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Should divorce laws be reformed to make it harder to get a divorce

Divorce is a judgment given by a court to end a marriage. It has resulted most of the affected children to live in single parenthood situations. Divorce in most cases is initiated by one of the disgruntled partners in marriage who feels that the expected outcome of the marriage is not imminent. Hilfer (2003) indicates that, traditionally, divorce began with sexual revolutions in 1960s and 1970s in the United States, and the chief contribution to the entire aspect of divorce was made in 1969 when California Governor, Ronald Reagan assented the nation’s first no-fault divorce bill. This jointly with the empowerment of women led into the rise in feminist succinctness to drive up cases on divorce.

Presently, many states in the U.S. are reviewing their laws with the objective of addressing divorce. No-fault divorce which was previously expected to make marriages more binding and fulfilling than come-we-stay arrangements in terms of permanence contributed to the increase in number of divorce cases instead. With the reason that it gave too much freedom to one spouse to willingly end their marriage with or without approval of the other spouse. This essay will inquire into the implications of these divorce reforms and advocate on the suitable path to take.

Hilfer (2003) found out that 50% of marriage cases end up in divorce. Basing on this alarming increase number of divorce cases, divorce should be made harder since divorces today have shifted from fault to non-fault. It has enormously switched the historical divorces where they were purely based on physical and emotional abuse, abandonment and adultery. Non-fault divorce is where either spouse can get a divorce one-sidedly by laying claims of incompatible differences.

Marriage is meant to be the central building block of the family and community. It ought therefore to be respected and given the seriousness it deserves. To ensure steadiness of the community, reforms must make divorce harder. In many religions, it is a covenant between the Creator and the two spouses who are considered as one. Just as Marquardt (2006) puts it, partners usually take vows to stay together always in sickness and in health, for richer and for poorer until death do them a part. Once a couple has made this commitment and they abide by it, they are bound to respect the institution of marriage.

Sadly in case of a divorce, children are the greatest causalities of divorce experience, they lose so much. Beside them undergoing so much physical and emotional tortures, they acquire more hyper behavioral problems together with getting mediocre grades in schools as in comparison to their fellow students from intact families. Furthermore, they are constantly depressed due to stigma against them from their fellow students in intact marriages (Marquardt, 2006). Hilfer (2003) also found out that children from divorced families have a high rate of divorcing their spouses than children form intact families; that is about 45% of children from divorced families in comparison to 9% of children form intact families. Additionally, children form divorced families tend to acquire criminal behavior like committing suicide, unwanted early pregnancies and depression. This justifies why reforms should make divorce even harder.

To a comparable degree, Light and Taehyun (2010) sadly notes that husbands have more to loose from divorce than their wives, as it causes horrendous psychosomatic distress to them than their wives, since approximately two thirds of all the divorces cases are initiated by the wives. Moreover, when assets are being divided, the law leans to favor women as fault is being accounted for. Child custody and maintenance are also set for the wives more than the husbands. So, for husbands to be saved from this torment; reforms ought to make divorce harder.

Light and Taehyun (2010) further asserts that the expenses incurred in the process of divorce proceedings makes divorce so expensive to afford which is unpleasant to all. First it deprives the spouses and their children, and then it rewards the divorce lawyers handsomely, which ultimately makes the family lose a lot. Light and Taehyun (2010) advises that in this period of hard economic times, priority should also be placed on divorce costs.
Contrariwise, we all know that not all marriages work. There may be misunderstanding, infidelity, physical and emotional abuse. It would be worthless for a spouse to continue staying in a marriage where his/her rights and freedom are not acknowledged and respected. In such a case therefore, it will be prudent and fair that such a marriage to be terminated as the differences are incompatible. Making reforms harder for marriages that are characterized by abuse, abandonment, physical and emotional sufferings and torture will be the same as subjecting the victims to abusive marriages which is equivalent to life imprisonment. It would not be fair for the government to meddle with privates lives of its citizens, the citizens ought to be given freedom to make their own life choices inclusive of a decision of whom to live with at a given time.

In abusive marriages, the victims suffer a lot since both physical and emotional abuses have serious impacts on the health and personalities of the victims which results to unending bitterness and marriage conflict. Irrespective of this, making divorce harder is tantamount to telling the abused victims to stay where they are and continue suffering physically and emotionally, and it also means that the government does not care about its citizens’ welfare and most importantly it does not value life. For spouses who are in abusive marriages, divorce is their only solution.

Infidelity in marriage is a very serious offence and should not be taken for granted, it tortures the faithful spouse and lowers his/her self esteem, and furthermore is a sure-fire way and a gateway of contracting HIV/AIDS and STDs. Making divorce harder in such a scenario is calamitous to the faithful spouse, and the government on the other hand is helping to risk health situations.
In summary, reforms on making divorce laws harder appear to be not sincere as it is mostly driven by lawyers, social conservatives and religions. But be that it may, when marriages don’t work most lawyers, social and religious conservatives advocate for a divorce simply because, a man cannot be forced to be with a woman he doesn’t want to be with and similarly a woman cannot be force to be with man she doesn’t want to be with.

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Colonization

Proponents of colonization anywhere usually cite the fact that the colonizer in the end bequeaths to the colonized cultural, political and economic development as a means of validating colonization. However, colonization rarely brings about any development that would otherwise not have been realized even without colonization. It is possible for a superior country to engage in meaningful cultural, economic and political exchanges with a relatively less powerful country without necessarily colonizing the inferior country.

In all instances where a more powerful nation colonizes the less powerful one – as was the case with the British colonization of the American colonies – the intention is usually for the powerful country to benefit at the expense of the ‘lesser’ country. Therefore, on this strength only, colonization should not be justifiable. When Britain colonized the American colonies, some of the supposed benefits for the colonies were increased security under the protection of the British Empire, and a ready market in Britain and Europe for American products such as tea (Allen, 2011, p.60) . However, Britain stood to benefit more from these engagements, and the Americans were taxed exorbitant amounts without even being given a say on the taxation mechanisms decreed from across the Atlantic (Allen, 2011, p.61). Additionally, such economic and military relations between the American colonies and the British Empire could still have been realized without Britain playing boss over America. In the end, the American colonies had to fight the British Empire in the Revolutionary War, leading to unnecessary loss of lives and property to both sides.

Colonization in the end bears no fruit because in all cases, the colonized organize some form of revolution or insurrection against the colonizer. Revolutionary wars lead to unnecessary loss of lives and property. The American Revolutionary war lasted for nearly eight years, leading to loss of lives, property, infrastructure and monuments within the American nation. Britain too suffered. Such a war could have been avoided had the British sought to engage with the Americans on a mutually beneficial basis without the strict dictatorial provisions of colonialism and imperialism.

The downsides to colonialism far outweigh any supposed benefits that might be accrued or placed on the colonized. It is much better for a powerful country to engage less powerful ones in a fair, just and progressive manner for the lasting benefit of both parties.

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Argument that law enforcement must crack down on illegal drugs to reduce crime in the U.S.

For the last thirty years, the U.S has witnesses a global increase in the criminalization of illegal and improper drug use. Criminalization in turn has led to the increase in use of cruel punitive sanctions forced on drug offenders and striking increases in rates of incarceration. The drugs policy established have narrowed the impact on eradicating and reducing illegal drug use which also in turn have led in unpleasant consequences for social and community health. The criminal justice system on the other hand has failed to manage and control many prospects of the drug trade and the problem of illegal drug use alike. The fact that police crackdown on illegal drugs is the only formula applied resulting to massive incarceration of drug offenders; experts argue that drug-related diseases like HIV infections and Hepatitis C are health worries and they cannot be addressed through punitive policies of jail and imprisonment (Stevenson, 2. 2011).
Just as there is an increase in the criminalization of illegal drug use, there has also been an increase in drug consumption. In 2010 the U.S carried out a National Survey on drug use and health and it was found out that nearly 22.6 million Americans as from twelve years of age and older were the users of illegal drugs and they represented 8.9 % of the population (U.S Senate Caucus on international Narcotics Control, 2012). There has never been such a large proportion of drug users involving person of twelve years in the entire American history. This report alarmed the U.S. government and so in June 2012 the U.S senate Caucus on international Narcotics Control drafted a report proposing that some drugs should be legalized, since it is a chief public health concern and the main source of violence. The senate proposed two theories on how drug legalization will both reduce crime in the U.S and the cost of drugs to the user. The first theory suggests that users will not have to spend so much money to support their drug habits and fewer will commit crimes such as robbery and burglary to get money for drugs. The second theory suggests since the cost of drug will decrease, so will the drug seller gain profit. In a nutshell, drugs will no longer be profitable business, and since addicts will be capable of obtaining drugs from legal source, the present black market suppliers of drugs like cartels, gangs, organized criminal and the likes will disappear.
Its apparent, the U.S. has fought the drug war for quite a long time, this report of the U.S. Senate shows that crackdown on illegal drugs in order to reduce crime has failed, and legalization of drugs is the only way out. The drug war began all the way back in 1969 when President Richard Nixon established a ‘new urgency and concerted national policy’ to curb the scourge of drugs. Carr (2002) succinctly argue that this initiative had staggered since that time and the U.S. government spent 18.8 billion in year 2000 just to solve American drug problem. However Hecate (1997) confirms that the very President officially declared war on drugs in 1973. Illegal drug usage has been an issue and during this regimen of Obama, experts are thinking to legalize marijuana also known as cannabis. The editor of Virginia Quarterly Review (2009) asserts that President Obama during a campaign trail admitted that he experimented marijuana and inhaled it often, but when he was asked about why drug legalization in his country, he just laughed it off. Americans believe that marijuana is a soft drug, the experts and U.S. Senate Caucus on international Narcotics Control suggests this specific drug to be legalized.
As the Americans still contemplate about the issue of legalizing drugs or not, the crackdown on illegal drugs is still carried out in America. According to Scott (2004), crackdown is used to policing and law enforcement. It is rather an abrupt and striking increase in police officer presence, sanctions and threats of apprehension either for particular offences or for all offences in given places. They involve high police visibility and many arrests, police use undercover or ordinary clothes dressed police working with uniformed police. Crackdown is categorized into: Enforcement action where police presence is emphasized; Type of Action Expected where police suspend the usual discretion they use to favor a particular prescribed enforcement action. For instance, they can make custodial arrests and issue a citation and release an offender; Geographical Target where high police visibility is concentrated in a small area like in a house and; Types of Offenses Targeted where crackdown is centered on a specific illegal conduct like drug dealing. Crackdown reduces crime and disorder in two ways: it increases the certainty and offenders’ are caught and punished more harshly than usual; and it also increases the offenders’ perception that they are more probable to get caught and punished.
In the drug dealing scenario, crackdown target certain types of drug markets and it reduces the number of offenders in circulation. The remaining offenders who narrowly escape from the hands of the police are at a greater risk as well as the police center on their resources on them, in the end the drug market will collapse for the absence of buyers and sellers. However, the crackdown applied on drugs has a snowball effect and it is short term. The police intention on crackdown is to reduce: visibility of drugs, amount of drugs used, number of drug users, number of drug-related crime and improve life quality in a given area as well as improve citizen attitudes regarding the police. Drug crackdown in general raises the cost of dealing and buying in the sense that it increases the time for dealers and buyers to meet and negotiate and make a deal, increases the risk of getting arrested and also increases the risks of having drugs removed. Dealers are affected greatly as they are less willing to sell their drugs to strangers and opt to change market from the open one to a closed one to hide from the police. Most drug crack downs need a period of police maintenance to ensure the drug market does not reemerge again.
Nevertheless, motivated drug dealers and buyers can acclimatize to police crackdown by simply finding alternative ways to communicate with one another and negotiate a deal, the experienced and the extra addicted users especially are never deterred by crackdowns. When aware of crackdowns, they decide not to carry drugs and hide them elsewhere which can be stolen or exposed to police. Heroin users for example, are always nervous by crackdowns and they rush intravenous drug use by using unclean needles to inject themselves in remote place where they cannot be caught by the police in case the overdose themselves, they also hide drug in body cavities which increase the risk of accidental overdose and infection, and they carelessly discard their used syringes. Furthermore, when drug users and dealers sense a drug crackdown, they become more suspicious of one another and they get violent. Incase their bodies yearn for more drugs and the crackdown somehow causes the prices of drug to raise, buyers commit more crime to get money in order to finance their habit, and this is a big threat to the society at large, to the police as well as it poses a challenge. In sum, law enforcement to crackdown on illegal drugs does not reduce crime but instead it increases it.
Regardless of the police hard efforts on crackdown, drugs still are sneaked in by dealers; Fooksman (2007) found out from a traffic police officer that more than 2,500 pounds of drugs have been confiscated for the past twelve years. Americans users have always find a way to use narcotics and more surprisingly at a price that continues to drop. The price of cocaine and heroin has dropped significantly as their purity rise. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency approximated that in year 2000, 331 tons of cocaine was consumed and the number of people dying from the overdose of these two drugs double each year. Also U.S. Customs and the DEA get hold of 126 pounds of heroin hidden in twelve bales of cotton towels on a container ship at the port, and two men were nabbed at the port on that month importing 3.25 million steroid pills from Moldavia. The previous year still Customs and the DEA got hold of another ICO Kilograms of cocaine concealed in two refrigerated containers that had bananas. As a result of the police inefficiency to eliminate drugs, more people are accessed to them. Heroin when used in small quantities produces a victim that is violent who desires to steal or robs to get more money to finance his habit. Additionally, other hard drugs like amphetamine are expensive, and its users are left with the option of committing crimes to purchase it. The police force in the U.S approximates that 80-90% of crimes are drug related, that is, about 80% of American prisoners have a previous involvement with hard drugs like cocaine, heroin and amphetamine.
Burke (2002) argues that is a high time that the world admits that the drug policies are failing, they have failed to control drug trade simply because of confused mythologies. The users of the drugs might be the poor, but the dealers and the sellers in the drug business are middle-class professionals like city traders, broadcasters, investment forecasters, advertising executives and the likes. No drug policy has prevented this people from smuggling drugs into the market. So the availability of drugs converts many people to be drug addict, who engage in acts of violence so as to get money to purchase the expensive drugs. In order to reduce drug related crime, New Statesman (2002) argues that despite of the harmful effects drugs cause the society, and the fact that drugs are more widely available, legalizing them is all about the best ways of controlling the dangers and that jailing and imprisonment will not solve these harmful effects. First drugs should be categorized, not by criminal penalties but by different forms of supply, for example by prescription or on wide availability on particular licensed premises. Drug wars on the other hand should create policies that argue about the degrees of regulation, not by the degrees of criminality. Penalties will be better if they are reserved for antisocial behavior like driving cars and fighting with people under the influence of drugs, and not for the use of the drugs themselves. The restrictions should be on selling drugs to children and not to adults, while the impediments that are emphasized should be health risks and not on the overcrowded prison. Perhaps, when drugs are legalized like tobacco and alcohol, many young people would take drugs or perhaps they will not. Drugs are more attractive specifically because they are forbidden.
But what about if they are not legalized, the world would be a safer place because legalization will increase the number of casual users which will increase the number of drug abusers; more and more drug users, addicts and abusers would get more health problems which in turn will lower economic productivity; albeit legalization will lead to saving in expensive criminal justice cost and offer tax revenue and increase public health costs, but due to low economic productivity and more drug-users workers will offset financial benefits of legalization; lastly, the legalization of both hard and soft drugs which are considered by experts to be harmless, they in the long run have negative consequences for health of users and additive liability unlike alcohol and tobacco.
In conclusion it is evident that police crackdown increases drug relate crime but the question to legalize drugs or not is worth taking, arguments on both the proposers and opposes are persuasive, so whom shall the U.S. government listened to. The best way to go about it is to suspend the judgment since the drug war has proven to be ineffectual in reducing crimes. In the meantime it is time to explore new approaches (Donohue, 157. 2012).

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Writing an Essay for College, how it differs from Writing in High School

One of the things as a student you will find out about your new dream college is that essay writing is different. Undoubtedly many of the things your high school teacher taught about in essay writing will be very helpful to you as you approach your essay writing in college. In essay writing for college, the tutors will want you to:
• Write clearly
• Have an appealing and arguable thesis, and
• Build paragraphs that are logical and focused.
If you still rely in the high school writing approaches, they won’t serve you well in college. The famous old high school formula of the five paragraphs theme and the use of elevated language to meet a ten-page requirement, aren’t stylish enough to offer a sound structure for an essay college paper. Instead they will fail you.
Then how do you make a triumphant shift from high school to college?
First, you simply need to comprehend that essay writing for college is much concentrated mostly on a specific kind called ‘academic writing’. Albeit this specific kind can be described in more than one ways, there are three notions about it that you also need to comprehend before you embark to make an errand of writing an academic paper.

1. Academic writing is about rewriting what scholars have written for other scholars.
Once you are in collage you join a community of great world thinkers called scholars and as a college going student you will be required to also be involved in activities that scholars have been involved in for ages, like reading about, thinking about, arguing about, writing about great ideas in a certain manner. The education you will acquire in college is meant to help you understand the expectations, conventions and requirements of being a great scholar.
2. Academic writing is dedicated to topic and questions that are of a specific interest to the academic fraternity
Once you start writing an academic paper, you must have already selected a topic or essay question that is relevant and correct by paying attention in class on what the tutor is talking about. He will surely give you a background into which you can position your questions and observations. Also, bear in mind that your academic paper must be of interest to other scholars and students, this imply that it should be based on more than your personal response. It is mandated that you must write content that your audience will find helpful. That is, you should write on something that your audience will better understand on the topic, or view it a new way.
3. Academic writing ought to present the audience with an informed argument
To build an informed argument, you should sort out on ‘what you know about’ your subject from ‘what you think about’ that particular subject. In other words, you should consider ‘what is known about’ your subject and then establish ‘what you think about’ it. In case your academic paper fails to inform, and fails to argue as well, then it will automatically fail to meet the expectation of the other scholar who is your academic reader.

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The Military’s Partnerships: Terrorism.

Emergency Management Program is used in the Army for the purposes of providing response efforts in planning, managing and execution in mitigating risks and its effects. Emergency Response plan is aligned to Department of Defense (DOD) and the U.S. Army. National Incident Management System (NIMS) as a consistency measure on the services provided by Department of Defense being adopted and implemented in all domestic installations (USNORTHCOM, 2012). The performance of U.S. Army without critical consideration of size, complexity and cause, is checked through NIMS and ICS on the nation’s effectiveness and efficiency in responding to domestic cases. According to USNORTHCOM (2012) best practices and consistent ones are integrated together by NIMS in relation to domestic incident in accordance with the federal, local, state and tribal abilities in jurisdiction levels.
In 2002 October 1, U.S. Northern Command was formed in Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado so as to provide control and command on the Defense Department homeland defense efforts and thus be in a position to coordinate a defense of the civil authorities (USNORTHCOM, 2012). As such, it defends the national power, nation’s people and the action freedom. U.S. Northern Command is expected to provide homeland defense through planning, organization and execution of services and the president and the secretary of defense can order it into a civil mission to provide support (USNORTHCOM, 2012).
NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command) is managed by U.S. Northern Command commander in protecting the aerospace surrounding Alaska, Canada and the entire United States (NORAD, 2012). In relation to this, U.S Northern Command’s responsibility and NORAD’s operations relate to each other in military participations and they both enjoy the services of one commander (NORAD 2012). However, under the United States of America laws, military forces are not expected to associate directly with enforcement of law instead it should provide civil support. In relation to this, it is only during emergencies such as a disaster that the military is allowed to enforce the law directly by being a lead agency. The emergency response plan would be carried out in five steps.
The response capability and probability should be assessed in Army installations. This assessment takes into consideration the environment, personnel involved and the infrastructures. Emergency responders, detection, response to warning, medical surveillance and security surveys are some of the techniques used in emergency response (NRF 2012). As the federal building exploded the first emergency response would be to assess the needs by evaluating the impacts of hazards of that emergency. Destruction of lives and property in the blast would be its major hazard and thus survivors have to be attended to and minimize the possible opportunities of the blast occurring again by arresting the three military personnel suspected to be involved.
Secondly, write a policy on the situation such as the types of explosives, personnel involved. This policy should aim at stating the objectives of the military in protecting their nations against terrorism and show they are committed into providing solutions in regards to the attack. The response on the incidents of all-inclusive and all-hazards is based on planned individual factors. The individual factors are listed as biological, natural hazard, nuclear, chemical, high-yield explosive and radiological by the Catastrophic Incident Supplement (CIS) and National Response Framework.
Thirdly, the level of response to the emergency is part of the response plan. The incident commander is expected to create and delegate assignments to the team and provide them with training through the Emergency Coordinator so as to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in the response process. In every scenario the team should be able to identify protection by analyzing the specific hazards. The responders’ limitations, capabilities and requirements must be assessed by the staff and commanders with high consideration of hazardous materials incidents. During an emergency, army colonels are usually assigned to the U.S Army North as defense coordinating officer (DCO) who validates the resources being used at the emergency and makes contact with the Defense department.
Fourthly, training of every personnel involved in sorting the emergency should be carried out at different response levels. As such, the emergency response team has to handle the hazard before and after it explodes. Preparations of all the hazards have to be considered for a better response in emergency. Preparations will be carried out by emergency officials in terms of accountability, atmospheric monitoring, communications, extrication, rescue and identification of contamination in the environment so that the evidence can be stored for future use. At the emergency center, Emergency Operations Centre (EOC), there is need to develop a communication plan by its staff and ensuring there is integration between them and local authority for the purposes of proper flow of responses and resources as requested by the incident commander.
Lastly, an audit is in order as a response plan strategy that seeks to promote continuous communication within and outside the emergency team and a process should be prepared to accommodate changes in protection and exposure levels. According to Winnefeld (2011) force protection and counterterrorism should be a major concern for USNORTHCOM and NORAD since violent extremists have been threatening the nation’s capability and intent.

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BRIDESMAIDS FILM ANALYSIS (Movie Review)

No one would have ever thought that a “chick flick” could become an extremely hilarious movie. Most of the time, such kind of movies are reserved for women and their emotional and sensitive counterparts. However, “Bridesmaids” managed to outdo itself proving that women can actually be very funny and a “chick flick” can indeed become appealing to a diverse audience. Many hilarious comedies have always been dominated by a male cast for example, “Superbad”, “Hangover” and so on, with their story line mostly influenced by crazy behavior during or after a drinking stupor. “Bridesmaids” on the contrary uses real women issues and situations to make things uproarious. It is an outstanding depiction of two bridesmaids fight for the control of the bride’s wedding, her approval, attention and love.

Through it all, the brilliant cast manages to arouse humor and appreciation of the woman’s viewpoint on various issues.

Considering the title of the movie, it would not be expected for it to do very well neither would anyone expect the level of humor that “Bridesmaids” carried. Therefore it is not surprising that it was termed as a surprise “success”. According to (Vincent 2011), “Bridesmaids” was surprisingly successful because it embraced the feminine honesty without all the other elements that make “chick flicks” totally unbearable like high heels, shopping and glamour.

It exceeded expectation as the characters did not behave as expected considering the producer of the movie who is known for movies with a lot of bad mouth vulgarity, beer and men who act like losers. “Bridesmaids” managed to be sweet and nice in a funny “Hangover” way. Arguably, the proclamation of producer Judd Apatow as the man behind “Bridesmaids” was enough to propel this movie to a surprising success…

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Buy an essay from professionals

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It will be very embarrassing to hand in your assignments and leave lots of doubt in the mind of the tutor. In order to avoid all this, students ought to have sufficient time to go through their essays they have bought prior to the time of handing them in so that in case there is any corrections to be made, then they can return them, make the necessary corrections and still be on time.

Though for a reliable company such cases are completely avoided by entrusting work only to a qualified person who has not only the ability to write but also to edit based on the specific instruction.

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Characteristics of Women in Chaucer’s the Canterbury Tales

Obeissance in medieval England was obtained by women, in case a woman happens to defy male authority she was referred to as a wicked woman in the footpath of Eve, and in case a woman continued to be true to her husband by being obedient even in harsh situations she could be equated to the Virgin Mary. These very opposing kinds of women are described in The Canterbury Tales where the tales involves gender relations and reveals the characters’ perceptions towards the opposite sex.

The writer illustrates the complex relations among sexes with irony and humor, something that has not only fascinated readers but critics as well through the ages. However, the writer experiments his female narrators and characters to reflect how both the Eves and the Virgin Marys objected the roles imposed on them by patriarchal order.

The Canterbury Tales is a story written by Geoffrey Chaucer and is about unconnected groups of twenty nine pilgrims travelling together on a pilgrimage. From single women to knights, to nuns and monks; to lower class-tradesman, they interact and narrate to each other their tales. Each pilgrim narrates two stories on the way to Canterbury and other two stories on the way back to London. What makes this story so compelling is how Chaucer has presented his female characters, they mirror real life qualities as Gordi puts it (2). Chaucer moulds real life characters, depicting both their physical appearance and characteristic which give the reader a clear visual image of the character. He as well gives a sense of credibility by putting his characters in a pilgrimage. It is inside these tales the reader meets the radical female characters of 1300-1400 who portray the behavior of women who challenged the order of mediaeval patriarchal society where they were mandated to be submissive to male authority (Friðriksdottir 9). Chaucer describes his female character in a way they either subject to the male domination, accepting their destiny to be under men without questioning, or they challenge male domination, following condemnation and attempt to gain control over their lives hence not victims of fate.

Chaucer’s female characters reveal their aspirations, culture and literacy background as women of medieval. A woman position in The Canterbury Tales was either to be a nun or a mother; however the tales narrated by the female characters illustrates individual hopes and dreams of women who are dissatisfied with the tradition that undermines their position. The Canterbury Tales mirrors middle aged women who are trying to seek for solutions so that they may be happy and satisfied. Vaneckova found out that there are only three female narrators on the pilgrimage (4).

The first woman narrator is Bath’s wife who represents wives that are trying to take control of their lives in marriage, the second woman narrator is the Prioress and the Second Nun who represent female voices of religion, and the third woman narrator are attitudes of the male narrators towards women. Albeit of the many different women’s characters in The Canterbury Tales, there are two roles that have been vividly illustrated: the wife role forms the basis of women who are social misfits and the role they present while the nun role features women who have perfectly accepted their roles. Nonetheless the tales echoes by these women shows there is something more fulfilling they are looking for than what fate has offered them. They want more than just a short time solution; they are searching for a higher feminine ideal appropriate to women. They appear to be reasonable women who have a dimension of humanity and are not predictable. With a unique voice they articulate hopes conflicting with their system in which they are a part of. But their voices are not used for aggressive self-assertion, depicting them to be weak and not close to feminism. They are also not recognized and furthermore they are unaware to formulate a noticeably feminine view of the world outside the male skill tradition. Chaucer has illustrated female characters as weak with shy voices of femininity who do not notice the insufficiency of male tradition.

In Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, female characters challenged the order of mediaeval patriarchal society in various ways. The first female narrator is Bath’s wife, she reflects women of controversial character. She is a wife, and a widow; she reveals her feelings, actions, beliefs, and behavior, which makes her appear as a subversive woman. So far her experience as a wife, a professional cloth maker; her connections with bourgeoisie linked with trading, her travelling, and her experience with different social classes; shows that she has been married five times. She learns that marriage is established on money, and the one in charge of the economic assets is the one who has sovereignty. So she manipulated her first four husbands who all die leaving her in charge of their lands and goods. She also proves that she benefited in all her marriages by giving the fifth husband everything she owned. More so, she disputes the clergy’s representation of God words and changes the perception to her benefit. The second female narrator is the cases of the Prioress and the Second Nun; they imitate female voices from the religion.

Prioress is a woman who gets her position in the monastery by means of endowment, her manners and behavior depicts she belongs to the aristocracy. While in the convent belonging to Benedictine order, she represents her former status. She does not comply with the rules and hence she is not completely devoted to her religious order. She defies it by: giving much attention to her attire; going for pilgrimages; and she own pets and gives food to them that is supposed to be given to the poor. In her tale she praises the Virgin Mary and look down upon the monks indicating they have gone astray in their way in serving God. This shows she does not hold men in high regard. The Second Nun undermines male writing, she praise a man who wrote about St. Cecelia. She narrates how St. Cecelia preached and converted many. Though married to Valerian, she maintained her virginity (Nelson 180). She wasn’t afraid to defend her belief in God and defy the standards of marriage. She tells her husband that if he attempts to claim her virginity he will die and vehemently rejects the traditional course of marriage. It is evident the Second Nun does not reject the husband’s right to dominate, but rejects the male authority. The third voice represents the males view on women; the tales of six women are narrated here. May from the Merchant’s tale and Alisoun from the Miller’s tale represents wicked and disobedient wives. They are young beautiful girls’ marriage to older men. However their beauty provokes jealousy of their husbands who holds them captive, but May and Alisoun subtly manage to find a way to be with younger suitors and fall into sin and betray their husbands. Griselda from the Clerk’s Tale and Custance from the Man’s of law tale are representatives for the ideal good wife. In as much as they endured suffering, they both yielded and obeyed their husbands and fathers. Custance sheepishly agrees to marry a man his father has chosen for her while Griselda chooses to endure the suffering her husband inflicts on her. Her selfish husbands tirelessly test her obedience and submissiveness on many occasions and require her to consent on his every demand. However both Custance and Griselda overcame their ordeals with faith and obedience, they never attempted to disobey and trick their husbands.

Emelye from the knight’s tale and Malyn from the Reeve’s tale represent women who turn out to be objects to be fought over, caught between battling opponents. Unlike most women they had no control over their lives, their fate and had very little or no chance to refuse their position in the society. Both Malyn and Emelye were objects and victims that were used by males. Malyn’s father used her to gain status by marrying her off to someone of good lineage, and Emelye was used in vengeance against her father.
The Canterbury Tales explore women’s gender roles and the patriarchal power structures, Chaucer’s description of female narrators and characters differs, but they however mirror on women and historical roles. The Canterbury Tales admits how unsuitable that position was, and steadily remind the readers of the harsh situations imposed on women, which was to make certain they succumb to the male authority.

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Mobile and Cellular: Small Cell Towers

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Characteristics of Women in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales

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Papers should be double spaced, with 1” margin on the left and 1.5” margin on the right. Please use 12-point Times New Roman. Cite your sources according to MLA. You should have a minimum of FOUR outside scholarly sources (remember your composition classes that have prepared you to write academic papers). Do not use Internet sources unless the exact same source exists in a printed form and merely happens to be on-line in a full text version. Papers will be graded on the originality of argument, use and integration of textual evidence, development of detail, and mechanics of writing.

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