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Models perform emotional labour to sell themselves to clients and agents, to create illusions for observers and the camera, and to find dignity in a job that is often degrading and humiliating’. From this we can deduce the fact that the article is discussing about the problems that face models in their careers and how they are viewed as objects and not as usual human beings.

Modeling, just like marketing involves selling of products to potential customers. As discussed in the article models on the contrary are just objects that wear products that the companies wish to sell. This requires them to watch their bodies carefully and treat them as assets. This in essence is objectification of human beings and they have no control over their bodies and themselves and have to fit into a system that is put there by the market. For instance they have to achieve the required height, age, weight and complexion. Apart from that they are required to alter their feelings in order to achieve the look that the audience desires. These are the codes that are set by the industry and if you can’t achieve them then you have no business being there.

This article explicitly examines the modeling industry by addressing how models manage their physical appearances and why they are forced to live lives that they are not comfortable with and the things they have to do in order to achieve their dreams. Also discussed in the article is what it takes to be a model and how hard it is to achieve superstar status in this industry where one is judged according to their looks. The main reason for the influx of girls who dream to be models is the over glorification of the career by American media all over.

Modeling seems to be a perfect escape for girls who wish to make a killing overnight only to realize that there is simply too much competition, criticism, rejections and having to pretend on all occasions which is quite hard. On top of that modeling is a tough career where apart from hard work, luck is also a great factor. For instance as shown in the article models only present themselves to potential clients without knowing whether they would be chosen for the job. This is because a client already knows the aspects he is looking for and it’s up to you to fit them and most of the times you don’t have control over them. For example if your eyes don’t match what is needed then you are out. It is as difficult as that.

Women have for a long time been judged by the way they look. To women beauty is prestigious and right from their days in school boys are approved socially by academic success whereas girls are approved for being slim (Gilligan, Lyons, Hanmer &Willard 168). The main reason for this is the culture that people live in where femininity is very different from masculinity. Over the years femininity has increasingly been sexualized and with the society taking a lot of control over the sexuality of women making them to try as much as possible to become sex objects (Holland, Blair & Sheldon 7).

As noted by Holland, Blair & Sheldon being a  woman is all about being a perfect sex object and a model is the a perfect example of a woman with  all the aspects of femininity. As a matter of fact most of the women all over the world sort of try to make their physical appearances to match those of models. For instance if you visit a number of gyms you will be shocked to find out that most of the young people you will meet are women as compared to men. Most of the women are also very conscious with their diets and would rather be hungry than increase weight and actually all the fabulous outfits are designed for slim women. While most of the men aspire to be successful financially most of the women aim to be physically like famous super models.

It is common to find a woman asking her girlfriends  about her similarity to Tyra Banks and not whether she is on the way to becoming  as successful as Bill Gates or Barrack Obama.

As much as more women are working in professional careers that require academic knowledge, their looks are still being emphasized in some of the. For instance air hostesses, customer care representatives and news anchors. These careers employ modeling in an indirect way because as so long as marketing of products still exist, it is the women who will be employed mostly because of their beauty.

Conclusion

The article takes the reader through the life of a model giving an in-depth look about what goes on from the start of a models career and behind the scenes right up to when we see them in the media. The article is also very informative on the difficulties that models undergo in order to appear on those glamorous magazines and other media outlets that we see them in and as discovered although the career depends on looks making people assume it is easy the truth is it is not. As a matter of fact most of the women as discovered in the article are aspiring to be like models in one way or another through the way they dress, eat and carry themselves out generally and this is mainly because of the cultural frameworks that we live in. Overall the article is informative about the modeling world and would be a good read to would be models.

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The policies governing the receipt and/or delivery of infertility treatment entail equality in accessing the treatments for all, irrespective of individual differences and to provide a wider approach in speeding the availability of infertility treatment or services. They also recommend a balancing in the charges pertaining to the same and should not be varied from one zone to the other. Given the availability of the available resources, the differences should not be of wide margins.

Nonetheless, these policies are insufficient of surveillance requirements at the state level while at the same time lack proper coordination, therefore posing absence of appropriate strategies diagnosing and treating infertility. This is same for services, care and insurance tariffs which are not consistent with the other states. In addition, there is lack of procedures concerning the relevant information that should be given and the form of counseling which should be accorded the infertile people. The counseling (as guided by the policies) should promote the merits of getting infertility treatment, adopting of children and how to live as childless couple, but these lack in them, (Gnoth et al 2005).The policies are inadequate in giving detailed plan to tackling infertility problem even though they dwell much on the essence of managing infertility amongst the nationals.

The policies are not focused on the prevailing evidence and is not in agreement of the stakeholders who should be the ones developing and implementing the plans designed. Policies on the infertility treatment should facilitate approaches towards prevention and managing the situation. However, there are implications on the policies as they are not appropriately acted upon along with the failure of health care insurance to concentrate on treatment, prevention and diagnosis, (Skakkebæk, N.E. & Lutz, W. 2006). These policies on the other hand recommend adherence to the current approaches for checking infertility for instance, examination and treatment of infections arising from sexual contacts which have a potential of contributing to infertility and encouraging of basic methods of prevention to all the stakeholders.

The stakeholders here include the state residents – with infertility problems, the existing community and non-community organizations, clinicians and health care providers, industries, agencies affiliated to the federal state, insurance care providers, advocacy units, the employers and scientists-cum-researchers. These assist in achieving the best outcomes necessary.

On the demands and features of infertility heath care services, there is need for increased and improved distribution and use of those who provide assisted reproduction treatment (ART) and the basic care to help in the debate on the application of using ART in the treatment of infertility, as Jensen et al (2008) suggest. Apart from this, there is demand for the installation of databases for collecting data concerning the use and funding of public services on both treatment and prevention of infertility amongst the stakeholders. This comes along with the need for relevant information regarding infertility and how it is treated especially with clear assessment on the outcomes.

Last but not least, there is demand for the improvement on the accessibility of facilities for diagnosing and treating infertility, alongside checking on discrepancies on the same. The other demands are need to enhance efficacy and safety in the treatment of infertility, and enhancing life quality of the infertile persons. Access to infertility treatment services should enhance the effort to curb by adopting the most appropriate infertility prevention health plan, and management of the situation. Identifying initiatives is useful and should focus also on the funding of health care programs.

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The Eastern African Valley civilizations were not completely African being originated from the Semites of the Arabic nature. They are however not very recognized because much of their remains are present as in Egypt. They used mud bricks us building materials just us the Egyptians also did. Besides, they had Sabean influence and the Axum possessed a rich architecture while on the same note, they all had a Cushic influence like detailed calendars and foundations built on stones, (Adler, P. J. & Pouwels, R. L. 2008).

On the other hand, the western civilizations of Ghana, Mali and Songhai were the earliest in Africa. They were organized into kingdoms which came to be empires their region was also essential in that they were the first to engage in agricultural activities, thus becoming the first group to get to fashion alongside iron tools and weapons production they also make the first Africans to engage in significant politics and cultivate food crops even before the coming of Christianity.  Adler, P. J. and Pouwels, R. L. (2008), further observes that the Ghanaians were peaceful and affluent following their mining and agricultural involvements. Along with Mali and Songhai, Ghana was stabilized because of agricultural advantage by the Niger River, trade involvement with Arabs from the north of Africa, salt mines from the Sahara as well as gold from Guinea forests, their armies were favored by the open Savannah and lastly the Islamism which helped them attain the best bases for learning and cultural development.

Racial and Ethnic Makeup of the Inhabitants

Most African slaves were based in the American mines and in plantations. They also were deemed fit for labor provision within the cities in the Americas and were put into varied occupational involvements in the urban areas. For the America slaves, the whites were accorded a better position in the social hierarchy both ethnically and in race. The African communities were enslaved, (Lewis, B. 1994). The divides were mostly on the basis of ethnicity derived along African origins and regionally. The Africans made up the majority and their cultural identity tended to survive enslavement, being dynamic unlike their counterpart’s. The main institutions evidenced are marriage and religion with religion standing out to breed resistance during the expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade.

The Evolution of Colonial Slavery through the 18th Century

The success of the colonialists, especially the southern ones was dependent on the labor as provided by the slaves. Were it not for the slave labor then they would not have been as affluent as they are presently, (Adler, P. J. & Pouwels, R. L. 2008). They heavily relied on exploitation of the slaves by overworking them since they needed the slaves very much. This touched on a number of factors which included socio-cultural as well as geographical aspects.

The Africans were taken to unfamiliar places so that they could not escape but still, their understanding of the land made it possible for them to run off. The number of slaves grew and became of importance to their hosts’ economic growth, (Lewis, B. 1994). During the 18^th century, African America slaves stayed in almost all the colonies of England’s North America and in fact there were approximately 650000 Africans who had been forced into North America before the Britain forbade its colonialists from taking part in the trade on slaves. Ghana formed the centre for trade of African slaves from where they were shipped while the Tropical America the overall slave trade centre.

It is in this century that the number of these slaves had been less by half that of the Native American slaves following colonial wars that resulted into enslavement and relocation of a number of slaves. The African slaves and their American counterparts shared common experiences as they lived together and thereby became lovers. They inter-married one another as they continued to relate and associate with one another and later yielded the present African Americans before complete end of slave trade in 1888 upon its abolishment by Britain in 1807.

The Different Approaches between the Northern and Southern Colonies

The circumstances that rule the colonies are characteristic of their respective colonialists and cannot be done away with in most cases. The northern and southern colonies had different approaches in the manner in which they formed settlements. Some of these settlements reemerged into either towns or even cities, (Michael, D. 1967). The southern colonies adopted the development of totally different locations as compared with the northern colonies.

Otherwise, these differences were influenced by a number of factors for example interrelationships with other communities, climatic aspects, socio-economic and political influences, and above all, slavery. But the major influence was nothing but the mindset as per th perceptions and assumptions held by the colonies in themselves. Following this, they separately developed varied behaviors, attitudes and even preferences according to their respective colonialists. The southern colonies developed a greater interest in the making of profits and adoption of agricultural initiatives as opposed to the northern colonies which was mainly aligned to religion, community, sturdy work ethic and family.

Forces For and Against Black Freedom in the 18^th Century

The Britain’s efforts to end slavery were one of the critical forces that led to the freedom of the blacks from slavery all over the world. Furthermore, there were a number of people who were opposed to the system of slavery as they did view it as brutal and inhuman and they therefore responded to it with great opposition to the act. This contributed to the freedom of the black slaves as well. In addition to these, there were people in the community who following their compassion for the slaves, pleaded with those owning slaves to treat them with humanity. In fact in some instances they attempted to derive laws to help check on the act.

Michael, D. (1967), observes that in some cases, there were revolutions and rebellion from the slaves themselves, especially those from the neighboring regions who could have managed to be on runaways. Such rebellions were a force that assisted in the slaves getting their freedom as they would demonstrate the kinds of captivity which they had been exposed to therefore facilitating their owners to shy away from keeping them further and so freeing them.

The beliefs in some societies did otherwise prevent the blacks from attaining their freedom from slavery since there were societies that strongly believed that slaves had to be involved especially in the tasks. This did make such communities and their leaders in particular to keep treating them ruthlessly and with hostility.

Apart from economic needs leading purchasing of slaves and thereby leading to the legal acquisition of slavery, there were also aristocrats in the slave population. These greatly were against the freedom acquisition for the black slaves. In fact, in such a system there were cases where the slaves were absorbed into the military, thus not enabling them have the deserved freedom.

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The United Nations is an international organization that unites more than 150 states that was formed immediately after the world witnessed the 2^nd world war which was too horrific presenting a need for a body that could unite the whole world and another war and correct the past mistakes that led to the war (Henckaerts 305). According to Williamson the existence of the United Nations is based on a 111 article charter commonly known as the U.N. charter that was signed in San Francisco on 26^th June 1945 (Williamson 100).

The charter laid out the most important functions of the UN to be maintenance of international peace, elimination of threats to peace and prevention of threats to international peace (Williamson 100). Today 65 years after the historic signing of the UN charter it is quite evident that the UN has not lived to the aspirations of its founders. Many conflicts that have occurred in the post world war could have been prevented or contained by the U.N. this paper aims to evaluate the failures of the U.N in conflict management. This would be done by re- examining some of the international conflicts and also propose what the UN could have done in order to manage and prevent them.

The charter of the United Nations

The charter which came into effect on 24 October 1945 spells the functions of the United Nations as maintenance of international peace and security, development of good diplomatic ties among nations and achievement of International Corporation in finding solutions to international problems (UN charter). Consequently its founder members committed themselves to prevention of war which had brought untold human suffering, upholding of human rights, promotion of international justice and bettering the economic and social standards of living for all mankind.

Kille summarizes the charter into what he calls the principles and purposes of the UN (Kille 49). According to him the purposes of the United Nations are to ensure sovereignty and political independence of all states, promotion of equal rights and peaceful settlement disputes without use of force.

In order to achieve these aspirations the United Nations founders laid set the framework for the operations of the United Nations as laid out in the rest of the charter. One would ask if all these aspirations have been achieved by the international body several years later.  Although it has been successful so far in preventing another r world war several conflicts between nations have occurred right under its watch and the general feeling is that it could have done more.

Conflict prevention

Schnabel, A. (2003), states that in order for conflict prevention to be successful one must learn from past successes as well as failures (Schnabel, A., p. 16). They further add the three main reasons for failure of the conflict prevention as stated by the former United Nations secretary Kofi Annan. He cited the lack of will by both or one of the parties in conflict to accept interventions by a 3^rd party as the greatest stumbling block. Others include the abcence of political will by the international community and the absence of visible conflict prevention strategies within the United Nations and internationally.

From this it is quite clear that the United Nations has failed in prevention of several conflicts that it could have handled very well considering the tools it has. Take for instance the Rwandan conflict where the UN failed greatly. According to Kille, the Rwandan genocide and the Bosnian massacre of 1995 occurred because of lack of ethics in the UN leadership (Kille 291). He further adds that the genesis of the genocide in Rwanda was tensions between the main communities there, Hutu and Tutsi. The Hutu claimed superiority over the Tutsi although originally it was the Tutsi who were crowned political heads by the colonial administrators.

Kille further adds that these tensions escalated as each side had political extremists who wanted to further their own interests leading to an agreement in 1993 that was facilitated by the United Nations and as part of the agreement a small number of peace keepers were sent to the country. This was a good move by the UN but as events that follow show how the UN lost the opportunity to prevent the genocide.

Apparently when the leader of the peace keeping mission sent a telegram to the UN in January 1994 showing his fear of an approaching genocide, the message never reached the Security Council courtesy of the bureaucratic processes in the UN although this was an urgent call that deserved attention from the body. shortly afterwards a plane carrying the presidents of  Rwanda and Burundi was shot down leading to a100 day long massacre of innocent civilians by the extremists in which more than half a million people lost their lives.

This is a clear example of how the UN failed to act when it should have. For instance if the Security Council had gotten notified of the impending genocide, several lives could have been saved. More so preventive measures like sending in of more troops to prevent the genocide could have been sent to the area. Even after the killing started, the UN could not effectively lobby for additional troop s from its members and the major powers took a back seat and watched the unfolding drama only concentrating on evacuating their citizens while leaving the Rwandese in the hands of killers. Kofi Annan himself accepted that the U.N. failed the world in the genocide when they could have done more (Thakur 335).

Being that the UN was established to stabilize international relations and to promote peace especially after the adversaries that were experienced after wars, much have been achieved with regard to human rights, global security and economic development. Now with concentration on the three areas, it is evident that the aspirations which were the main basis for the pioneering of the international organization.

 

Human rights

The image of UN peace-keepers have been common as part of the most viable role of the global organization regarding its efforts to ascertain congruency in human rights issues. The organization has been effective in addressing a vast array of issues associated with the wellbeing of humans and their lives all over the world. Taylor, P. & Groom, A. J.R. (2000), notes that there have been initiated programs to help in supporting child survival and development, environmental protection, management and conservation, health and medical concerns and poverty alleviation, all of which touch on the pertinent aspects circulating around human rights issues, with many other areas. Since its establishment, the United Nations has attained accomplishments regarding human rights, some of which are discussed below.

Peace and security have been maintained and enhanced by deployment of peace-keeping troops and observation teams to a number of conflict stricken nations. Following this, the UN has been able to restore peace and saved lives of many people who would have otherwise been rendered permanent casualties of violence. Mehta, V. (2005), observed that UN has received credit following its successful efforts to initiate peaceful settlements in varied regions all over the globe that had been in dire conflicts for example “the end on Iran-Iraq war, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, and an end to the civil war in El Salvador. The United Nations has used quiet diplomacy to avert imminent wars,” (Mehta, V. 2005, p. 4).

On a similar note, UN has been in the forefront in promotion of democracy thereby enabling many people enjoy freely and fairly conducted elections like for the ones which had been carried out in Namibia, Eritrea, El Salvador, Cambodia, Mozambique, Kosovo, South Africa and East Timor, (Mehta, V. 2005, p. 5), while at the same time given assistance, electoral advice along with monitoring electoral results and assessing the electoral processes.

Still on human rights issues, the United Nations have been in the forefront in promotion of human rights through embracing in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Through this, UN has ensured that endorsement of a number of comprehensive accords, especially related to political, economic, socio-cultural and civil rights, (Karns, M. & Mingst, K. 2004). This has been achieved through consideration of individual concerns of human rights such as abuses and torture cases along with human trafficking and unjustified detentions as consented on by a number of governments around the globe so as to enhance human rights. Besides, the UN has promoted independence and self determination by facilitating attainment of independence in a number of nations which are currently its members.

UN has helped strengthen and empower international enforcement of laws by facilitating formulation of different treaties and conventions that address pertinent issues on human rights, (Roberts, A. & Kingsbury, B. (1993). In addition to this, it has monitored and ascertained that international disputes are justified upon settling the matters surrounding them by giving directions on transparent judgment procedures to assist end these disputes and to calm down interferences on international affairs.

Another area on human rights issues in which the UN has made a greater achievement is in concern of the ending of apartheid in South Africa whereby it imposed measures, UN being a major influence in finishing the system of apartheid as the apartheid system was totally against humanity. This led to the participation of the Africans to start taking full role in the election processes without segregation from the whites and furthermore yielding into the formation of a government in which the majority belonged. To a number of refugees fleeing from conflicts, persecution as well as food insecurity, the UN has always made sure that humanitarian aid is provided to them through the coordination of its agency, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), (Archer, C. 2001, p. 89). Through this agency, the UN has been able to give provide food, medical attention, education, food and even repatriation aids to millions of refugees, most of whom are children and women.

Mehta, V. (2005), confirms that since 1950, that “the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) has sustained four generations of Palestinians with free schooling, essential health care, relief assistance and key social services virtually without interruption. There are 2.9 million refugees in the Middle East served by UNRWA.” Along with that, the UN through International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) has been giving credit to the poor and marginalized communities, thereby assisting millions of beneficiaries in hundreds of developing nations across the entire globe.

Global Security

During its existence for now 65 years, the United Nations has been satisfactory to the aspirations of its pioneers on the case of global security through its operations in peacekeeping in different regions all over the world. Many countries have been rebuilt following the efforts of the United Nations, especially after being adversely stricken by wars. The UN has been in the forefront maintaining orderliness along with peace, security and calm.

Although the international organization has been in occasions failing like for the cases where it has given resolutions which it never had any viable intent to fulfill, Mehta clarifies that “the UN at its best is only mirror of the world. It reflects divisions and disagreements as well hopes and convictions. Some times it only muddles through. (Mehta, V. 2005, p. 23).

The UN has promoted and maintained peace all over the world which has been alienated to increased challenges and threats. Many operations have been accomplished by the organization in disarmament for arsenal destructions and controls, as well as carrying out peace keeping initiatives and preventing of conflicts all of which are encompassed within its charter as part of its mandate. Malone, D. (2004), observes that these initiatives have been accomplished through the UN’s agencies for instance, The International Atomic Agency (IAEA), UN peace keeping operations, General Assembly, University of Peace and the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Office of Disarmament affairs (First Committee and Commission) and Security Council.

With the agencies, the UN has been able to formulate principles to help govern treaties for disarmament and revision on international peace and security regulations to suit the operations on the same. For instance, Berdal, M. & Economides, S. (2007), has it that one of the treaties for which the UN has achieved success are on “the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 1968 (NPT), Anti-Personnel Landmine treaty 1997, the chemical weapons convention 1992, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 1996 and many multilateral and bilateral agreements including creation of nuclear weapon free zones (Latin America, Caribbean, and Africa,” according to Mehta, V. (2005, p. 25). Apart from these, the UN plays prominence in ensuring that application of atomic energy is serene and that no proliferation in the adoption of nuclear weapons by putting in place verification and inspection measures for the same.

The UN has also enhanced the security status of the world by encouraging an approach that is multilaterally designed thereby seeking collaboration amongst different nations and the involvement of nations in using United Nations’ suggested systems in dispute resolutions instead of sticking to unilateral solutions. Apart from this, the UN has been able to formulate a framework to help realize peace with reflection on injustices, discrimination and refutation on the efforts aimed at making up for universal terrorism threats.

Besides, the UN has been able to handle pertinent issues and challenges that derail the culture of peace and political instability. It has also formed collaborative approaches to help eliminate the global war threats

Economic Development

On economic development, the United Nations has made remarkable contribution to the developing countries with the African nations being the highest in its prioritization, (Taylor, P. & Curtis, D. 1958, p. 328). It has effected support for a number of nations’ economic revitalization as well as development in addition, it has ensured that all the commitments of the entire world are adhered to and the challenges that face it on the basis of economy are counteracted. Furthermore, many investors and entrepreneurs have been aided with funds from the UN to assist them acquire better enterprises. With UN, several projects have been accomplished therefore earning a number of nations millions of foreign exchange.

In the developing countries, the UN has also been involved fully in the promotion of investment by promoting entrepreneurship innovations and developments, economic independence, industrial collaborations, technological transmission as well as cost-effectiveness in the industrial sectors all over the world through United Nations Industrial Organization (UNIDO). Consequently, there have been adjustments in economic regulations to fit into the social requirements, (Claude, I. L. Jr. 1971, 1984). In fact, the UN has accentuated the need to adopt human needs in defining how to restructure the economic policies in a way that can accommodate the needs of the poor thereby safeguarding their needs as well.

Still on the same note, the UN has engaged in the protection of consumers’ health by ascertaining the safety of the foodstuff which they purchase and by putting in place standards to manage safety status of healthcare products. There have also been attained, trade systems for the developing world which enables them export their commodities to the developed countries. Agreements have also been made to make sure pricing is fair for the sake of the developing nations. Dodds, F. (1997), notes that it has also assisted several countries in enhancing their economies, giving training for officials in governments and giving financial aids, with collaboration of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. In addition to these, the UN has achieved much in the promotion of workers’ rights through the International Labor Organization (ILO) by pushing for workers; freedom and liberty as Donnelly, J., observes:

“To association, the right to organize, collective bargaining, the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples, promote employment and equal remuneration and has sought to eliminate discrimination and child labor. And by setting safety standards, ILO has helped reduce the toll of work-related accidents,” (Donnelly, J. 1999. p. 99).

 

The United Nations has also played a significant role in protecting intellectual rights on property for those with original inventions, while also maintaining a register of millions of trademarks. Moreover, it does protect the efforts of authors, artists as well as composers and writers as this enforces their property rights and offer them more opportunities to have their achievements disseminated in a justified manner.

Conclusion

On to conclusion, the United Nations has been successful in achieving numerous aspirations as per its charter as demonstrated in the discussion. Even though at times it has faced a number of challenges, the powers accorded the UN have been a boost to the international organization in realizing several better outcomes and with the phase of globalization in place, the UN still have with it more powers towards attaining more results being that its operations are transparent, (Dodds, F. 1997). And with its diversified stretch in handling almost all the pertinent issues that affect the international community as a whole, the UN has a great potential to curb the many adversaries that are now vices globally.

Through reforms, the organization is well assured of staying stable and keeping it away from any damage to its reputations as the United Nations has a strong advocacy that shares its vision of development and bettering the human face under all circumstances, (Archer, C. 2001, p. 76). This is assured following its collective responsibility in rolling out its objectives across all its affiliate agencies therefore ascertaining protection of human rights, global security and development of the global economic status. This is strength to the organization as well.

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Abstract

Dynamism in philosophy is a theory, doctrine or a system which does seek to explain on the phenomena of the universe through immanent energy or force. In religion, dynamism is the main theoretical viewpoint which finds an immanent force, universe as well as energy underlying. Dynamism had been formulated as a major theoretical alternative to proposed theories on the main origin of religion.  The main perspectives in sociological literature that does reflect on the main dynamism of religion are religion in respect to everyday lifestyle, religious evolution, culture, religious discourse, religious evolution and the influence of social reality as far as religion is concerned. This paper will hence discuss on Smart’s dimensions of religion, the religious doctrines, philosophies as well as the critical analysis in dynamism.

Introduction

Religion is one aspect that gives a person both relationship and identity. It deals with meaning, selfhood as well as purpose. Religion does answer some of the critical questions for various people in a satisfying as well as multidimensional way. There are various types of religious experience. These are mystical and numinous experiences.  Numinous experiences focus on the main encounter with God for example the encounter of Moses with God in the burning bush. The mystical experience one tends to experience a loss as far as personal identity is concerned. The experiences can hence be grouped into monist, nature and theist mysticism (Eric, 2008, pp. 151).

There is also an essence of rituals dimensions. Rituals are basically what the believers do. It offers the believers a symbolic communication mode which is designed to propel them out of the usual or ordinary experiences to extraordinary realities. Rituals are usually based on myths that are contained in a certain worldview (Philip, 1996, pp. 307-321).

The basic Christian doctrines focus on the revealed word of God. It is basically the Christian theology that regards on the God, the nature of the truth, Jesus, salvation, God, the trinity, the Holy Spirit, resurrection and the gospel. The Christian doctrine is accurate, informative and quite brief. The basics are usually the foundation of one’s Christian life. In the Christian doctrines there is an aspect of the bible, God, man and creation.

Religion is quite imperative to diverse people and every person’s religion is something which every person is dedicated to. However, we cannot deny that most rituals as far as outsiders are concerned are complex to comprehend and quite bizarre. Religious humanism does focus on integration of all religious rituals with some humanistic philosophy which centres on human interests, needs and abilities (Samuel, 1970, pp. 100).  Religious philosophy is any philosophical thinking which is directed and inspired by religion for example Judaism philosophy, Buddhist philosophy or Christian philosophy.

This paper will focus on various traditions and basically Christianity and Buddhism in respect to religious doctrines, philosophies and rituals. It will also put immense emphasis on Smart’s six dimensions of religion as well as other doctrines for example Joseph Smith’s doctrine of deity.

Discussion

            Religious rituals

Rituals are set of actions that are performed basically because of their symbolic values. It can be prescribed by traditions of a certain community or religion. The term does exclude actions that are arbitrarily chosen or dictated by performers either by chance, logic and necessity.  In religion, rituals comprise of the prescribed forms in performing cults or cultus of a certain observation in a religion or within a religious denomination. Though rituals are often focused on or used in the context of worship that is performed in churches, the main relationship between religious doctrines and rituals vary from an organized religion to a non institutionalized spirituality.  Rituals usually have a very a deep connection with astonishment thus in most cases it does express reverence for some idealized humanity state or deity.

The main functions of rituals have often been immensely exploited for political issues. Besides reverence and personal worshipping dimensions, rituals do have a basic importance as far as expressing, reinforcing and fixing the beliefs and shared values of the society is concerned. Rituals help in creating group identity and human beings have always used rituals in order to create some social bonds as well as nourish some interpersonal relationships. Nearly all the sororities and fraternities do have rituals that are incorporated in their structure from secret to elaborate rites to a more formalized structure used in convening a meeting.

Christian rituals and practices

Most of the religious practices and Christian rituals do vary between denominations, individual Christian and individual church though some of the practices are virtually to all Christian forms. Most of the Christians do attend worshipping services on Sunday which comprise of praying, singing and sermons. Most of the Christian churches do have special rituals meant for designating or ordination of a person that is fit for a certain leadership position in churches. At home most of the practicing Christians do pray regularly and even read their bibles.

Nearly all the Christians get baptized either in early infant stages or when they become adults. They also do participate regularly in communion which is also called Eucharist or Lord’s Supper. Communion and baptism are usually considered as sacraments that are instituted by Jesus. The Catholic Church has recognized five sacraments and other practices which are referred to as devotions or sacramentals which comprise of praying of the rosary as well as going to pilgrimages. Both Orthodox and Catholic churches do have religious orders. Some of the Christian practices are baptism, communion, confirmation, prayer, Sunday services, missions and evangelism, marriage, healing, ordination and funerals (Hendrick, 2008).

The Roman Catholic does recognize seven sacrament rituals which comprise of baptism, penance, confirmation, Eucharist, Holy Orders, Matrimony and extreme unction (Hendrick, 2008, pp. 296).  The protestant churches do recognise Eucharist and baptism since these can only be proved from the scripture to having been instituted by Jesus Christ. The protestant churches usually have some formal ceremonies for the matrimony though it is not regarded as sacraments.

Buddhism rituals and practices

Buddhism does incorporate a variety of practices and rituals which are usually intended to aid in the enlightenment journey as well as bring forth blessings to others. The meditation practice is basically central to almost all Buddhism forms and is directly derived from all the teachings and experiences of Buddha. Mediation is the main focus as far as Zen Buddhism is concerned and the main liberation in Theravada Buddhism. Buddhism practices and rituals do comprise of detailed and intricate prayers. It comprises of Puja or prayer which is a main way that is used to express dedication and offerings to God (, pp 102).

Following and practicing these rituals helps a person to move onto the enlightenment path. The prayers are usually initiated through evoking of sangha. After sangha has been evoked then the dharma and sadhaka students perform some prostrations which are also known as three aggregates. They comprise of the mind, body and the speech. It also does indicate and reveals that these students have hence acknowledged the Buddha bodies which comprise of Smbhogakaya, Dharmakaya and Nirmanakaya (Vicki, 2003). The immense power in Buddhism is usually found when one fully engages in it. There is however more in Buddhism than just practices and rituals. However, rituals happen to be both teaching and training.

In Buddhism, merit is usually shared and made through periodic, daily, yearly festivals as well as special rituals. Services involved in chanting or worship only take place at home, temple or monastery. Through incense and lighting of the candles before the image of Buddha, the monks hence chants together and then the lay family offers the prayer. The flowers are also placed as a symbol of life’s impermanence.

The daily rite of Buddhism is offering of the food. The Theravada laity does make this offering to monks and Mahayana laity does make it to Buddha as part of worship. In both settings merits is usually shared (Bibhuti, 2000,  pp. 69).  There are usually some special rituals used to protect, mark and bless occasions of major transitions of life. They usually protect and mark passage times from one stage to the other for example births, birthdays, marriage, coming of age, death and others. The monks are the ones who do preside over funerals, ordinations and even death rites. In the tradition of Theravada, ordination is either coming of age or puberty rite. The monks also preside over entering of new house and birthday rites.

The Ex-monks elders from the lay community do perform rituals for marriage and childbirth (Bibhuti, 2000). The lay priests on the other hand preside over some rituals like presentation of a child to the temple, confirmation of girls and boys during death and puberty and others. The Buddhists do celebrate Buddha’s birth as well as the New Year, death and enlightenment. The beginning of the year is a time dedicated to take stock of each person’s well wishing, Karma and cleansing. The laity bathes the images of Buddha by sprinkling them with water as well as elders and monks as a sign of respect and good wishes. The monks hence chant their blessings to the laity and share on the merits of this occasion with the dead. The pouring of the water is not just a sign of honouring the monks, elders and Buddha but it is offering for plentiful days and rain to come.

Theravada Buddhists do transfer and honour merit to the ancestors on each occasion of sharing and merit making. The Buddhists also do have a chance of celebrating the blessing ceremony. During the blessing ceremony the major item is the image of Buddha whereby a white thread is wrapped or tied around. The thread usually has around 8 strands which signify and symbolise the 8 fold path (Bibhuti, 2000). It is usually white to signify or represent purity while the thread symbolises connection, unity, peace, harmony and solidarity. Some of the elements that are involved in Puja or worship are bowing, offerings, chanting, lights, relationships and meditation.

Generally the practice of Buddhism is usually associated with reflective, quiet as well as introspective aspects involved in formal meditation with little realisation or recognition of the various means in which we can cultivate some qualities for example gladness, joy as well as uplift of one’s heart.

Smart’s six dimension of religion

Ninian Smart came up with various dimensions in relation to religion.  These are the ritual, experiential, mythic, ethical, philosophical, social and the material dimensions.  The ritual dimension as put forth by Smart comprises of all the practices as well as rituals that include waving flags, marching, praying and even taking of holidays (Ninian & John.  2009, Pp. 152). The experiential dimension comprise of religious experiences for example revelations, visions, religious ecstasy and enlightenment. The mythic dimension comprise of both written and oral tales with formal and informal teachings, predictions and alternative histories. The philosophical dimension is the formal and official teachings which do underpin the mythic or narrative parts of the religion. In Christianity, there are existences of cults following the stories, rituals and life of Jesus which hence formed the Christian doctrines.

The ethical dimension dictate the fact that the formal and moral laws from any system do run the gamut from complex and extensive Mosaic laws to unwritten and variable set of the Christian taboos. The social dimension does require a physical form as opposed to others which are abstract.  The social dimension comprises of the formal organization for example umma, church, mosque or sangha. The material dimension comprise of the religion’s physical creations which comprise or art, icons, buildings and instruments of ritual. It also comprises of the natural features which are crucial to the system for example holy ground, sacred mountains and Jerusalem.

The ritual and practical dimensions do cover all acts of worship whether corporate and private, preaching, meditation and sacrifice. It also does include some other practices for example yoga. The examples do comprise of the celebration of Eucharist in Christianity. Experiential dimension brings together ranges of some religious phenomena which range from experience of conversion to shamanistic trances (Ninian & John.  2009).

It comprises of less dramatic feelings for example stillness and sense oneness which is usually reported by the believers to occur in moments of reflection. The mythic dimension incorporates stories which form a starting point to some religious teachings. The creation myths are usually incorporated with accounts and devotional material of lives of important individuals. The philosophical dimensions refer to teachings encompassing the world’s religions. The more the religions develop; their myths as well as narratives are hence explained by intellectually rigorous and complex doctrines of the official teachings.

In Buddhism the social dimension in reference to sangha is usually a name that is given to a community of nuns and monks as well as the wider Buddhist community. As far as material dimension is concerned, Buddhism has hence given rise to various statues while orthodox Christianity has come up with some beautiful icons.

Although Ninian Smart has not offered a succinct definition of what religion is, his main approach offers an insight into religious nature. It is a major system which can hence be applied to humanistic and secular world views for example Marxism and nationalism.

Smart’s main goal is to advance on our understanding of how human beings do interact thoughtfully to express on the exigencies of existence and nature.

Religious doctrines

In various religions, some doctrines are usually considered imperative to belief system. There are usually key or central doctrines which form a primary base to the belief system. Denial of these essential doctrines tends to compromise one’s religion. Any person who tends to deny some of the central doctrines should hence not be accepted as being a genuine follower to that faith.

There are numerous Christian doctrines. In Christianity, there is usually only one Supreme Being. God is a trinity and there are no other gods after or before God. God is omnipresent, powerful, and sovereign and created everything that does exist. It is crucial as a Christian to realize the basic doctrines to be in a position to answer questions which arise on why we believe on what we believe. There are six important doctrines that Christians believe.

The first essential doctrine is the bible. Christians do believe on the fact that the bible happens to be the inerrant inspired word of God.  All the men who wrote the bible were guided and inspired by Holy Spirit in order to papyrus the truths that God did want us to know. The second imperative doctrine is the human being. We all believe that we are created in God’s image. In the Garden of Eden, God created Adam who he formed from earth’s dust. God also created eve when He took a rib from Adam. The third doctrine is God. Christians believe in God and three persons namely the Holy Spirit, Son and Father which we do refer as trinity.

The other doctrine is Jesus. As Christians we do believe on the fact that Jesus is a son of God and part of Trinity.  Jesus came in form of a man and died on the cross hence taking our punishments.  Jesus is usually called the Lamb of God as he takes away the sins of mankind.  The other doctrine is the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit happens to be the third part of the Trinity. The Holy Spirit happens to be God and inhabits the believers. Through the guidance of the Holy Spirit people are in a position to interpret the scripture as well as learn what is needed by God and what He really requires. Christians do believe that everybody is a sinner and that is why Jesus had to suffer on behalf of them.

Finally there is the salvation doctrine. Christians believe that there is one way to enter the kingdom of heaven and that is through Jesus Christ. The only way to receive salvation is through belief and faith. Christian Doctrines appear ritualistic and convoluted to seekers who have otherwise experienced organized religions traditions.  Most of the churches hinder the understanding and presentation of Christian doctrine.

Religious philosophy and criticism

Religious views and opinions should never affect people’s treatment that has divergent views. The treatment to other people is based on respect and has no any religious preference. All human beings ought to have unified respect given to one another. The religious philosophy is an enthralling area in philosophy. It not only addresses on some perennial questions but also questions on the existence of God and how He is like if at all He exists.

Christian philosophy requires faith as far as biblical revelation is concerned. However most Christians assume that their faith is indefensible and they reason by claiming that what they really believe is completely beyond reason. As far as Christian philosophy is concerned, the bible does not point out that we abandon reason for us to accept truth. Apostle Paul in 1 Peter 3:15 encourage the Christians to present some logical as well as compelling reasons as far as their hope in Christ is concerned.

Christianity does answer most of the contentious questions. Though most people debate on the existence of God, for most average people such debate is completely irrational and irrelevant.

The major tenets of the Christian philosophy are quite rational since they are only held by the rational and average people. However, Christianity still runs through some epistemological problems. There are always questions on how the knowledge gained through faith in the biblical revelation can compare to the intellect and knowledge gained by the scientific investigation (John, 1900, pp. 12). All knowledge does require faith as it precedes reasoning power.  Though humanists and Marxists portray science as the primary faith and knowledge in the biblical revelation as blind as superstition or epistemology, the fact is that all the methods of knowing do rely on assumptions (John, 1900).

The main philosophical problem is not actually the problem of reason versus faith but is the fact that most thinkers do place their entire trust in sets of assumptions as they search for truth as other thinkers place their entire trust in other divergent sets of assumptions.  Marxist and humanist do place their trust in particular findings of experience and science which can never be rationally demonstrated as the main source of truth.

Christians do appeal to History, Science as well as personal experiences though they are fully aware that such avenues in discovering the real truth are not reliable (Szerszynski & Bronislaw, 2005, pp. 813-822).  Christians are fully aware on the fact that the scientists do make some mistakes and even the fact that the scientific journals are likely to be discriminatory on the views that are considered as dangerous. They are also aware that history can be twisted, distorted, perverted and the fact that personal experience can never be a rich source of knowledge or fact. They do believe that the biblical revelation is quite true and God can never mislead his own people.

Christian philosophy has never rejected tests of truth or reason.  The Christians assert that the New Testament is factual and true since its truths can as well be tested.  Christian epistemology is usually based on some special revelation which is based on law, history and archaeological science.

The philosophical naturalists do make the assumption that through their definition they do accept on faith. They do agree on the fact that there is no any supernatural. Faith is quite imperative and crucial in each philosophy thus when people are developing philosophy ought to be quite careful to base their case on truthful assumptions otherwise the entire philosophy will end up crumbling.

Generally Christian philosophy is held as being the most logical and rational among all the worldviews and hence requires no other faith than other philosophies.  It does represent on the general worldview which is quite consistent with the Bible. Christian philosophy embraces on the meaningful and purposeful life where one shapes their beliefs on a reasonable, coherent and truthful worldview. It is the duty of the Christian leaders to comprehend on the ideologies of philosophy in order to be in a position where they can face challenges amicably.

On the other hand, Buddhism philosophy and concern is on eliminating suffering as well as finding for a cure for the pain that exists in humans. Buddha intended his philosophical base to be practical and one that is aimed at happiness to all the creatures. As he outlined his metaphysics, he never expected anybody to go ahead and accept through faith but to go ahead and verify through insights. His main emphasis was based on seeing and understanding clearly (Masih, 1991, pp. 17).

In order to achieve such insights the Buddhists have to live a disciplined way of life and immense commitment to the liberation.  Buddha laid a clear path on how to live wisely and his core teachings are usually contained in the Noble Eightfold path that covers the Buddhist practices. The main goal is meant to cultivate compassion and wisdom.  Regarding the Buddhist path as being a philosophical one, then one ought to consider the epistemology.  Buddha derived a consistent and complex system of philosophy that has stood for many centuries through assumptions for example dependent origination and impermanence. His teachings are self evolving and quite interactive with its end goal being Nirvana.

Arguments for the existence of God

The arguments can be classified in Ontological, Cosmological, Teleogical, Moral, Pascal’s Wager arguments and finally the argument basing on religious experience.  Pascal’s Wager is a basic argument for a belief in God based not on the fact that God exists but based on self interest (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001, pp. 384). It states that it is in our interests to go ahead and believe that God does exist and hence it is rational to believe. This argument is supported by considerations of consequences of unbelief and belief.  If we go ahead and believe in God and then the argument runs that He actually exists then we shall get a reward and in case he does not exist then we have nothing to lose.

The ontological argument proves on the existence of God through abstract reasoning. There is an argument that a God who does exist is better than one who does not. To speak of God as being perfect then it is to affirm that He does exist and to assert that He does not exist is simply contradicting ourselves (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001).

The cosmological argument focuses on the existence of the universe and a being that keeps it existing.  Since the universe did not exist before, then there is an explanation on why it does exist. There must be a being that is behind the existence of the universe (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001).  The teleological argument focuses on the order of the universe and the main existence of a being that created it with a purpose in mind (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001).  It is plausible that the world is like that because it had been created by God with a major purpose which is life.

The moral argument is an argument from the nature or existence of morality to existence of a Supreme Being who is God (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001). Finally is the argument from a religious point of view. It states that personal experiences are likely to prove God’s existence to those that have undergone through such experiences. One hence can perceive only that which does exist and hence God should exist since there are those that have experienced Him.

Critical analysis of dynamism

Both Christian and Buddhism are meant to solve various known problems in the society and to answer some contentious questions. However, there have always been controversies as both traditions are vulnerable to some extent. They have not been able to solve most of the societal problems as there are divergent beliefs and opinions from its members. Though the opinion of each person should be respected, the two traditions should come together and try and solve some of the problems in the society for example poverty, child abuse, abortion and others.

Conclusion

Today, there are various religious beliefs and traditions with diverse contribution as far as the societal problems are concerned. Though they are meant to answer some of the intriguing questions, they have failed to do so because of the controversies they have created. Dynamism as far as religion is concerned is inevitable. Both Buddhism and Christianity have their stand as far philosophy, rituals, dynamism and arguments on the existence of God are concerned. They differ to a large extent but their goals are similar as they are after making the world a better place to be. They both value the concept of reason as far as their philosophical base is concerned. However, religions in an aim to solve most of the world problems, they should come together and agree on a common goal and fight to answer some of the contentious issues and questions.

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The research question that was paused by Milgram showed the centrality of the research that he was undertaking. Indeed, if the research questions guides any literary discourse within the framework of ethical research and human dignity not withstanding, the approach used by Milgram was sufficiently justifiable and timely, given the magnitude of the goings-on then. While the research would have raised salient human rights questions, the research and such critical researches today are dully justifiable.

It is indeed clear that the Milgram Experiment raises a number of ethical concerns; however, the critics seem to have been much lopsided in their approach and overrode the positive implications of the Milgram Experiment.  The research reveals that contrary to commonly held beliefs, the personality of the sample can impact largely on the obedience of the persons and not necessarily the coercion. Besides, the research shades sufficient light on the issue that social behaviour is also critical in the obedience of the individuals.

According to Milgram the research was supported by 84% of the participants and only 1% of the participants felt deprived (Milgram, p 377). Going by this outcome it emerges that for as long as the intent of the experiment is to support the livelihood of man, then such research should be justified and given a green light. Realising that the research was intended to support survival by man, the participants felt content that they in fact participated in the research.

The research had critical human implication both on psychological reinforcement and administrative principles. Ideally, the source of the power is what reinforces the occurrence an activity. Supervision as methods of ensuring activities are carried out in the right manner is seen as very applicable and feasible without necessary intimidation. Clearly, the presence of an authoritative figure increases dramatically the compliance in the accomplishment of duties.

Shamoo & Resnik the objective of the research should guide the demonization of the research that is to be conducted (Shamoo & Resnik, 2009, p 47). Within the research proposal the researcher should cleared state the essence of the research. According to Milgram the argument that participants accepted the research participation because it had been sponsored by Yale University is cleared protracted and baseless (Milgram, p 375). If the research proves beyond doubt that the experiment is safe, research with positive human implications should be allowed to go on.

Research should always identify the research population appropriately and most importantly, the research sample selected randomly. Milgram ardently met these critical criteria and had all the research samples selected in a random manner. This shows that the research was dully empirical and scientific with objective that would help leverage scientific and psychological questions.  Clearly if the supervising authority is not friendly, the execution of duties would be impeded.

The Milgram experiment shows in essence that there are very few chores that will have the least pressure; consequently, human being will always experience some pressure of some magnitude regardless of the task (Milgram, p 371). Subsequent, some pressure of pain of some level will be experienced within an experiment and for as long as the sample population are not forced and are willing, any research will be justified provided the research does pose some danger to the population.

In the words of Persaud it is possible that the variation of the situation would impact on the personality and thereby swaying the obedience level (Persaud, p 20). Besides, the obedience level would still be influenced by external and internal factors. The factors would range from temperament to the beliefs of the individual. The experiment carried out by Milgram open the discourse on the ideal determinant of character and the obedience at the workplace replete of the ethical standards. If this research was carried out today, it could have been shrouded in utter controversy; yet the lessons learnt from the research have much utility and dully in application.

If the Milgram experiment was to be carried out today, it would have fallen prey to a number of legal research requirements. Firstly, the research participants were not ardently informed on what exactly as being researched. It was incumbent on Milgram to ensure that the research had hypothesis that could be tested. Consequent, according to Blass the research participants seemed to distressed despite the fact that when asked at the end of the research, a substantive number 84% showed that they were glad that they had taken part except 1% that utterly felt deprived (Blass, p 68). Besides, the research was made to appear to the research participants that it had met the minimum research requirements.

According to Blass the use of human being in research has for example been forbidden in research by the federal government (Blass, p 402). The use of persons in the research not only went against the rights of the individual but again the ethics in research. The state of the whole research was also very questionable given that there was pain that was inflicted on the research participants. While the research was not dangerous, the infliction of pain is not justifiable under whatever circumstances. The trauma that participants experienced is exposed in their response to whether they could have continued if they were offered a chance.

Research ethics require that the research is very honest. However it is evident that the Milgram research was disguised under the name of the Yale University hence making the general public believe that the research was both legal and satisfied by the requisite authorities. Some of the information used by Milgram seems to have been fabricated falsified and misinterpreted to convince the research participants to take part in the experiment. The administration of the university seems to have equally been put in the dark over the goings-on of the research.

Bass argues that the research lacked some objectivity to a reasonable extent (Blass, 407). The decisions that were made by Milgram were utterly one-sided and done without consulting with both the administration and the research participants. The data collected from the research should be shared with the interested parties. The research method and approach exhibited by Milgram apparently seems inclined towards privacy and monopoly of the findings thereto.

The research would have not been carried out today because it because it does lack consistency of thought that would have been exhibited through the use. The sincerity shown by Milgram is far from that expected from the research ethical fraternity. The confidentiality of the research was not upheld by Milgram and this goes against the present research ethics.

Conclusion

In conclusion the research carried out by Milgram had critical objectives that could have been used in pursuing pertinent administrative, management and psychological issues. However, the research could not adequately measure to the standards of research and the legal requirements. While it is appreciable that the research opened research into the relationship between obedience and the presence of authority, it was utterly flawed in terms of the research ethics.

Consequently, the need for the administration of the day to be informed on the goings-on under their areas of jurisdiction is put to disrepute here. The Yale University seems to have remained in the dark as Milgram undertook a traumatising process on the research sample. This goes against the rights of the participants who were entitled to personal consent which was clearly not sought. Where an impression was created to this effect it was dishonestly presented to the participants.

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Unfortunately very few of the people in my area are like me. Mexican albinos have been over the years been treated with much skepticism. Perhaps what the Mexican albinos go through is the real extreme of racial segregations. Like the discrimination that was experienced in South Africa over colour bring about apartheid. Take the Tanzania case where the Mexican albinos have been butchered in the name of harnessing concoctions from their skin. This has exposed the form of racism never given attention hitherto.

Leaders within the community treat the Mexican albinos as though there are non existent. Yet these very Mexican albinos are urged to vote for these very leaders. As societies talk of disfranchised groups the Mexican albinos remain at the periphery of any such marginalised groups.  We Mexican albinos have been treated as less human replete of the fact that it is only their skin colour that sets them apart as different. According Palmer (Palmer, p 80) studies have shown that despite their colour pigment lack their mental capacity is similar in all aspects to that of persons with requisite skin pigments.
Mexican albinos have been associated with inhuman superstition across different nation in the world. This has made the Mexican albinos to suffer both from public discrimination and individual discriminations. They have been deprived and denied certain human rights because of being Mexican albinos. Some Mexican albinos have been victims of violence so as to get rid of them from society. In some communities Mexican albinos are killed at birth. As if this reprimand is not sufficient those who harbour albinism child are regarded with the least respect and as infidels or as damned.

Apparently even institutions that happen to take keen interest in the rights of humanity have very limited literature on my likes. It has emerged that it is only in this 21^st century that attention of on the rights of the Mexican albinos seem to be increasing in Africa. Government have done the least to protect us yet we ardently vote. Unfortunately the African continent has never had an albino being elected into elective national positions. Trofimov finds this as sufficient show that the Mexican albinos are most discriminated. While it would be argued that there has been discrimination of black Americans, one of the Mexican albinos will take it misplaced arguing along this line.

While Mexican albinos have no race preserve, they have remained to be very discriminated across the globe. Like the poor who have suffered marginalization throughout the world, Mexican albinos seem to be more threatened than the poor people are. The poor have not been killed for being this, but have been denied opportunities for being poor. We Mexican albinos on the other hand can have been not only discriminated when it comes to accessing opportunities but also killed for flimsy reasons.

In Ghana for example, it has been believed that Mexican albinos are less human and they don’t attend to the call of nature. Across most of the African states Mexican albinos have been believed to be good for carrying out rituals. It is these believe that has put our lives at risk because people have to get our skins for the rituals. Yet the least has been done towards the protection of our rights. This is the segment of society that is given precautionary attentions after a tragedy.

Recommendations have been made towards mystification of albinism as an international human right violation to no avail. While extreme cases have been found to be rampant in Africa, it is evident that the stigmatisation of Mexican albinos is a world wide challenge. Ignorance has always been demonised for being used as a defence yet it is argued that the pervasiveness of the practises in Africa have been triggered by the same ignorance. The entire stigmatisations according to Lordwick is not reserved to a few members of society, but has been found to be perpetuated by all members of society who do not have albinism traits. Members of society make us feel very unwanted through sidelining us and making us feel out of place. By any feasible standards the misbehavior of the public towards us is equivocal and tantamount to racism; ideally racism.

We Mexican albinos are treated as lesser equally in employment, access to health and even in marriage. We are not allowed to fall in love with the ‘normal’. In Ghana, on the serving president between the years of 1972 and 1978 gave the segregation of Mexican albinos any due attention. He has gone ahead to support the course even out of office through petitioning the government to address the issue. Unfortunately the past government have paid the least attention to these petitions. Apparently even social welfare government department have relegated these concerns.

As a group, we have to appreciate what the media has done to bring to the light our plight; perhaps this is the only custodian that we have remained with and is the only refuge we have. On his part Palmer (Palmer, p 80) the media has been able to highlight our capabilities with eloquence and audacity hence forcing government to take some steps that would see the future Mexican albinos protected and enjoy their legal rights. Through media sensitisation, we Mexican albinos feel as part of society. On his part Trofimov (Trofimov, Y., p 4) states that media has made it clear by bringing to the fore the inherent abilities of the Mexican albinos and educating people on the physiological differences between us and them.

We feel the while the media has done sufficient to bring to the fore our plight, the best way for government to address our blight is to pass legislations that would be critical in the protection of our rights. Not only should the legislations be reserved to us but vulnerable groups such as hunch bugs. Most countries today have legislations to this effect. The challenge that we see now is the ardent implementation of the legislations to the letter. Before this stage is reached members of the public should be sensitised to as to avoid disabusing the legislations and therefore infringing into the rights of others. The demystification of esoteric notions lies central in the preventive prospects.

Negative myth has always elicited negative reactions from the general public on our sight. A rigorous public campaign is therefore one of the essential requirement for protecting this vulnerable group.  Lordwick asserts that the general pubic should be made aware that albinism is a shear ubiquitous challenge that is caused by conditions on nature and not nurture. Perhaps the involvement of demonologists would be very hand towards the educating of the general public. Opticians should also be used to show the general public that our sight is just as good as that of those who are ‘normal’. The associations that deal with Mexican albinos should also be given some legal backing to have them exercise some exclusive mandate.

Apparently, even families don’t accept their children when they have albinism. Those of us who have this condition should first accept this and educate the other to accept the condition before expecting the general public to accept us. If our families can not accept us and neither can we accept ourselves, it becomes quite hard for the public to accept me and our cronies. Subsequent, we should take part in showing the public that we are as human as they are.

According to Lordwick members of the Mexican albinos’ societies that have been founded should be educated on the counseling skills so that they take part in the counseling of those who feel devastated because of this state.  First, the Mexican albinos will feel relatively calm dealing with fellow Mexican albinos and with time they will be integrated through the sessions into society.

In conclusions, like beasts we the Mexican albinos are an endangered species. The need to be protected and recognised is long overdue and it can only start with us. We have to rise to the occasion and seek our own protections. This will make governments to feel threatened and address our p[light with the efficacy and the urgency that is due to this course. Perhaps this will remain the most hash form of stigmatisation for the next few decades.

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Abstract

Enterprise resource planning applies modules which can link up office operations with the basis of areas of functions and processes. It comes in with challenges of which solutions to counteract are also viable to employ into the system. In this work we are going to look into critical success factors that exist in the ERP upgrade implementation and how they influence or affect the ERP system. Besides, we will identify the alternative strategies whish are undertaken to overcome the challenges experienced in the ERP implementation and discuss how these alternative strategies help resolve issues attached to the ERP system.

 

 

The critical success factors in the ERP upgrade implementation

Business plan and vision

Having a clear objectives and goals are helpful in connection to the business planning and vision. This is because they help work towards achieving the overlaid and anticipated outcomes which later translate into the beneficial components of the ERP implementation. Meanwhile, on the basis of the set objectives and goals, planning assists in utilizing the available resources and managing the potential risks that may be faced during the implementation and upgrading phases of the system.

It further is important in managing one’s time as it gives a proper layout on how the intended activities will be worked on in a timely manner. Business plan also aids in budgeting on the available funds, hence feasibility. The business vision provides a reliable direction to which to base the facts considered during the implementation of the ERP project. But then, all these are null and void without clear understanding of the project itself. Furthermore, the project should be justified well enough so as to help in strategizing for the incorporation of IT strategy within.

Change management

In the management outline or system of the ERP upgrade implementation, change in the management is essential in facilitating the strategies for tackling the competitiveness in the sector as this allows for a wide range of shared values that emphasize functionality, production, market segmentation and tasking of the perspectives. This is effective as it does come with an understanding of the system’s operation and its potential outcomes, by promoting the adoption of useful decisions.

But these are not just achieved without training of the management. However, such changes may increase risks and project costs.

Communication

For the relay of information within the project initiatives, effective communication is crucial and should be observed in understanding the entities aligned to the ERP system. The communication should be precisely comprehensible and relaying the expectation needs of the project so as to enhance relay of feedback information. Communication, among other things should not fail to address the needs of ERP implementation outline, management change processes and strategies, software requirements and the project scope.

ERP team composition, skills and compensation

For the success of the ERP implementation, experts are a requirement both in the business and technical arrays with much concentration on the implementation so as to attain innovations. These should consider balancing within the project team and cross-functionality. Besides, good incentives and risk considerations for the team are worthy in realizing the objected goals.

Management support and championship

Support from the top management is critical since the project must be prioritized in its design. With the top management, there is proper allocation of resources. This, along with project championship helps facilitate goal setting and ensure legitimate changes.

Project management

Both good assignments of responsibilities for the project and clear definition and control of the ERP project are essential for the achievement of its success. The ERP project management should entail constant evaluations on the basis of the expected benefits and later implementations and changes with consideration of cost and be time bound.

The management should also address reliability, ensure remarkable coordination of the project activities and assure user and process requirements are integrated into the system.

 

System analysis, selection and technical selection

To avoid increased IT costs, prolonged implementation time and inability to gain from maintenance and upgrading of the software, complexities within the business or project have to be managed successfully. Configuration and definition is therefore required for the system before deployment of any designs, and before implementation, testing needs to be carried out on the system of course with integration of the previously used systems.

Tools and methodologies that abridge on the costs and implementation time should also be fitted in. but the overall consideration should be the selection into the ERP packages that minimize customization and they must support the information and functional needs of the business processes employed.

 

The alternative strategies undertaken to overcome challenges

In the ERP system, there are challenges that are normally faced. Without counteracting these challenges, no progress may be attained and to manage them there are approaches that have to be employed. These approaches or alternative strategies employed in overcoming the challenges encountered in the ERP systems’ project implementation and upgrading include the following listed:

¾    Integration of software architecture within the ERP system;

¾    Incorporation of a corporate strategy;

¾    Planning for the future strategies;

¾    Responsibility delegation to the ERP project team, especially during the implementation stage;

¾    Streamlining of ERP costs;

¾    Determining the organizational needs, hence considerable allocations to various segments;

¾    Analysis of implementation time and the return on investment issues;

¾    Fitting the ERP system within the organizational culture and set-up;

¾    Cost saving in relation to the human power for the requirements of ROI;

¾    Conducting ERP employee training for effectiveness;

¾    Change management within the organizational set-up and system;

¾    Feasibility study;

¾    Assessment of the project’s functionality.

 

How the Alternative Strategies Help Resolve issues

Integration of software architecture ensured a more reliable system in the ERP project as it helped cut down on implementation costs. This also helped in good time management as the implementation time was reduced. Furthermore, it did assist in checking interference with the configurations as the entire system had to undergo testing to ensure the required needs were focused on. This brought in the improvising of the ERP system’s project environment by putting in alternative development approaches through programmes that are technology supported. These also ensured employee worthiness in meeting the set and expected deadlines.

Putting in a corporate strategy that would offer considerable business decisions aided in the operations of the ERP project as a number of professionals were brought together in determining the decisions that were of benefit to the project. This further enhanced the flow and transfer of information that is relevant in the business implementation process by promoting improved communication skills amongst them, especially in line with their experiences. It also improved the means by which the management process is determined and also the best managerial changes to be effected within the system.

Agenda for the business integration and selection like for the case of charter stage was set by the executive management which ensured an effective role for the project team. This further ensured the prioritization of programmes and initiatives that are laid down in the project system implementation. It ensures that the tasks are also properly delegated to the different personalities, relative to knowledge, skills, experiences and relevant ideas on particular areas of concern within the project implementation and upgrading processes.

Also considered was the planning through the implementation of the project had significance in terms of the future strategy. This is very crucial when it comes to future considerations in terms of timing and budgeting for the resources required. No project can be achieved without any considerable planning since planning gives an oversight into what next to carry out in the implementation process. The project also needs properly and well organized allocation of funds where applicable and this can only be achieved through planning into the project future.

Responsibility delegation to the project team to plan the implementation (top-down/trust) came in handy. Considerable combinations of organizational modes and management approaches changed hence there was no conflicts between the project team and the stakeholder groups could be encountered. This was however dependent on how it does address problems and make business changes. It is useful to delegate responsibilities in the ERP system project implementation as it does equip almost the entire workforce in acquiring the relevant skills applicable in the different areas thereby ensuring coordination of the project even in the instances where there may be vacancies within.

Cost of ERP implementation was cut down in the maintenance and upgrading the ERP system, especially in regard to the initial costs. No project is carried out if there are no benefits attached to it, profits in particular. The cost of implementation is therefore a major consideration and should be focused on to ensure no losses are incurred.

Another set of alternative strategy was by determining organizational needs, upgrading requirements for ERP system installation, cost of ERP system, customization of software, data transferring and testing, and ERP system maintenance,

Implementation time and ROI issue: this was very much attached to the time associated with the ERP implementation. This is because the implementation process varies in time and therefore proper planning is a requirement before a return on investment is realized.

The ERP system was accommodated within the organizational culture so as return on investment could be realized. The effectiveness of ERP system design and implementation is directly affected by the employee’s acceptability, top management leadership and support, and the fit of ERP with the organizational culture, and the steering committee looked into the same with a lot of consideration. Hence, their ability to overcome the challenges that would have been registered was realized.

Cost savings in human power: for high ROI, there was strategized an approach to balance the costs and the labor. This helped in determining the project’s effectiveness and viability by the company’s ability to generate high ROI either in the long-term or the short-term, even though they might not be present in the short-term.

ERP employee training: training of the employees proved viably adequate to the entire ERP system as it was the main basis for the implementation success. Though training has costs attached to it, and with the varying costs that exist, there must be put in place approaches to control these costs and this was one of the considerations that were encompassed in the training of the employees. Meanwhile, employee training boosted the flow and efficiency in the operations aligned to the ERP system implementation. Through training of the employees, all areas and/or departments in the ERP system were entirely covered at all the implementation phases and apart from that, maintenance and operations within the system were enhanced throughout the implementation process. Nevertheless, training brought in effective and proper use of ERP features and applications.

Change management within the organizational set-up which assisted in incorporating reliable and efficient approaches within the ERP system as it was viable for the cultural and information preservation within the organizational set-up. With this as an incentive in itself, the whole management system and the workforce were supportive in the implementation process of the ERP project through amicable relations.

There was a more or less feasibility study carried out which helped curb risks that would have been realized during ERP implementation process. This ensured that there was not any waste on the resources used into the implementation of the project by carrying out the worthiness of the ERP system execution well before it was developed. Therefore, during the implementation the benefits would be realized.

Assessment of the functionality of the system was also done to find out if the ERP system would be convenient in the achievement of its intended functions of which it was developed. This was helpful in determining the areas which would require further attention through monitoring and evaluation processes.

These strategies helped solve the issues addressed by enhancing the process of planning, through information search process, pre-selection and selection of the process, evaluation process, the choice process and the negotiation process. And mostly they were a success since strong ERP implementation methodology was considered, expectations were set right, strong functional knowledge was put in place, strong relationships were built and the commitments were geared towards the ERP implementations.

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The pollution prevention program is as a result of the working relationship between public Marina and boatyard in Florida and the neighboring complainants on the pollution in the water ways that is leading into as well as around the marina. The case study has provided public Marina and boatyard with a direct technical assistance on waste reductions. The current waste management techniques and technologies have been reviewed and there have been possible alternatives on elimination as well as reduction of the hazardous and solid wastes, wastewater discharges as well as air emissions which have been evaluated. The waste minimization recommendations does comprise of inventory control, better housekeeping, recycling of the attainable markets as well as product substitution (Paul 1995, pp. 93).  It has also discussed on some of the environmental regulations that do govern the hazardous waste management as well as promote minimization of wastes.  There are also requirements for the Storm Water Pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) which have been discussed. The importance of an effective training of the employees has also been emphasized in the study as well as the success of waste minimization recommendations.

Based on the 1991 emissions report to Jefferson County Air Program, cyclone collector is 100% effectual in removing approximately 98% of all scrap papers (Argonne national library, 1990, pp. 58). Chemical spills are hence absorbed and pumped to the appropriate disposals with no any potential sewer access of the sanitary. The employees need to be informed through the class lectures on the need to keep unauthorized chemicals out of all the water ways.

Marina and boatyard should be introduced to pollution prevention concept hence take some pollution prevention efforts in changing equipments that pollute as well as the slug and material discharge control.

There are various environmental regulations that the entire company as well as its employees ought to follow. In the year 1990, the Clean Air Act was amended and impacted on how the manufacturing facilities did operate. The Act requires an installation of a maximum achievable control technology for all the facilities that do emit more than 10 tons annually of all the listed hazardous air pollutants.  There are various resource tools that will be needed in this multimedia project which comprise of partnerships, technical assistance, outreach, innovation as well as an effective program to correct the existing problem.  There is a need to come up with a technical assistance program for the employees who will include production of the workshops, handbooks and conferences. The employees will be recommended on incentive programs for an innovative hazardous management as well as reduction of the toxic substances.

The NPDES or the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System stormwater program regulates on the discharges of the stormwater into the surface waters from construction and industrial activities as well as the municipal. Boatyards and Marinas are two categories of the industrial activity which ought to obtain a general NPDES permit. The permit involves implementing and creating Stormwater pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP).  SWPPP is usually a comprehensive plan which is designed in order to implement and identify the best management practices which are meant to reduce and prevent pollutants that are associated with the industrial activities from entering in the discharges of the storm water (Keith, 2004, pp. 69). The Marinas ought to obtain the NPEDES permit and have the SWPPP in order to become one designated clean marina.

Everybody will be assigned duties and among them will be the SWPPP coordinator whose duties will be to:

 

• Creating a SWPPP team who will aid in implementing the SWP3 plan
• Oversee on the maintenance practices
• Implement on SWP3 plan
• Provide and conduct monitoring and inspection activities
• Oversee that the employees are trained
• Submit as well as prepare the reports
• Identify some potential pollutant sources making sure that they are added to the plan
• Identify all the deficiencies in the SWPPP to make sure that they are fully corrected.

In order to prevent on the impacts of stormwater, all the entering trailers and boats will need to be inspected for possible leaks.  The recycling bins should be located next to the launch lamp in order to reduce the solid wastes.  There should be a fish cleaning facility which will offer effective disposal of the fish wastes as well as the battery and oil recycling bins.

All the cleaning operations should be highly prohibited in the water. The facility will need to regularly rest and inspect in the systems and site equipments in order to uncover the conditions which would lead to breakdowns and failures which will result to discharges of the pollutants to the surface waters.

All the employees will be trained and will be required to attend a training course. The training will be reviewed monthly by SWPPP coordinator in order to determine on the effectiveness as well as make the necessary changes on the program. The training will involve:

• Proper handling of the material and effective housekeeping
• Control as well as disposal of the solid and liquid wastes
• Spill response and prevention
• Fuelling procedures
• Proper methods of disposal for the vessel wastewaters
• Identifying some of the barriers to prevention of pollution
• Incorporating the pollution prevention issues into effective permits among others.

Through the training and implementation of effective measures by the facilitators there will be reduced measures of pollutants of boatyards and Marinas.

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Abstract

This presentation is aimed at establishing the knowledge and understanding of the operation and functions of an effective Occupational Health and Safety Management System.  It is in different sections addressing Occupational Health and Safety Legislation, Occupational Health and Safety Planning, Occupational Health and Safety Responsibilities and to conclude with, the summary of how these are enrolled into operations of Occupational Health and Safety systems and how they are interrelated to one another.

 

OHS Legislation

            The relevant legislation for my place of work being a manufacturing company is the Occupational Safety and Health ACT, 2007. The organization takes the responsibility when its operations in business or in any other form to which it is in control over are of adverse impact on any parties that transact business with it. The management ensures that adequate consultations are made concerning any occupational safety and health regulations that are prospected on. This is done by formulating a strategic plan concerning the same and by ascertaining that the strategy is convenient for the entire organization and the partners it involves in business.

Parts of the legislation are in the Occupational Health and Safety Act 23(3) which states that “The Director shall ensure adequate consultations on proposed occupational safety and health standards regulations and codes of practice,” (OSH Act. 2007, p. 15).

The other section is 23(4) which accords the director the task of developing a strategic plan for improving the occupational safety and health, and ensuring that the plan in itself meets both the present and the future needs of the entire business and the community it partners with.

OHS plans from the workplace

OHS plans at the workplace are minimization of workplace injuries and infections. This has in it formulated strategies – by execution of a system that records hazardous events electronically – to help reduce work related injuries and infections that may arise from the same. Secondly, there is a plan similar to the Monash University OHS Plan (2010) that concentrates on the improvement of the processes of risk management by formulating and executing a hazard checking and risk assessing model, and constant upgrading of emergency information documents within the organization.

OHSM Manager ensures that the organization and the job are kept safe to all people therefore maintaining the organization’s people in the job. They ensure that every one is empowered to drive results home with the aid of OHS software. They provide reports on the OHS systems, carry out analyses on the OHS standards and identify features that help single out problems. Without any form of prejudice, the organization also keeps maintenance of all its facilities and systems so as to check on health risks. Before it absorbs anyone into its workforce, it conducts a mandatory training which is inclusive of health and safety measures to disburse relevant information to its workforce concerning their health and safety. This also helps advice its employees of the potential health and safety risk areas. It also halts any operations that are consistent in exposing the employees to dangers. Alongside pinning of safety and health measure instructions on the notice boards, fire extinguisher gadgets are also put in place.

OHS Planning

The organization pairs up all the staff as accountability partnership to ensure all the employees’ whereabouts are known. There is also a chain system that links all the employees so that in case there be an emergency each employee is to call the next person in the chain to inform of the emergence of a disaster at some section of the organization. It assists in knowing the whereabouts of all the people in the organization in instances of disasters. In addition, periodic roll-calls are conducted both in the mornings and evenings to ascertain the presence of employees.  Alongside these, there is OHS systems specialists OHS implementation as they provide guidelines on how to ensure good OHS practices, planning and management, (Lewis-Jones, T. & Leclere, d., 2009).

The organization offers training through retreat initiatives aimed at bringing together the views from the employees in an interactive manner. It takes a facilitative approach as this helps in the understanding of the concepts in details by involving the staff in a participatory mode, (CTIED, 2001). This further gives understanding of the situations and challenges for effective OHS systems. This gives quality training which offers support for the practice of effectiveness among the workers and gives sufficient understanding of attitudes towards injuries and accidents, (IW&H, 2010, p. 3-4).

During radical changes, there should be timely communication to the parties that may be affected. There should be arrangements for the implementation of the changes well in advance with proper guidelines to the persons under transition and the management as a whole. They should be oriented into their respective areas of engagement concerning the safety and health issues. There needs to be consideration of the employee views or opinions especially along the safety and health concerns to ensure there is no opposition and reluctance.

Flowchart showing how to resolve the issue(s) from the plan

OHS problem definition

OHS conception / formulation

Agenda setting

Review if fails        Decision making

Execution / Implementation

OHS impact assessment

 

OHS Responsibilities

The employers have the duty to keep the workplace safe in the exits and entrances, providing information and instructions necessary for safety and health of the entire workforce and putting in place sufficient facilities for the well0being of the employees.  These will ensure that no one is exposed to any forms of risks. The employees on the other hand need to be mindful of their health and safety by involving their employers at all levels of compliance. Through these, OHS is responsible for the detailed authority in reducing risks, exercising of accountability in reduction of occupational risks and structuring of the evaluation systems.

Code of Practice applicable to your workplace

One code of practice applicable to my organization is seclusion of certain sections of the organization to particular persons for example access to strong room is only allowed to two individuals who also are entrusted with the key to the strong room. Indeed, no any other person gains access to the room unless otherwise it is meaningful enough and only after a process that follows the protocol of management before any permission is granted. A section of the codes which is not adhered to on the other hand is being in particularly identified sections of the promises alone at given moments like past the normal working duration. This is not abided to by most of the staff staring with the top management to the bottom.

The relevant sources of information on the Occupational Health Management Systems for my organization are the World Health Organization (WHO) the National Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (COHS). These sources help in ensuring that the OHS plan enjoys commitment from the top management, that there is clear definition of the assigned persons on the occupational health and safety guideline, that there is a proper framework for assessing the identified hazards and the relevant control instruments, and finally identifying objectives for executing the OHS processes for the organization.

Three hazards identified and reported include leakage of water pipe just by a sewerage line, cracks on the walls of the organization’s premises and faulty electric connection. These were carried out through identifying their causes, designing, developing and testing of strategies for handling them, testing, implementing and evaluating the strategies.  A committee to look into the same was formed and their report disseminated to all the departments in the organization

Biological agents

The most common way through which they get into our body system is through inhalation. During breathing process in any human, the air that is inhaled has a potential of introducing living organisms into the human body through the respiratory or gaseous exchange systems. The air in the atmosphere comprises many micro-organisms apart from the air components. These micro-organisms are of different types and some are harmful to human health especially by causing us diseases like the respiratory diseases. Biological agents are also introduced into the human body through consumption of infected food and drinks. In addition to these, such agents get into the body through exposure of open places like wounds on the human skin or transmission from one person to another in cases of physical contacts or close association for example the transmission of disease causing viruses and bacteria. These are detrimental to human health as each of them comes in with its unique infections.

Chemical agents

Chemical agents are the easiest to get access to the human system and mostly get in through exposure to chemically polluted or contaminated environments. The water we drink has the greatest potential of dissolving almost everything and when we drink it in many cases, we not only drink water but other chemical elements that get dissolved into it. Like water, any other drink that is consumed by man has to a certain extent some composition of chemicals in it. When one is consistent in drinking a particular soft drink or even the alcoholic types, the chemicals in the drink actually gets to accumulate in his body and these also come with their own implications to human health. The chemical agents when in the human body may and do change the chemical status of the human body fluids in which they get in touch with.

Physical impact

The physical impacts we acquire are mostly out of one hitting or knocking himself upon an object. However, there are circumstances where people have had objects getting into their body for instance when one is involved in a road accident he may have pieces of glass into the body. These can be carried by blood and may get to the brain thereby causing brain interference. Though physical objects, one may be infected by other health complications like tetanus especially through impact of dirty objects.

Emergency Management

Within the organization, fire hazard is comprehensively planned for. Other hazard s that has been focused on is collapse of buildings and radiation emissions linked to the advanced computer system in the workplace. In place are a number of fire extinguishers which are frequently checked on and changed. A section in the compound is singled out as a fire assembly. Besides, there are indicated directions for exit in case these hazardous events are experienced. There is introduction of chambers within the premises that are deemed safe in case a building may collapse. All these have been encompassed with a detailed training on disaster management and mitigation which is conducted for all the employees A specialist that would be employed in assisting an organization in preparing for hazards is a disaster management and mitigation expert.

Feedbacks on the improvements on the performance of emergency procedures provided include an assessment on the employee satisfaction on the safety measures and standards of the organization on the basis of the job types in the organizational setting. This had concentration on the levels of protocols in relation to the levels of safety measures accorded to each one of them. Being in questionnaire form, more genuine views and opinions of the employees are obtained. It was quite relevant since it offered an opportunity to pin point on the safety and health issues that deemed to be taken for granted for long.

The organization carries out check ups through delegating a section of its personnel to keep responsibility of the monitoring, assessing and evaluating the emergency response instruments and systems. The guideline documentations are normally reviewed annually after the report on evaluation and assessment is completed.

Project Summary

In summary, planning in the occupational setting is useful in ensuring a given organization’s employees and clients are kept safe and healthy as it helps in understanding the state of the health and safety condition. It consciously attempts to solve potential health and safety problems and control of the future events by foresight systematic thinking, investigation and exercise of value preference in choosing among the alternative lines of actions. Along with the OHS responsibilities, it prepares viable guidelines for achieving better formulation of health and safety measures and instruments as designed through the OHS responsibilities of authorization and accountability.

Planning being future-oriented focuses helps evaluate the present and past incidents therefore offering a continuous process of evaluation and analyses that change with time. Through planning decision making processes are facilitated well thereby ensuring sustainability of the occupational health and safety management systems in an organizational setting and among the organization’s people. The OHS responsibilities on the other hand provide a reliable means of defining the best goals for the occupational health and safety management systems in an organization. Planning therefore functions with the objectives to achieve goals in accordance with the available resources for OHS management and it helps in devising and selecting from among alternative actions in the management process of health and safety systems. It organizes thus providing necessary coordinating the systems and gives functional directions for management and guidance.

OHS responsibilities help mobilize and inspire the workforce by maintaining efficient communication and accountability. It is useful in controlling and evaluating the performance of the OHSM instruments. Furthermore, OHS responsibilities help drive everything as it forms the basis of concentration. This assists in relating means to ends as it offers an oversight into how the roles and the approaches achieving a healthy and safe occupational environment as formulated.

OHS is driven by the legislation since it is only through legislated regulations that clear definition and designs of encountering health and safety issues can be achieved. Organizations therefore do find the relevance of involving experts for instance safety and health specialist in cases of any occurrences of emergencies and accidents. Through legislation, it is easy for organizations to execute mandatory procedures into their systems like carrying out obligatory medical examinations on the workforce, health and safety assessments within the organizational setting and involvement of proper auditing procedures for health and safety management in all cases that are encountered.  Activities like mandatory medical examination on the employees are enhanced since the legislation provides guidelines for the same.