).

 

Is rated as the best

The fact that it uses a double strategy to select the suitable applicants has had it rated amongst the best strategies of selection. In a variation of this approach those whose scores fall above c2 are automatically accepted while those with c1 are rejected. Those who fall in between c1 and c2 are accepted and further subjected to an additional test which determines who will be selected. The approach thus is said to be equal and superior to all other strategies. When compared to the multiple cutoff approach which uses a similar cut off procedure it is less costly as it narrows down the applicant in each stage saving the assessment cost. More expensive selection devices are used toward the end of the procedure when the applicants are assured of getting the job. It is used as an approach that helps reduce assessment cost by administering available screening devices to everyone then having those who succeed above the score take more expensive tests.

One disadvantage of this procedure however is that validity of predictors cannot be established. At each stage the selection process is normally reducing the applicant pool, restriction of range and ability distribution is an error likely to occur.

 

Time factor

A careful procedure of selecting and using variation methods to reach cut off points is used in the multiple hurdles approach. The need to successfully recruit qualified applicants is normally the target of every organization. However, when looking for employees there has to be a demand for workers who will put the organization back to its feet as fast as possible. When too much time is wasted in the recruitment process organizations suffer loses. Time consumed in an effort to recruit the best may never be recovered.

It is disadvantaged in that there’s a lengthy period required to complete the cycle of selection at each stage. Time is a risky factor bearing in mind that some institutions need to recruit members who will start working immediately, selection decisions may be delayed. In situations where there is a high demand for service to citizens like the FBI department this may not be a viable method. Other institutions like software programming which require immediate intervention of applicants may be disadvantaged due to long delays. Time taken to administer and score requires patience yet an applicant targets getting a job as soon as possible. Some organizations indirectly lose eligible applicants who give up before getting to the final stage (Gatewood, Fellid, Barrik, 2008 pp 235).

 

Precise

It is an approach that is appropriate in situations where training is complex and long. When a certain job performance is required testing a certain skill or knowledge becomes useful by use of multiple hurdle approach. This approach leaves no room for recruitment through corrupt means.

The process becomes appropriate when hiring the FBI where test takers are expected to pass several tests so as to be licensed or certified. It is an approach that requires those being recruited to pass a safety test for in stance in the FBI or organizations in nuclear power plants.

Being too precise limits creating opportunity for diversity meaning that one only concentrates on a specific point (Jackson, Schuller, Werner, 2009 pp264).

Applicant’s perspective

The perspective of a job applicant is crucial and multiple hurdle approach makes it possible to identify that fact. If the process of selection is flawed or unfair the applicant has a right to withdraw their application. Candidates who are highly qualified for the job are also given the opportunity to withdraw if they no longer want to the job offer.

It may be challenging to the organization if the chosen applicant suddenly withdraws. Finding the qualities needed may be cumbersome after a successful applicant goes through the whole process then quits.

 

Does the selection process appeal or turn off to work as an FBI?

The lengthy selection process of the FBI would appeals to some extent as the job involves protection of citizens and their rights. Guarding lives is requires utmost professionalism and only the best qualified. The security of all citizens is left to the FBI and merit should be the only criteria if we are to feel safe. The use of multiple hurdle approach involves a long process for the best to be selected.

This process has a strategic importance in that only the best will be fixed to fill the job vacancies. Those applicants who have a passion for such careers have to persist and give the best to attain personal objectives in their career. Careful selection of applicants displays factors like preference, technical competencies, personality traits that are crucial for the organization. When the procedure is completed one is assured that the applicants selected have attained all requirements for the job. It gets better if the applicant walks into the career with passion and optimism as they will build a successful and fulfilled career.

Designing such a selection process is very important when selecting the FBI as it helps achieve a match between the individual and job situation. It helps organizations to acquire information about the applicant which will be useful in future job relations. Sometimes lack of full job description and requirements limits the applicant from going through the process. Prior information on what the applicant is expected to do so as to qualify makes the process easier though lengthy. For instance when one has the information on the physical fitness test which sums to give the final result, they are able to start exercising and keeping the body fit.

Legal considerations in the US are imperative bearing in mind the fact that the FBI work closely with the government. Legal decisions and court orders are strictly followed to ensure that no mistakes will arise in the future. It has an advantage in that unfair judgments are avoided and work force is enhanced)

 

What the FBI can do to increase the chances of applicants accepting job offers

Many people wish to apply for job opportunities but have to meet set criteria’s to get the job. Applications for FBI jobs are normally made but they only are able to hire a few people following the limited vacancies.

Some qualifications given by the FBI may be lowered so as to give room for people who are passionate about this career. For instance the approach used may consider certain qualifications instead of cutting off applicants before they can go halfway through the interview. Talent and outstanding potential should be considered too as this lasts far beyond paper qualifications.

Since there are several categories under which one works those who desire to work for the institution should be fixed into other departments if they fail to meet the criteria for the special agents. Accounting, Law, Language, Forensics and IT departments which work closely with special agents for instance would be other programs for applicants (Jackson, Schuller, & Werner, 2009).

Expanding the FBI further would also create room for applicants to have job opportunities. The applicants will probably accept job offers if there seems to be vacant positions but if it seems crowded and full they are likely to overlook the opportunities. Applicants want job security and feeling as if the applications they send may be threatened makes them hopeless.

The advertisement matters a lot as it helps applicants to psychologically prepare for themselves for the task ahead. Proper prior preparation prevents poor performance and helps one to be fit for the test. In a case study to recruit police in New York, Fulton it was observed that a simple announcement on vacancies usually provided an adequate number of applicants. One problem cropped up in that despite passing the written civil service test for screening and hiring purposes they failed the physical agility test. A research into the cause of this problem was established as inadequate preparation which led to a decline in the number of applicants applying for the job. The shortage of applicants seriously affected the department and measures were immediately put up to rectify the trend. The physical agility test which involves flexibility and push ups within a given amount of time needs candidates to be fit having had plenty of time to exercise. The 1.5 mile run for instance which is also inclusive is not something that you wake up and do to earn a job. This is one stage that many candidates were laid off from leaving vacancies.

Eligible candidates lost at this stage troubled the department heavily. Of importance however is the fact that to increase the number of candidates applying for the job the police department modified and rectified administration of written tests as well as agility tests. Prior posting of job requirements also worked fabulously to prepare the candidates in advance especially for the agility test (Gatewood, Fellid, Barrik, 2008 pp 236).

The ultimate goal of any manager is to have the best employees work for the success of an organization. Success is highly dependent on human resource as they are the source of skills needed to accomplish the job. The process and criteria used to short list applicants is very fundamental because it determines what the future of the organization will be. Those who best qualify should be given the first priority as quality comes from the qualified.

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Abstract

 

‘Pearl motors’ is a hypothetical electric powered car company with a mission to create the newest and finest vehicles having zero pipe emissions that significantly reduces city pollution. Not only are this cars designed to luxuriously meet the passengers comfort but are less dependent on oil. Pearl Motors Company is optimistic about the future of this product and confident like any company that plans to introduce a product in the market. The success of pearl motors is almost certain referring to the brand title ‘pearl’ which suggests rare and very valuable. Potential for this new product surpasses any recent motor vehicle and its purpose is designed to suit the technologically advancing population. Its demand is already high and following research by motor researchers potential clients are positive about the product. Interest in investing in the electric powered cars has been evident by global powers. The U.S. for instance has pledged US$2.4 b in state grants for electric cars. China on the other hand has announced its provision ofUS$15 b to start an electric car industry (Leslie, 2009).

 

Market Segmentation and Product Positioning of a Marketing plan.

            Market segmentation refers to science of dividing a target market into segments or subsets that symbolizes the customers. It divides the similar needs and characteristics of targeted clients. It is a costly process that involves the significant market research to identify how the overall market is. Any development of a product means that marketing will at one time become useful. Market segmentation enables the company to focus its resources on a specific customer base and thus curve a market niche. A product that meets the needs of a customer is likely to sell as compared to a competitive one. Marketers who keenly segment their products and create products that suit the needs of clients in an overall market are likely to gain profits and reduced competition. The stage that follows is known as positioning which ensures that the product occupies market for business purposes (Leslie, 2009).

For the pearl motors company to make it marketing will play a major role and strategies they employ from the time they create the electric powered cars will determine the results. The market segment identified would be the male gender aged between 25-40 years of age. Gender is a factor that we cannot evade from especially when dealing with products such as cars. Men are more innovative especially in sciences as compared to women who are favored by arts. The preference for men in electric powered cars is perhaps due to the fact that past invented electric vehicles which include sports cars were used by men.

Another potential segment would be based on behavior specifically driving patterns. Use of vehicles to commute, deliver mail, run errands does appeal a certain need to the customer. Price friendly batteries and use of less oil costly products like the electric powered vehicles makes transport easily accessible suit customers who are daily running errands up and down for instance. They characterize potential segments (Wendy, 2010).

Other factors that may determine segmentation include the social status of consumers (can they afford the product) Geographic location of consumers (where one plans to market the product), demographic factors, lifestyle as well as personality traits.

The procedure used to arrive at market segmentation is important as discussed below.

Determining the market boundaries is the first step of market segmentation. After one has set an expected market a broad formal business definition is needed to define it. This will help

• state the objectives
• Identify possible direct and indirect competitors
• Identify the needs of consumers, why would they go for the electric powered cars and not the others.

The second step involves decision of variables to be used in segmenting. Diverse data collection on many variables does not always draw meaningful conclusions. The marketers should use their knowledge of market to select few relevant variables than attempting to sort out many variables. This becomes cheaper and will probably present more useful results.

The third step entails collection and analysis of data which includes applying market research tools. This helps to identify market segments that are internally homogeneous, yet distinctly heterogeneous as compared to other segments. The development of a detailed profile of each segment is in the fourth step. Variables that relate closely to consumers buying behavior are related.

The fifth step involves decision of the segments to be served. A marketer Seek to fulfill the unsatisfied needs of clients within the resources of an organization. The objectives, skills and technology of a company would make it possible to meet that segment needs better than its competitors.

The target market and why these customers;

Targeting involves making business choices concerning segments and resources to be focused on. Who, what, where, when and how are questions asked in the process of targeting. The male customers will be aimed extensively and extending into foreign market has to consider countries that have on average larger male population. Being based in the US the pearl company will make home (US) the first target market. After establishing market here it will move to trade with other countries like China, Germany, UK, and Japan who are open to the idea of electric powered cars.

Targeting is important because incorrect targeting leads to failure. The product may not do well if estimation of the market is either too high or too low. It becomes tricky to thus accurately guess what is correct targeting. Targeting a small market means that you will be unable to realize full profits. On the other hand a large segment requires a lot of resources something that many new companies lack.

SWOT analysis of the Pearl motors (electric powered cars)

SWOT analysis is short phrased to mean (strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats). It is a basic and straightforward model that provides direction for progress of marketing plans.

Electric powered cars will change the vehicle market as they reduce pollution and tolerate zero pipe emission of CO2. Apart from that they consume fewer amounts of oil making them pocket friendly to the customer (Krebs, 1997).  Pearl motors company will introduce this new product into the market leaving no room for the old generation of cars. This car has no similarities to other cars meaning that competitors will not be a problem when it is marketed. Besides that it will be using hydrogen and runs with an electric motor that generates electricity to its fuel stack. It also will have a lithium ion battery that will serve as a supplemental power source. The lithium ion battery is expected to charge up when the car is braking and decelerating (Wendy, 2010).

Amongst the strengths of electric powered car is how it is a Zero emission vehicle (ZEV). Not only will it be conducive to the environment but will also be avoidant of pollution thereby helping conserve our ecosystem. Since the pearl motors have clarity they are expected to be energy efficient leading to certification by the Environmental Protection Agency for being the first vehicles that don’t pollute environment (Krebs, 1997). There are diverse opportunities for the pearl motor company as it is eco-friendly.  Bearing in mind that many countries want to invest in it means that market for the car will be welcoming. The have all it takes to go on and introduce the product.

One disadvantage that pearl motors may have to deal with is reintroduction of electric powered vehicles after many years. In the mid nineteenth century the electric cars enjoyed popularity but slowly faded out (Charlie, 2008). The pearl motors may have to deal with the factors that led to collapse of the former industry. However it has been many years and the pearl invention has been refined thanks to the fast advanced technology. Convincing people to buy it may not be easy as it is far more costly than the normal car. This car is for well off people, they have to be willing to go green and cash in big money. It may be available but inaccessible due to the average earnings of a normal citizen.

Basically the other models are a big threat. With some cheaper and new hybrids trying to imitate the pearl motors competition may emerge though it had not been earlier detected as a threat.  Targeting men alone is also disadvantageous as the vehicle would be designed to suit the preference of men in terms of its body, colour and use. The bottom line still is that no other vehicle out there reduces pollution and has zero emission of fumes making it a product that has a bright future.

The market position for your product and service

How customers perceive the product is important in determining the positioning of the product. The pearl motors company is expected to be received positively. The fact that electric powered cars are a product that global powers look forward to invest in, makes positioning easier as the demand already exists. Apart from the targeted customers we have to consider the environmental conservatives who are after preserving the environment and reducing pollution in the cities.

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US has been a dominant world economy for many years but following the rapidly advancing technology the probability of losing its supreme position is not a thought far from reality. After the global recession of 1960 which resulted due to oil crisis there was a marked rise in world prices and increased competition on world economies. This shook the strongest economies at the advantage of oil producing states. Investment, growth and consumption became consequences of the grave economic depression. Having been a dominant state economically and politically in the West, US would have never thought that it would be overthrown by another country as evident in the recent past (Mark, 2010).

Is US economic and political hegemony vulnerable?

            Watson in his works suggests that US economy and hegemony is vulnerable as other global powers are quickly taking up the lead positions. Perhaps the election of Obama may have raised hope for brighter economic days but that was just an illusion in the mind of hopeful citizens. As a new president expectations were high and the hope to fix loopholes in the US economy became elevated (Watson, 2010).

Some aspects that US may have overlooked can be highly attributed to the present financial crisis. The former president Bush for instance was well known for unilateralism unlike Obama who came up with multilateralism. Pursuing financial socialism to rescue private and public finance in was an unprecedented step taken in an attempt to save the US from recession by the former government. This has forced Obama to follow the steps though with a lot of difficulties. The past committed mistakes have led to crisis that may never be easily recovered especially when we talk about US as a supreme state. It is evident that American policies have more than what meets the eye leaving severe effects for the future of America. Foreign governments also hold millions and billions of debts squeezing the US economy. The potential rival of US hegemony China being the one holding a large debt only worsens the situation. The US can therefore not hope to keep China as a subordinate bearing in mind its economic situation (Haore, 2008).

The use of unilateral military power in Iraq led to distortion of its image making it to be labeled as a leading terrorist state. US hegemony is vulnerable as it has to deal with the negative image it has created making other nations view its culture with hostility. The display of violence by US has on the other hand been viewed as projection of its hegemony having brought intervention between Iraq and Afghanistan (Ikenberry 2008).

The economy and political hegemony of the US is vulnerable due to its isolation from European allies and international communities. For US to succeed there is need to employ good relations with other nations as setting itself apart only makes it harder to interact and trade. For it to establish new relations Obama may have to open a whole new chapter something that may need lost trust to be recovered. Relationship building however is something that Obama has openly aimed to achieve. It may not be easy for Obama to solve single handedly all the deep rooted problems so as to avoid US from being overthrown by the new emerging powers. He may try to recover the political and economic hegemony but nature will take course giving credit where best deserved (Watson, 2010).

China becoming a formidable global power

            Being the worlds most populace country only puts China in a position to be better than the other powers. At that rate that this country is technologically advancing US may have to join and if not beat them. Notable to the entire world is the accelerated speed of new invention and innovations taking place in China everyday. It is one of the dominant states manufacturing multibillion dollar electronics and heavy industrial plants. The fact that technical and managerial skills are more needed as compared to labour is to the advantage of this world power. Investment in public work and industrialization has opened many job opportunities for the young generation leading to a rapid growth of the economy.

China has steadily been growing at a rate of 9.5%annually. IT and access to internet is another factor that has made globalization prevalent having its origin in China. China has shown an interest in the middle east which the world s largest oil producing state and Africa. Its military will have an advantage when it comes to challenging US dominance in the pacific. The young population in China is literate, graduating around 60,000 engineers and scientists annually as compared to the US which graduates fewer students. There is also rise in consumer class having the biggest base of cell phone consumers and expecting to be the best in passenger car sales. Being a permanent member of the UN also puts China in which is central if one is to successfully build the universal body and a great power (Ikenberry 2008).

Historical uniqueness implies the ability to retain ones original roots and practice so as to base it for a greater future.

Contrast the different ideological positions regarding the US

Watson in his work seems uncertain about the US power winning the battle for supremacy ahead. He is also says that the fact that US has secluded itself from other nations and prefers to work unilaterally may be a threat to its future as a power. China may be advantaged being a permanent member of the UN as it is safely guarded and has the potential to relate and interact well with other states standing a greater chance. Ikensbury on the other hand is optimistic viewing every opportunity as a chance to make better what is not there.

The fact that US have been a world power for many years will not stop China from taking over. Of importance is the peaceful agreement between the two states as conflict has been used in the past by world powers. Accepting defeat and giving room for the incoming world power should be easier said then done. Viewing the success of another state as an advantage to the world economy is the ideology that should prevail especially as we plan to welcome the new economic world power. China on the other hand should play its game diligently and avoid any intentions that may provoke the US bearing in mind that they still own a lot of money which belongs to the US government (Harman, 2006).

Taking over from US to China should not be something that causes blame and views of inferiority. Obama for instance would have done little if anything to prevent this from taking place due to many internal and external factors that come tied to government’s policies. A change is as good as rest and we should be open for the new power so as to embrace the advantages tied to it.

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An emergency response plan is crucial for management and avoiding risks in any given city. The capacity of people living in the city has relentlessly increased meaning that the vulnerability to accidents or emergencies has shot up too. There is need to cautiously formulate strategies that respond to unexpected catastrophic events brought by human activities or natural disasters. The strategies will work to protect people, save property and lives in case tragedies occur (Baker, 2008, p.24).

The recent years have seen emergency response plans significantly improved through coordinated efforts of departments involved in emergencies as well as the government (Nudell &Antakol, 1988). This has increased funds and support making preparations swift. Institutions that work in managing emergencies are expected to be alert and ready to respond to emergencies at any time. Amongst the oldest departments involved in managements are the fire departments (Siarnicki & Gist 2010).

The fire departments are well organized and have a heart for protection of human life. Following the enacted fire code enforcements they are able to inspect and note violations which are risky (Ruckriegel, 2011, p.65).They risk their lives through the fierily hot furnace to save human lives. Whenever there are cases that pose as a threat to human life for instance open boreholes and ditches, fire fighters are there to cover up the dangerous holes and protect further threat to life. Their efforts are recognized in every city as they work day and night to ensure safety prevails. Fire departments understand all steps that need to be followed incase of an emergency so as to rescue lives (Nudell &Antakol, 1988). Bearing this in mind makes fire departments worth the opportunity of leading disaster management in the city.

The fire departments are organized in a hierarchical system making it easier to coordinate the sub departments through a chain of command system. The top authority is fire chief who heads the agency, followed by deputy chiefs, battalion chiefs who act as middle men, company chiefs and firefighters who work directly in the fire company (Marsar, 2010). Having such an organization ensures efficacy in delivery of safety services as well as coordination. Responsibilities are evenly distributed making management of crisis a shared responsibility.

Emergencies and accidents are always astonishing they endanger life and make it difficult to live normally again. The fear instilled in individuals can be traumatizing and make the recovery process challenging. However, since a department like fire has dealt with many emergencies they are able to adjust and recuperate well after the emergencies. Departments have also developed therapies that will help in adjustment after dealing with emergencies. I feel that the process of moving from normal operation would do well outside the scope of duties assigned to fire departments (Baker, 2008).It has already been dealt with by fire departments.

Deciding policy and identifying resources largely require s approval from higher authority. Since the decision made will affect the city the government and law have to give a go ahead for the formulated policies. If the policy is found unfit to deal with emergencies or resolve threats it is terminated. Good policies must put the city interests first (Siarnicki & Gist 2010, p.163). Identifying resources requires intervention from donors, activist groups and governments so as to implement suitable strategies as well as buy machines and emergency kits.

Assessing threats is a critical factor since we are dealing with handling emergencies which are a threat to life and property. The extent of threat will give a link to resources required for dealing with it, the people who will be involved amongst other crucial emergency details. Each of the mentioned factors works collaboratively to yield successful results and help manage crisis and emergencies in the city diligently.

China is not only populous but represents 20% of the entire world population (Hao 166). Bearing this in mind we can certainly say that out of every five people inhabiting the world one is a Chinese. As massive as it sounds, it could have been worse if the one child policy was not put to effect in the year 1979 (Kane). Though it offers security and plays a trick on the theory of majority power it becomes difficult to contain a large population after some time especially if it continually keeps increasing. A large population is not only hard to govern but also challenging to sustain economically.

History of policy

Chinese increased population can be related to events that followed in 1950 on becoming People’s Republic of China (Hao). Mao Tse-tung felt that there was need for population increase as route to political and economic recovery thus urged people to have more children. There was need for protection and more labor suppliers who would come from a large population. By 1957, there was a noted population increase and Mao Zedong stated that the population at 600m should be maintained in the future (Kane). Following that the leaders started developing ways to reduce the overgrowing population. One way they would achieve this was through long term planning and strategizing means of population control. By 1958 laws on birth control got underway. The efforts were however slowed down as a result of 1959–1961 famine (Ross 70). The famine was largely as a result of the uncontained number causing strain in the economy. After recovery the government embarked on their plan to campaign against high birth rates. Some of the strategies they employed were production of contraceptives, use of IUD’s, media campaigns on family planning and low birth rates, vasectomies as well as late marriages (Kane). The latter years marked significant decline in the population of Chinese people and fertility rates.

Implementing the one child policy did not come as a shock to but greatly impacted the world as it holds an estimated quarter of the entire world population. For a start the policy was to serve as a short term goal towards building the culture of a small family and eventually decrease the population. One thing the Chinese government did not realize is that it would have adverse effects and end up having long term effects on the population.

Background

The process of reducing population growth in China started many years before the 1979 renowned program. By 1958 laws on how to reduce birth rates were already underway. After Cultural Revolution there was an urgent need to recover from the economic stagnation. This would not only place China amongst the best countries and most competitive world economies as well as increase its financial stability. About 7% of the population in the world was covered by China, most of who were youth below 30 years of age (Ross 66). It was also a time that 1950 and 60’s baby boomers were approaching their productive years. In order to recover economically, containing the population was a must. The one child policy was introduced to enhance planning for the future and make the living standards of citizens better.

It was a policy that contained laws regulating the expected family size. The family which is a core unit in the society was focused on as a factor that would enhance growth of population relentlessly. There was need to regulate childbearing tendencies, encourage late marriage and spacing of children when the exception of a second child is permitted. The one child policy though effective would not apply to the entire population in China. It would focus on the urban centers and those employed in the government. The only time that they would be allowed to have a second child is if the first child suffers disability, or the parents are the only one child in their family. The other option would be permitted to parents whose occupations are life threatening. Those living in the rural areas are allowed to have a second child incase the first child is a girl.            Being a traditional country China highly holds its cultural beliefs and the esteem of a male child is imperative. The belief that they will carry the family name makes male children more valuable. The fact that the larger populations of china inhabit the rural areas having an approximated 70% population is also another reason for policy exceptions as compared to the urban population (Kane). As you go deeper into the minority tribes however you find that a third child is allowed due to under population in the areas. The policy works effectively and those failing to adhere to it suffer heavy penalties. In some cases those who comply with the set law receive economic support, while those who disobey risk confiscation of their belongings, fines as well as losing their job opportunities.

For the policy to work out effectively measures such as compulsory use of contraceptives are expected. Alternatively those who conceive are expected to abort so as to abide to the given law. Contraceptives are used by 87% of married women, by 1980’s most of them preferred the long term use of IUD which accounted for an approximated 90% of the given contraceptives (Kane). Sterilization was also another option used. The following years did not specify a given type of favored contraceptives as the women followed the advice they received from health workers.

It is advisable however to use long term contraceptives which prevents rising rates of abortions. Reported cases of abortion occur when women fail to use suitable methods of contraception. Use of long term family planning reduces abortion cases in China as compared to other states. Statistics have reported that as compared to abortions taking place in the US china reports a lower percentage, while China has 25% US has 43% (XinQi Dong & Melissa 85). The women who go against the one child policy by conceiving unknowingly are forced to risk their lives and their babies. This happens during delivering at home so as to avoid being fined or condemned by the law. The delivery in absence of trained personnel only increases the mortality rates of maternal and neonatal cases. In 1990 a report on rural home deliveries indicated that there was a double increase in death mortality of women delivering at home as compared to those following government sanctions (Hao 170).

Population Growth

After the increased population growth the policy targeted to contain its population by 2000 at 1.2b. Following a conducted census report in the same year there were 1.27b people not too far from the target set. Further reports from higher authority indicated satisfaction in progressive results of the policy having controlled about 250-300m births successfully (XinQi Dong & Melissa 85). There was a marked fertility rate decline from 2.9 in 1979 -1.7-2004 (Hao 178). This means that the number of children born by each woman have drastically decreased. The varying urban and rural populations were significantly noted to decline. There was a 1.3 and 2.0 decline respectively (XinQi Dong & Melissa 89). This shaped up the trend demographically as the policy became a one child trend in the urban and two in the rural respectively. The policy can be credited highly for decline in fertility rates while the former years are also responsible for its prevalence too.

The Sex Ratio

There has been a noted effect on the sex ratio following the policy. The term sex ratio refers to the number of female and male children born alive. Since the one child policy was put to effect, an increased sex ratio report has bee noted. They have tremendously risen from 1.06, 1.11, 1.17, in 1979, 1988, 2001 respectively (Kane). The factor of sex ratio mostly affects rural parts of China where a second child is an option.  If the second child expected is a female the couple is allowed to terminate the pregnancy and give them another chance to get a male child in the future. In the urban centers there is sex selection making attempts to have a male child more successful. The preference for male children has led to some areas having increased numbers of male births which are a risky trend for the future. Fewer females in the societies mean that the future of the society is bleak. Gender ratio imbalance termed as bachelor army is an emerging factor where men are unable to find partners leading to prostitution and sex trafficking (Ross 68).

Future of the policy

Following the policy implementation China has to some extent achieved its set goals. The reduction of population which was a troubling thought has been achieved successfully. The policy however greatly affects the right to life and reproduction evoking several debates. The Chinese population has not stopped increasing though at a slower rate of about 10m people annually (Hanneberger). Social factors have to be employed externally to achieve the goal fully. Women who have ability to impact fertility rates should be willing to adhere to the set law. This has in the recent past brought encouraging results, as a reproductive survey indicates 57% of women preferred having one child varying in the rural and urban areas (Hanneberger).

There is need to implement new policies as well as examine the effectiveness of the past policies. Those that were effective in the past years may not be useful to China now. It has undergone massive transformations, economically and socially placing it amongst the largest economies of the entire world. Increased wealth has made families stable and the need to have more children vital. Lobbying groups and human rights activists may also be a threat to the policy since they value human life and have a regard for its preservation. Globalization and new trend are leading to shift in focus and will out do misguided policies in due time.

For the financially unstable people the policy is timely. The government has set up measures to help stop rapid spread of child birth and sustenance which is costly. To alleviate poverty they provide free medical costs and provide family planning as a remedy for controlling birth rates.

Conclusion

By mid 2008 China was home to 1.3 M people making it still the worlds most populous. Though it has slowly gone down on population growth rates, it is estimated that the next two decades will lead to its peak growth then a marked drop. Following this statistics, Kane asserts India which is the worlds second most populous to continue increasing and by 2040 hold an estimated 1.52b making it the most populous while China holds 1.45b.

 

 

Annoted bibliography

Henneberger, S. China’s One-Child Policy. 2007

iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall07/Henneberger/

Henneberger’s article on Chinese one child policy offers insight to issues crucial to the ratio of male and female children born. It keenly analyzes the future consequences of this course of action as well as the adverse effects ahead. It gives an honest opinion on how the one child policy has brought out gender controversy. He further explains how the one child policy is controversial as well as effective. The preference by tradition for the male child and how women are taking extreme measures to get rid of pregnancies so as to have another chance to give birth to male children. In regions where the second child is allowed women who discover they are expecting another female child go to the extremes of aborting the female child in an effort to have a male child. The preference for a male child who will carry the family name is high making the female child inferior. He takes a humorous approach on key family issues and increased levels of education since the implementation of the policy.

The article fails to explain the severe consequences that bias towards the female child has brought. Secondi however, expounds on the consequences clearly.

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Modern economy cannot be defined in a better way than through the key hallmarks of continuous expansion of multinational corporations. A sizable amount of business, trade and outputs are accounted for by multinational corporations. According to a research carried out by UNCTAD(1997), the sale of assets from the corporations have grown more than the world GDP, export rates and fixed capital formations. The competitive rates of multinational corporations had incredibly gone up until some problems started to emerge. The US story for instance has changed in the recent past due to economic and social factors (UNCTAD, 1997).

The US for instance has had several predicaments to deal with following failures in multinational corporate like Enron and World com (Burton, 2002). The failure has not been received politely and it has had to endure serious criticisms from external and internal sources. From the normal eye things may seem not as bad but adverse effects cut deeply causing severe effects. Further publicizing of the issue does not make things better as the business press focuses on the governance and board of the failing multinational corporate. It is well acknowledged that corporations have capacity to increase the state wealth tremendously if all the roles and functions fall in place. One advantage that the criticism is that positive changes in the administration of the corporate forcing take place leading to new policies.

            The legislation of the multinationals are adjusted to ensure that all corporations work in line with set laws. Though there have been acts set in the past to direct corporate activities one outstanding act as a result of the 2001 aftermath was the Sarbanes Oxley act (Moffit, 2010).

Sarbanes Oxley

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is one example of legislative change brought about by the criticisms after the decline of Enron. The 2002 act (SOX), has had fundamental governance propositions for some of the companies listed in America asserts Rose (2010). Their involvement in foreign subsidiary matters is looked into by the act. All organizations registered under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) irrespective of their localities or trade activities have to adhere to rules and regulations stipulated by the act. May be some slight adjustments may be seen in some states but compliance is inevitable. Alongside the compliance rules are sanctions for directors which work to enhance act regulations. The OECD and Swiss code of corporate governance SCCG are other national and multi national organizations formed to help in the smooth running of the corporate (Rose, 2010).

Multinationals rise

The mid 50’s were can be termed as politically stable years for the US, who had attained economic growth (Burton, 2002). The larger corporations at the time were hoping to invest more with the help of foreign Aid so as to stimulate foreign investment directly. This resulted to expansion of the MNCs leading to almost four times increased manufacturing subsidiaries. After the World War II, US set up factories to further increase their corporate trade. The results were not impressive leading to Kennedy encouraging exports and curtailing all abroad expenditures by the government (Burton, 2002).  President Washington too was not for the idea of investing in large world industries. He encouraged private investment instead.

Global economy

According to Burton (2002) the years that followed resulted to a creation of the global economy. By now many states had embraced the multinationals and were involved in trade activities. Growth in competition amongst developing multinationals for instance, increasing the costs and problems such as job reduction started to come up (Burton, 2002). New world economies are not giving the corporations an easy time either.

Role and responsibilities of corporations

Multinational corporations are businesses involved in trade activities in different states (Burton, Erich & Mark, 1994). America is home to top corporate headquarters and has capacity to transform the global perspective of trade. For many years multi corporations have helped in boosting trade and earning foreign exchange through commercial and industrial development. Close international trade brought about by the corporate has tremendously improved international relations. Following their impact and massive influence, they are viewed as major aspects economically and politically. The governments, non governmental organizations, and other groups work with multi corporations in the hope to gain future support and finances. Slight hick ups in the multinational companies would mean dire losses and economic recession. Multinational corporations have their main aim as access to market and trade promotion (Moffit, 2010).

Access to new market

To access market the multinationals follow three procedures namely:

• Direct acquisition
• Sequential market entry
• Joint ventures (UNDP, 1997)

Direct acquisition which is also referred to as merger is one of the commonly used strategy to get into new market. It allows large multinationals to take advantage of their capacity through investing in foreign market. One example of the was the 1990 global automotive industries merge which placed the industry at a more competitive scale , introduced new market as well as increased customer response rates (Rose, 2007).

Multinational corporations use sequential market entry to market through establishing niche markets which are linked to mother companies when operating in a new region or country. Sony corporation for instance which is a Japanese multinational used this strategy to get into the US market by first establishing its base in San Diego with a small television. The years that followed had no public signs of progression while Japan was secretly working to create and tactfully spread its magnetic tapes, in 1974 to various cities. This case portrays a growing multinational which used its initial product to access a larger market for the future inventions it created (Burton, Erich & Mark, 1994).

Creating joint ventures is also another way that corporations gain access to markets. This is a method that suggests two companies come together. In most cases one corporation normally has access to the market making it easier to help the upcoming corporate. This system has been prevalent in communist states. Its partners retain autonomy and rule. One disadvantage of this market entry is that one of the partners may turn out to be formidable competitors who will not help the new multinational corporate maximize their potential.

Concerns of multinational corporations

While Multinational corporations have played a great role in the modern economy they are faced with serious flaws in how they run activities. There is need to assess their motives following with regard to factors such as labor, policy and relations which contribute to the overall success of multinationals. Since they work for the well being of the society have they fully served the community?

Labor is a term that refers to availability of manpower so as to perform duties assigned. Without labor the multinational corporations cannot provide goods and services to suit needs. The labor organizations are concerned about multinational corporations in developed countries. The corporations have been noted to move their jobs into developing countries where they can access cheap or free labor (Grant, 2010). Labor organizations based in developing countries also undergo the uncomfortable ordeal trying to negotiate with the corporations over the same issue. Offshore outsourcing is another challenge that developing countries have to deal with as a result of multinational corporate. They use cheap foreign labor and domestic goods then sell them back to developing countries at high rates (Bucheli &Aguilera, 2010, p.351). This is a form of exploitation, which harms the poor states.

The multinationals have had negative effects on the society through poor relations causing their activities to impact less. They exploit the employees, local environment and society. It lacks association with the community who promote its welfare. Socially multinationals are doing badly and are not interactive leaving the community which promotes them feeling exploited.

Policy implies set rules and principles that govern institutions. The corporations have their own policies most of the time. This does not put them above the set government laws. The governments have their hands tied as a result of the growing corporations. They lack any control on the corporate, jurisdictional differences amongst the corporate and states are proving to be tricky too. Non tariff barriers which the government condemns are another issue arising in the corporate world. Multinational corporations manipulate political power through their economic status (Bucheli &Aguilera, 2010, p.351). As a result they have become a point of public influence which highly contributes to political running of states. The freedom they have is excess and can cause harm if not regulated by policies.

Most corporate are independent and carry out their transactions at freewill. Advanced technology has also been another issue that has led to independence of corporate. Multinationals no longer have their headquarters in wealthy nations. Many states own multinational corporate making it impossible to limit the spread of multinationals anywhere.

Corporate management, leadership and responsibility

Corporate leadership and management play a major role in multicultural corporations. Top authority is always blamed when things go wrong. The corporate governance supports the multinationals in funding and gaining access to new markets through international relations. Strategic management is another role played by the corporate governance. This ensures that the right strategy is established and works for the benefit of multinationals (Grant, 2010).

Shareholders and Stakeholders

Corporations have a duty to serve citizens in a way that they are comfortable. Share holder interests get measured through returns of the economy. A stakeholder is a defined as any individual involved in activities of the corporation. They include the employees who work for the success of the corporate, suppliers, customers, the society and community as a whole. For the corporation to work and achieve success with their stakeholders there are set laws and regulations that govern them. Corporations define their rules, customs and practices to enhance business success (Rose, 2007).The economic and long term success of the corporate highly depends on the stakeholders. As a result they are crucial in the decision making and matters affecting the corporation. Rose (2007) asserts that stakeholder interests should be considered and met by the corporation.

Multinational corporations have a future in the digital era. However they have to deal with the concerns that the community is raising and avoid exploiting developing countries that are also in the process of developing multinational corporations.

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The rate of juvenile delinquency has in the recent past tremendously increased recording startling figures (Arabella, p.671). This has forced immediate law and justice intervention.  Juveniles who are described as minors or children, having not yet attained the legal age of an adult, are a posing threat to the future security of the state. Delinquent acts slowly graduate to serious crimes in the future years meaning that there are minimal or no chances of juvenile delinquents recovering from the vices. They may instead become professional criminals. Various factors are attributed to the rising behavior of delinquents. Arabella (2002, p.674) in her research claims that most juvenile delinquents dropped out of school, she also attributes the behavior to low IQ levels, antisocial behavior, family criminal records and difficult parental rearing practices (Arabella, 2002). Violent uprisings and rebelling against authority as a result of political instability have contributed to rise in delinquent criminal indulgence in various parts of the world .The media which highly publicizes criminal activity has also been mentioned amongst the top factors leading to juvenile delinquency (Arabella, 2002, p.672).

Delinquent trends vary from one state to another due to social factors which are highly attributed to criminal behavior. In Europe and Mexico for instance the teens and gangs are deviant and indulge in law breaking recklessly. They indulge in violence, internet, global prostitution and illicit drug abuse (Siegel &Welsh, 2009, p.576).  Violence which is top on the list has caused harm in Western Europe living the society fearful of the future the teen are making. One case reported a 19 year old male who killed two of his fellow students, 14 teachers and a police officer ranking the crime as the second worst in German history since World War II (Siegel & Welsh, 2002, p.577). In America there have been reports on students who possess ammunitions and kill each other in recent years. School shootings are also not unusual, since teenagers can possess guns prevalence in juvenile delinquency has risen. Juvenile delinquency however is a vice that the society needs to address keenly and make sure that it is eradicated. It is an irresponsible trend taken by young people who have capacity to be productive as they are still young. Being delinquent is harmful and promises no hope for the society, it is imperative to strategize means that will help curb the vices before they progress and get out of hand.

Probation

Probation is defined as a process of confinement or seclusion from the normal life in order to instill discipline or modify ones behavior. When an individual is on probation their rights are restricted since they pose as a threat to the society. The state which stipulates the regulations to be followed has a responsibility to deal with all law offenders including delinquents. Juvenile delinquents for instance require special behavior correction which can only take place if probation is offered. Probation is highly useful as it works in favor of the society and the delinquent. It is a type of treatment offered to delinquents without imprisonment and legal dispositions. The juvenile justice system offers probation as the most suitable method of treatment.

It normally is an arrangement system where individuals are given a suspended sentence for an indefinite period of time depending on jurisdiction statutes. The law can mandate it or the decision can be left to the court .This in most cases occurs if the offence committed is minor and has no major implications. It further clarifies that the individual has to maintain stipulated laws under supervision. The delinquent though not confined is constantly under the probation officers eye. The probation officer has a right to discharge delinquents who gradually prove to be adjusting and modifying their behavior through treatment. Some of the requirements that the delinquent should meet are ability to moderately live, be financially responsible as well as have a productive life. Failing to meet the requirements stipulates that the individual is put on probation in an institution. Alternatively methods to avoid being under an institution are implemented for instance they are placed under custody of a stable family also referred to as foster care (Juvenile probation office, 2009).

The use of electronic monitoring is a technology whereby juvenile delinquents are under observation from authority making it easy to track their movements and behavior while on probation. It is a workable local alternative and helps in monitoring delinquents through cheaper means.  Most professionals opt for this alternative as it decreases public safety thereby minimizing delinquency (Bilchik, 1997). It benefits the government too since placement costs are reduced greatly. It is advantageous as the local authority can afford it and us it to serve the communal purposes of eradicating criminal behavior. Some local jurisdictions have noted a tremendous decline in the amount they spent on the electronic monitoring project as compared to officer placement costs. There may be more expansions on electronic monitoring as it has adverse benefits.

Restorative justice seeks to involve participation by victims and consensus; the individuals are involved in face to face dialogues in order to resolve the conflict. It is a way of restoring the lost trust and healing. It seeks to avoid repetition of similar crime by the delinquent. It works well if the offences involved are minor and battery offences. Restorative justice seeks direct accountability through making the delinquent face his actions. A delinquent gets to see the consequences of their behavior and how it has hurt other people, they are further expected to explain why they indulged in the ill vice and steps they will take to repair the damage done. Finally the main and sole purpose is reconciling the victim and offender so as to strengthen the society a large and promote harmonious living (Morris& Maxwell, 1988, p.5-6).

Restitution as an alternative method is effective in getting rid of delinquent behavior. There was a noted increase in the number of people who completed restitution as a probation program (Siegel & Welsh, 2002, p.543). However it does not entirely help in solving the crisis that delinquency brings. Restitution orders are not standardized making it impossible to give fair and equal treatment to delinquents. They are also costly and monetary restitutions cannot be accessed by all individuals for instance those unemployed. Probation officers feel threatened too, the program as threatens their authority and organizational autonomy (Siegel & Welsh, 2002, p.543).

Treatment options

In an effort to help reduce juvenile delinquency there has been creation centers of rehabilitation build to ensure that juveniles serve sentences as per the crime committed and come out as law abiding citizens. It is very necessary to offer correctional treatment for delinquents so as to avoid further spread of the vice as well as deter other delinquents from following suit.  Two major divisions have been set apart to help in correcting delinquent behavior; community and institutional treatment (Siegel &Welsh, 2009, p.530).While community treatment is one that offers care and protections to juveniles institutional treatment is a federal correctional institution. Some of the roles that community treatment plays are probation, counseling, restitution amongst others.  Community treatment is offered in private institutions for instance rehabilitation schools, boarding schools, care homes and centers. For those who are nonresidents the treatment is done at their homes. They are expected to follow the rules stated and also be keen on what is instructed. Vocational counseling is organized at given times when the individuals receive counseling in an aid to modify their attitudes and behavior eventually.

Institutional treatment is stricter as it deals with the state law directly. The delinquent is restricted of any freedom of movement and is under a watchful eye throughout. There are locked exits and security fences to ensure that the individual is fully confined.  Juvenile institutions serve the purpose of behavior correction as they focus on a specific crime and aim to rectify the vice. For proper coordination of the process of correcting behavior institutional treatment offers reception centers which help in screening them so as to identify where they fall suitably. Other facilities which are specialized assign where individuals who have been badly affected by substance abuse get help from. This are called specialized centers. Some delinquents need long term training and this happens in facilities like vocational centers, training schools and reformatories which offer treatment suitably. Other institutions that offer long term treatment s are forestry and boot camps (Mcgloin, 2009).

Boot camps emphasize on physical exercises and activities as a form of rectifying ill vices from the delinquents, forestry camps aims at modifying behavior through long term residential care (Siegel &Welsh, 2009, p. 530). The boot camps aim at developing toughness and learn social skills in individuals. If the delinquents are no longer in their comfort zone they will learn how to deal with future challenges and coping rather than indulging in criminal activities. Though there is use of minimal therapy to correct offending behavior, boot camps have helped in creating  rapport between the staff and juveniles, environmental  positive attitudes and relieving stress factors through physical exercises (Bilchik, 1997).

Institutional treatment thus offers treatment under institutions or facilities specially designed for purposes of treatment and behavior rectification through physical and psychological activities.

Institutionalization

Most juvenile delinquents are held in public or sometimes private custody. Public custodies have been set up to confine them and help in behavior modification. In a public setting the delinquents stay together regardless of the offence committed. Between years 91-03 there was an increase in the number of juvenile delinquent in custody (Siegel &Welsh, 2009, p. 549) meaning there had to be expansion of public facilities so as to contain them. All in all the number of delinquents varies in states and whereas one state has more centers for the other may have fewer depending on the crime rates. The institutions vary in size and quality too; some have large dormitories to act as correctional institutions while others are fully equipped with all the modern requirements with all correctional facilities such as dining halls, gyms, library and auditoriums (Murray, 2010).

In most cases when a juvenile is institutionalized they stay away from home for 3-4 months in a private or public institution ((Morris& Maxwell, 1988, p.5-6). The younger delinquents are taken in by private institutions while those ranging from 18-21 years go to public institutions (Arabella, 2002, p.691). Most juveniles are normally under the influence of drug or substance abuse which has long term effects on them and accelerates them to committing crimes. As a result of drug abuse most of them suffer mental and emotional instability making it crucial to be rehabilitated. It has however been noted that most of the delinquents who are admitted in the institutions normally have problems adjusting to the new changes making them worse and rebellious when expected to get involved in the programs asserts Bilchik (1997).  Behavior modification is not usually an easy process as the delinquents have to adjust to a change in rules and behavior so as to be disciplined.

Relationships between juvenile delinquents vary as individuals end up finding friends who walk with them through the period.

Male inmates are more likely to bond with those who are from their own racial or ethnical backgrounds. This is done to feel secure and also exploit those who do not belong to their group. Peer influence is a common factor in the inmates. Most of them join gang groups to get protection from harassment by older or the more popular gang of inmates (Arabella, 2002). They normally have intentions to attack or manipulate staff so as to get better services while locked behind bars.

Female inmates on the other hand do not get involved in peer pressure often. The restrictions on their institutions are tougher making exploitation or harassment minimal between inmates. Though there has been a noted increase in the number of female inmate’s inmate, there are lesser rehabilitation activities in the female centers as compared to the male ones. The girls are however more likely to be incarcerated for status offences as compared to the male inmates. They lack social skills and suffer low self esteem issues like the male inmates (Ritter, 2010).

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Child psychology is the study of mental, social and emotional growth of a child. Majorly it is checking on mind behavior.  It keeps a check on emotional changes, social developments, mental abilities and growth as well as the child’s physical growth. Child psychology is from infantry to adolescence. Therefore, one can say that child psychology is also learning about the various changes and development of a child’s mind. People perceive that children as beings that are not fully in a position to reason as they do or learn things, well that is not the case according to (Alison, 2010, p.76-81) Children are in a position to learn and analyze different situation in their development stages. Development is not only restricted to the factors within but also the factors without a given individual. For instance, the environment that one lives in terms of culture and the relationships.

The social aspect of it entails the relationship between peers and the mature adults. This automatically affects how the child will learn, interpret issues as well as develop. A child will also adapt to the given cultural values subject to him.

Psychology is majorly learned other than inherited. A child adapts and takes up characteristics that he/she is exposed to. For instance if  a child watches his/ her mother cry a lot during any form of distress the child automatically adapts to that as a way of releasing emotional distress. One may easily mistake this for inheritance but the child only adapted to what he/she has mostly been exposed to. Experiences also considerably add up to a child’s psychology. If the child is often subjected to bad experiences, he is bound to view the world in a negative dimension.

Based on my personal personality, I believe that the composition of my personality for instance I have a big heart, I wouldn’t say I inherited this but rather say I simply followed after  my mother. I have watched her have a big heart towards people and have learnt that as the right way to treat people. Sometimes I get hyper, something I learnt and adapted to as my father most of the times resulted to being hyper if offended. In all the two examples, I learn that most of the times it is the situations that we are exposed to that moulds our character hence our personality.

Medical tests are done further to provide valuable information about ones health status. A genetics test is slightly different from other test in that it does not involve an individual only but also involves a chain of individuals in that it is more of family and blood related issues. Family issues are sensitive and there fore when a genetic state is being done the information got after results are taken should be handled with great care to avoid issues of abuse of the information. For instance if a doctor ends up exposing the results to quarters not involved then it becomes misuse also using those results for other purposes other than the main reasons for undertaking the test then it becomes abuse. Another type of abuse of genetics information is the stigmatization of a particular group or family based on their genes. To avoid such cases then there should be measures, codes and ethics put in place to govern the whole issue of genetic tests and therefore anyone who is found using genetic test information in an relevant manner is then found to have breached or made an offense hence, strict measures are taken to deal with the individual.

 

 

Genetics test is a test undertaken to identify genes, various changes in the genes and the various development in the same. When one decides to undertake a gene test there are several factors that one may one want to consider. For instance reason as to why they are settling for a gene test, and how are they ready for the results of that particular test and preferably how are they planning to manage or handle the outcome of the gene test results if they are positive or negative as per the results.

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United airlines completed its merger with continental airlines in October 2010 rendering it the largest airline in the continent Moreno, (2010). The two airlines are to operate separately until they obtain a single operating certificate, which is issued by the federal aviation administration. The airline combined will operate under the name-united airlines. As they wait for finalization of their deals, they shall not add on new routes until there is a gain in strength by the economy. Merging may sometimes lead to bankruptcy; there have been cases of bankruptcies and reorganizations leading to stopping of flying of the same. Continental has undergone a bankruptcy organization a few years back and managed to come out strong enough to get a warrant on merging as pointed out by congressional digest (2001).

Merging is the act of joining two or more to form one. Merging facilitates for

Strengthening of the parties involved. That is to say, when companies come together they are able to form one unit, which is stronger. The element of being stronger helps them to effectively compete with their competitors and not face the risk of being outdone, which would lead to poor returns. If they get less return, they may be forced to run on debt which most of the time will lead to bankruptcy or even forced into total shut down of the company as it may only realize losses. It might somehow survive but o very strained means and this could also lead to forcing the management to lay off some employees hence rendering them jobless. Airlines have been reported to seek merging with other airlines to improve on their profits as well as financial sustainability Lori (2010). However, it is important to weight this against challenges and cost of operations involved according to GAO reports, (2010). As well as merging helps in cutting down on costs such as expenses. Resources are shared equally leading to reduced costs, otherwise a company if running on its own is forced to buy its own resources rendering such an activity very expensive and sometimes even not necessary. For instance when a company merges they are able to utilize one website, have common adverts hence, reduced advertising cost, a common employee database but sometimes that is not the case according to Moreno (2010), dis-unity of employees to form a common union, does not help save any costs as expected by the mergers. Operating businesses has proved difficult and challenging over the years due cost factors but with ideas such as merging, this has been no longer a major problem. Merging helps boost potential as the local firms are highly promoted and therefore no chances of having potential wasted.

Merging further facilitates for companies to be able to acquire new market shares, maintain their market share. However, this has its own disadvantage.  Getting a bigger share might mean no market share or market share enough to sustain the local firms. Another factor is cutting down on competition, this is so in that if they were running as separate entities they would be competing against each other but if they merge and become one they can only compete against other competitors but not amongst themselves. According to Reed (2010), a merge between American and us airways theoretically seems as the best way to compete with other giant competitors.

Jayetta (2008), merging facilitates for growth as the merged company’s are able to minimize cost hence increase in revenue leading to rise in profitability ratios. This is in turn used for the growth of the company. Merging is a very efficient way of helping firms adapt to changes and working towards overcoming challenges and they emerge victorious. Merging leads to monopoly or market dominance at times hence, a company is able to enjoy the benefits of monopoly. For instance, they get to dictate fare rates, they can easily do away with activities that drain their resources such as provision of food in the planes. However, if one is not careful monopoly might lead to factors such as compromising customers’ value James (2009). Companies should therefore, seek to have market colony other than monopolization. Merging gives an added advantage to the hosting countries, as the prices of products are low and the product and services are locally and readily available. There is also job creation hence curbing the problem of unemployment.

The united continental merge is set to harmonize their coach products by having back seats increased and seats from the continental planes removed to give them uniformity. Generated revenue by elite frequent fliers who are mostly the occupants of those seats plus revenue from fliers paying for the privilege outweighs theoretical revenue loss from having fewer seats on the given planes besides the passengers are much more satisfied with the experience they get during their travel as people appreciate more space. Extending economy plus, which is five inches legroom, having several rows of seat in the coach cabin on the front side. More than 850 planes will have the product by the end of year 2012.

United and continental are working towards uniformity of their products, brands, frequent flier plans and a harmonized website. Having a separate or un-harmonized products and services as well as un- harmonized management, it will lead to a very complex structure bound to have a lot of miss understanding as asserted by the Canadian travel press (2010). This is very dangerous as it leads to poor production as well as enemity, which should have not been there in the first place. It may also give a bad image of the company and may lead to losing trust of their hard gained clients or customers. It will also lead to lack of confidence with the investors Unnikrishnan (2010). After finalizing the merger between united airlines and continental airlines, they started trading their stock but this may fail to fulfill its purpose if there is no unity. Finally, if there is no hope of saving the situations, it may lead to splitting and it might prove very hard to pick up from the already broken pieces. They shall eventually work on the maintenance, fleets, training the staff involved and the operations standardization. An interim advertising campaign was set to kick off by the united airlines and continental lines. Their website is to be given a new look, melding the united name with continental well-known globe. The new advertisement campaign will make good use of billboards as well as magazines in the carrier’s hemisphere. Later it is to venture in the use of newspapers and magazines, which are to be supplied in the hub markets that serve the two airlines with strong emphasis placed on New York area, which has proved to be a very competitive market. A new signage will be launched by the united carrier at stadiums where they sponsor major baseball league teams and later the signage will appear on big airports. The particular new logo and look would appear having a clear connection with the groups sponsored by the carrier, and that includes professional golfers association and the Oscar academy awards as stated by Reed, (2010).

31 mainline jetliners along with 155 regional aircrafts flying on behalf of the company and 118 continental mainline planes have been renamed. The new united is the world’s largest airline by traffic and is based in Chicago. The new advertisements will not have a tagline but will highlight on the airlines superior route network, guaranteed low fares , variety of product attributes and definitely a new look. Getting rid of the economy plus, could prove to be very unpopular as well as a big blow to travelers who have the ability to buy access to planes with bigger room seats. In 1999 united begun a program to differentiate itself from its potential competitors. In 2000, the American started a similar program though in 2005 they dismissed the program claiming that adding back seats and reducing the legroom had an increase of $100 million as revenue per year.

500 jobs will be eliminated by the merging of the continental and the united airlines especially considering the fact that it shall be moving its headquarters from Texas City to Chicago.500 hundred is roughly estimated to be 17% of 3000 estimate, part of the management and employees in the administration in Houston. It was agreed before the merger of the two companies to have the relocation of the headquarters to Chicago. A careful process was being worked on to help establish a standard organizational structure and department location. Access to outplacement services, subsidized health benefits, severance and travel pass privileges will be granted to those who lose their jobs.