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Lab 12: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Introduction
Have you ever accidentally used salt instead of
sugar?
Drinking tea that has been sweetened with salt or eating vegeta‐
bles that have been salted with sugar tastes awful! Salt and sugar
may look the same, but they obviously taste very different. They
are also very different chemically. Salt is made up of sodium and
chloride and is ionically bonded. Sugar, on the other hand, is com‐
posed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and has covalent bonds.
A salt (sodium‐chloride) molecule is made up of one sodium atom
and one chlorine atom. In order for the atoms to combine, the
sodium atom must lose an electron, while the chlorine atom must
gain an electron; the resulting ions have opposite charges and at‐
tract one another.
When sodium loses an electron it becomes a positively charged
ion (Na+), called a cation.
Na  Na+ + e
–
The chlorine atom adds this free electron, becoming a negatively charged
anion.
Cl + e–  ClA bond can now form between the negatively‐charged Cl– and the positively‐
charged Na+. This type of bond is called an ionic bond. Ionic bonds typically
form between one metal and one non‐metal ion. The above reaction can be
written as:
Na+ + Cl–  Na+ClTable sugar (sucrose) differs from salt in the bonding between its atoms. The
atoms in sugar do not form ions; instead, they are held together because of
shared electrons. This is an example of covalent bonding. Table sugar has a
Figure 1: In order to undergo ionic bonding, an electron
must transfer between the Na and Cl atoms. This gives
each atom an opposite charge, resulting in attraction.
Figure 2: Covalent bonding diagram for meth‐
ane (CH4). Note that both the carbon and
hydrogen atoms have full outer shells.
Concepts to explore:
 Understand the differences between ionic and covalent bonding
 Link ionic and covalent bonding with the physical properties of
matter
130
much more complex chemical structure than salt (see Figure 3). A covalent bond between one carbon atom and one hydrogen
atom forms when one of the valence electrons of the carbon atom groups with one of the valence electrons of the hydrogen
atom, forming an electron pair.
Note: This is normally written C‐H.
Ionically bonded compounds behave very differently from covalently bonded compounds. In the first part of this lab you will
investigate how ionically bonded and covalently bonded substances behave differently in their conduction of electricity. You
will do this by using a simple anodizing apparatus that uses a stainless steel screw and an iron nail as electrodes. In an anodiz‐
ing apparatus the water between the electrodes must contain enough ions to conduct electricity. As this happens, the water
will react to form hydrogen and oxygen gases.
2H2O  2H2 + O2
In the second part of this lab you will explore the differences in melting points between ionically bonded and covalently
bonded compounds.
Figure 3: Chemical structure for table sugar (sucrose). Here, different atoms combine via
covalent bonding, as opposed to ionic bonding. Notice the complexity of this molecule
compared to NaCl.
Lab 12: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
131
Pre‐lab Questions
1. What is an ionic bond?
2. What is a covalent bond?
3. Do you think sugar or salt will melt at a higher temperature? Explain your answer.
Lab 12: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
132
Experiment: Sugar or Salt?
Stainless steel is not very reactive, while iron will react with oxygen to form iron oxide, commonly called rust. You will use this
fact to help determine how well dissolved sugar and salt conduct electricity.
The melting points of sugar and salt can be tested by placing a small amount of substance in a test tube and heating it at differ‐
ent heights over a burner or lighter flame. These experiments will help you draw comparisons between ionically and covalently
bonded materials.
Procedure
Part 1: Nail Test for Ionic Bonding
1. Rinse a clean 250 mL beaker several times with distilled water to prevent contamination from ions that may
be on the beaker. Fill the beaker about ¾ full with distilled water.
2. Pour a packet of sugar (about 3 g) into the 250 mL beaker. Stir the solution with a clean stirring rod until the
sugar is dissolved and the solution is well mixed.
3. Stretch two rubber bands around the 250 mL beaker. Be careful not to spill any of the solution. The rubber
bands should loop from the top to the bottom of the beaker. Position the 2 rubber bands next to each other
(Figure 4). HINT: Do not position the bands around the circumference of the beaker.
4. Attach the first wire lead to just underneath the flat head of an iron nail (using the alligator clip). Place the
iron nail between the 2 rubber bands on one side of the 250 mL beaker so that it is suspended in the water.
The end of the nail should be in the solution while the head with clip is resting on the rubber bands. (See
Figure 4).
Lab 12: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Materials
Safety Equipment: Safety goggles, gloves
2 Sugar packets Test tube holder
2 Salt packets Test tube rack
9‐Volt battery Stir rod
2 Rubber bands Butane lighter
Iron nail (uncoated) Tea light candle
Stainless steel screw Spatula
Wire leads with alligator clips on each end Permanent marker
250 mL beaker Ruler
2 Test tubes Distilled water*
*You must provide
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Part 2: Melting Points
1. Place a spatula tip full of sugar into a test tube. The sugar should just coat the bottom of the test tube.
CAUTION: Be sure the test tube does not have any small cracks or chips in it.
2. Light the candle using the butane lighter. CAUTION: Long hair should be tied up and loose clothing re‐
strained when around an open flame to prevent fire and burns. Be sure you are wearing your safety gog‐
gles.
3. Place the test tube containing the sugar in a test tube holder. Hold the test tube at a slight angle over the
candle flame. Position the test tube so that it contacts the blue inner core of the flame.
4. Continue to hold the test tube in the flame until the sugar just begins to melt. HINT: If you keep the sugar in
the flame until it turns dark brown or black, you will not be able to clean the test tube. Stop heating test
tube as soon as it begins to melt. Extinguish the candle.
Lab 12: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Figure 4: Apparatus for Procedure Part 1
_ +
Iron Nail
Steel Screw
5. Attach the second wire to just below the head of the stainless steel screw. Place the screw between the 2
rubber bands on the opposite side of the 250 mL beaker, next to the nail. Make sure the end of the screw is
in the solution and the head with the clip is resting on the rubber bands.
6. Connect the wire coming from the iron nail to the positive (+) terminal of the 9‐volt battery (usually the cir‐
cular terminal). CAUTION: Be careful when using energy sources such as batteries around water.
7. Connect the wire coming from the steel screw to the negative (‐) terminal of the battery (usually the hexago‐
nal terminal). CAUTION: Be careful when using energy such as batteries around water.
8. Allow the apparatus to stand for two minutes and make observations. Record your observations in Part 1 of
the Data section.
9. Thoroughly clean the glassware, nail and screw with distilled water.
10. Repeat the procedure using a salt packet (approximately 0.65 g) instead of a sugar packet.
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Lab 12: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Data
Part 1
Observations for the sugar solution:
Observations for the salt solution:
Part 2
Observations for the melting of sugar:
Observations for the melting of salt:
5. Allow the test tube to cool to room temperature before touching it. CAUTION: The test tube will be very
hot and can burn your skin if touched before it cools. Hint: After the test tube has cooled for a few sec‐
onds, place it in the test tube rack to finish cooling and continue with the procedure.
6. Record your observations in the Data section.
7. Repeat the procedure using salt instead of the sugar.
8. Make sure the test tubes have cooled to room temperature before touching them. CAUTION: The test tube
will be very hot and can burn your skin if touched before it cools.
9. Record your observations in the Data section.
10. Clean‐up: The sugar and salt solutions can be poured down the drain. Rinse the beaker, screw, nail, and stir‐
ring rod several times with distilled water. Clean the test tubes with water first and then rinse them with
distilled water. They may need to soak for a few minutes in hot water in order to remove the melted sub‐
135
Lab 12: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Post‐lab Questions
1. Why is distilled water instead of tap water used in Part 1?
2. In Part 1, why did you not observe a stream of bubbles coming off the stainless steel screw in the sugar solu‐
tion?
3. Did any bubbles form off the screw in the sugar solution at all? Why might this happen, despite your answer to
Question 2?
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Lab 12: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
4. In Part 1, why did you observe a stream of bubbles coming off the steel screw in the salt solution?
5. Explain any changes that took place on the nail.
6. In Part 2, which of the substances has the lower melting point? Was this what you expected? Explain your
results.

Understanding the Market

In your role as a district merchandiser working for a large-chain retailer in the women’s fashions department or the men’s clothing department, one of your job responsibilities would be to help decide the merchandise assortment plan and ensure that your retailer offers merchandise that your target audience is tempted to buy. Deciding what merchandise to stock in the store requires considering the competition in the market, prevalent trends, customer choices, any local events or organizations, and so on. For the final project, each week, you’ll perform tasks that will help you make correct decisions regarding the merchandising and devising strategy for the merchandise a retailer offers.

>>Tasks<<

As an exercise in identifying these elements in the marketplace, visit a local large-chain retailer’s store (The Gap and Old Navy are excluded) near you, as well as its website and provide an analysis of the following:

• Retail Mission: What is the actual mission statement of the retailer? Give your brief understanding of the same.
• Centralized/Decentralized: Is the buying office centralized or decentralized? Explain at least two advantages and two disadvantages of a centralized operation. Explain at least two advantages and two disadvantages of a decentralized operation.
• Origin: Why did this retailer/brand come into existence? What was the then “current world” like when this retailer was “born”? List at least five events that occurred during the first year of its operation. How has the retailer evolved, and what is its current situation in regard to sales, profits, and popularity?
• Stores and Locations: How many individual stores does this retailer have? In which countries do they operate?
• Customer Profile (Nationally): Who is the “target customer” for the retailer? Which income group or strata of society does the target customer belong to? What is the average age group of the ideal customer? Include demographics, psychographics, lifestyle, geographic, and behavioral components of the target customer. Is the customer profile of customers who shop in the local store different from the national profile?
• Competitive Profile: Who is this retailer’s primary competitor(s) for the stores at the national level? Why? Who is this retailer’s primary competitor at the local level? Why?
• What types of merchandise does the retailer currently have on hand? Are there any items that could be termed as local (which you would not find in the same retailer’s store in another state)?

Include your 400- to 600-word response in a Microsoft Word document. Cite the websites, journals, trade magazines, or other sources used to obtain data or relevant information. Remember to use the correct MLA format to cite references. Make sure to use correct spelling and grammar and concise word choices.

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Assessment 3a (Group): Digital Marketing Strategy
Word limit: 3000 (+/- 10%)
Weighting: 35% written report and presentation

Topic: Choose a line of products on Amazon.com. Create a digital store to sell those chosen products, and create a digital marketing campaign to promote your store.

DIGITAL MARKETING PLAN

This digital marketing campaign is written based on 6 digital marketing building blocks (refer to Workshop 1)
A. EXCUTIVE SUMMARY

B. PLATFORM DESCRIPTION: Description the digital platform structure (workshop 4) (e.g., what’s on the platform, what it is for, name, logo slogan, theme or narrative structure.) Insert URL to the site, screenshot of home page etc …

C. CUSTOMER PROFILES

All steps of how to profile customer interests are provided in workshops 2 and 3. It is recommended to provide 4-5 profiles to cover the market. Then highlight 1 profile to develop the campaign in the next step.

It is important to make sure ALL profiles come from Facebook audience interests. Provide screenshots of important interest profiles in the appendices.

D. CAMPAIGN DESIGN

You can design 1 or several campaigns. A campaign is a collection of specific digital marketing activities to achieve a specific business goal. In this assignment, ensure your campaign(s) cover the entire platform. That is, recruit at least 1 group of visitors and convert them into customers (workshop 4).

If 1 campaign can’t cover the entire process, you can run multiple campaigns. So you might have multiple recruitment campaigns and retention campaigns running concurrently.

It is recommended that you use 7 touch point formula to plan the customer journey on your platform.

To present your campaign(s) in this assignment, you could use the template below (note that this is only a suggestion.)

>> To cover your entire platform, you plan to have X number of campaigns. Campaign A does XXX, Campaign B does YYY, and Campaign C does ZZZ.

To achieve XXX, campaign A will cover steps 1-3 of the 7 touch point formula. Specifically, ZZZZZZ.

In terms of design, campaign A will start with Facebook ad post. The ad aims to XXX. The screen shot of the ad is HERE and the screens shots of the process of creating the ad are in the appendices. The ad captures attention from XXX people because the interest of the people in this profile suggests that ZZZZ. This ad should recruit X number of people because in the population that the ad targets, Y number of people, suggested by Facebook active users within the interest group, tend to do VVV (screen shots of profile provided.)

After a visitor clicks the ad, they will go to site X (URL provided), and see BBB. At this point, the visitor will be given options to do YYY, because XXX. These activities cover steps 2 and 3 of the 7 touch point formula.

The aesthetic aspect of your campaign attracts a large percentage of marks. That includes the use of images, videos and sound. Thus, ALL aesthetic aspects of your campaign including still pictures, videos, and sounds have to be created by you to earn marks for aesthetic component of the assignment.

You have to read and sign the declaration form of copyright material content. The form is in the assessment instruction folder on Blackboard.

E. RETENTION AND RETARGETING PLAN
After recruiting the new customers design campaign(s) to nourish the relationship, and communication to the customer during their tenure with the company. These campaigns are at the proposal stage, there is no need to execute them as the active campaigns above.

F. ACTION PLAN: Schedule and budget for each of the campaigns you design in D.

Using the Facebook ad dashboard, you will have the information about the approximate number of people you can reach in your targeted audiences, giving the budget. You can use general industry conversion rate of 1%-5%, and work out your budget and schedule.

Note that conversion is when the person actually commits to the FINAL activity that you want them to do (e.g., join emailing lists, participate in the contests, purchase the product.)
You can run engagement campaigns to attract shares and likes of a post. In such case, a conversion is a like or a share.
However, engagement campaigns do NOT give you customers, and will not cover the entire platform. You can start with engagement campaigns, but you will need to have other campaigns to help customers progress through their journey. (For customer decision journey, refer to workshop 1. For digital platform structure, refer to workshop 4).

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Assignment 5: Persuasive Paper Part 3: Possible Disadvantages, Answers, with Visuals
Due Week 10 and worth 250 points

Using feedback from your professor and classmates, revise Parts 1 and 2, and add Part 3. Plan to include visuals to illustrate the advantages of your proposed solution.

Write an eight to ten (8-10) page paper in which you:
Provide Part I: Revision of A Problem Exists (3-4 pages)
1. Revise your Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exists, using feedback from the professor and classmates.
Provide Part 2: Revision of Part 2: Solution to Problem and Advantages (3-4 pages)
2. Revise your Persuasive Paper Part 2: Solution to Problem and Advantages, using feedback from the professor and classmates.
Develop Part 3: Possible Disadvantages, Answers, with Visuals (1-2 pages, for 7-9 total pages)
3. Included a defensible, relevant thesis statement in the first paragraph.
4. State, explain, and support the first disadvantage (economic, social, political, environmental, social, equitable, ethical/moral, etc.) to your solution and provide a logical answer. This should be one (1) paragraph.
5. State, explain, and support the second (and third if desired) disadvantage (economic, social, political, environmental, social, equitable, ethical/moral, etc.) to your solution and provide a logical answer. This should be one or two (1-2) paragraphs.
6. Include one or two (1-2) relevant visuals that help illustrate an advantage.
7. Use effective transitional words, phrases, and sentences.
8. Provide a concluding paragraph to summarize the proposed solution, its advantages, possible disadvantages, and answers to the disadvantages. Repeat or paraphrase your thesis statement.
9. Develop a coherently structured paper with an introduction, body, and conclusion.
10. Use one (1) or more rhetorical strategy (ethos, logos, pathos) to explain claims.
11. Support disadvantages and answers with at least two (2) additional quality relevant references. Use at least eight (8) total for Parts 1, 2, and 3. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting guidelines:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page

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Reflections on Health Equity….We know that health status varies, in many cases quite dramatically, between socioeconomic populations. But why? Watch the video (California Newsreel, 2008) for an example of how low birth weight affects different populations and some thoughts on why these differences might exist.

 

https://youtu.be/xUUJIG0-SlA

 

 

 

Now it is your turn to consider what is causing health disparities for a health issue. Review the health disparities section of Healthy People 2020 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Then,

 

• Select a health topic of interest from the list of Healthy People 2020 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. topics and objectives (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014b) and review the information about how this health concern affects different populations.
• Discuss the notable health disparities for this health concern between one or more populations
• Discuss what you think are the reasons for the differences and some of the underlying factors that are causing rates of the health concern to be higher/lower in different populations

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Project A: Using Probabilities to Make Decisions (Unit 2)

♥ Heart Scenario: Good economy

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Data

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A financial planning firm has a decision to make.  The company can buy more stocks (B) now, not buy and not sell stock (N) now, or it can sell its stock (S) now.

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The following is from the Google Dictionary:

Bear Market:  a market in which prices are falling, encouraging selling.

Bull Market: a market in which share prices are rising, encouraging buying.

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The future market will be either Bear (E) or Bull (U).

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The following is a payoff table, in thousands of dollars, of profit or loss for this firm based on the decision the firm makes now and the future market.

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	E	U
B	44	-29
N	24	-11
S	18	4

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The statisticians of the company, using their standard budget, predict the following probabilities:

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P(E) = 0.5                                             P(U) = Complement

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The statisticians report that if the company is charged and additional $5,000 above the standard fee, they can do more accurate research to obtain sample information that will either be Favorable (F) or Unfavorable (X) with the following probabilities:

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P(F) = 0.5                                             P(X) = Complement

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If the research is favorable, the revised probabilities are:

P(E) = 0.85                                           P(U) =  Complement

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If the research is unfavorable, the revised probabilities are:

P(E) = 0.22                                P(U) = Complement

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Assignment

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Do all calculations, including making the decision tree and any algebra, in Excel; organize it and highlight important boxes in colors so that it can be read and understood very easily.  Put question numbers next to the answers. You may want to use multiple sheets, but please use only one file. Write out all answers, including #15 and #21 in Excel. For all algebra, show work [the written steps you went through to find the answer] and type that into Excel.  Do not submit the paper you may have used to solve the algebra, just copy it and put it all in Excel.

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Very Important:  Input the data only once.  After that, link all calculations from new cells to previous cells, as illustrated in of the videos.  Answers to questions that have the right number but are not linked will be marked incorrect.  Projects that do not link cells will receive a very low grade.

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Please complete the following in Excel, highlighting the answers.

Find the following:          [The number in the brackets is how many points each question is worth.]

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• The decision using the optimistic approach. [2]
• The decision using the conservative approach. [2]
• The decision using the minimax regret approach. [2]
• The decision using the Expected Opportunity Loss (EOL) [2]
• EV(B) [1]
• EV(N) [1]
• EV(S) [1]
• Best EMV = The decision using EV [1]
• EVwPI [1]
• EVPI [1]

For #11 and #12: make three comparisons, EV(B) to EV(N), EV(B) to EV(S), EV(N) to EV(S).  You will have three cutoff points and four test points.

• The value of probability (p) of E that is the cut off for changing the best decision. [4]
• Draw a number line for #11. [4] (sensitivity analysis)
• The value for which the payoff of E of the best decision must be greater than to keep the best decision the same. [4] (sensitivity analysis)
• The value for which the payoff of U of the best decision must be greater than to keep the best decision the same. [4] (sensitivity analysis)
• Rank p, payoff of E, and payoff of U from least to most sensitive and explain why. Make sure to rank them and explain why you have chosen your order. [2]
• The decision tree [6]
• EVwSI [1]
• EVSI [1]
• Efficiency of the Sample Information [2]
• The Risk Profile [4]
• Based on the cost of obtaining the sample information and its efficiency, is it worth obtaining it? Why? Please include ALL the relevant information for this decision and use specific numbers.   Your answer must discuss EVSI, net EVSI (The EVSI minus the cost of the SI), the Efficiency of the Sample Information (abbreviated “E”) and the Risk Profile. This is the most important question in the project, as you are making the decision to purchase the SI using all you have learned.  Answers that do not include all this will not get credit. [4]P(5.u)                 

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1. Briefly summarize Aristotle’s and Plato’s beliefs about the soul.
Survey five people on what they believe the nature of the human soul is (using the guidelines from the next item).
Try to ask five people who you perceive as different in some respects from the other people you question.
Differences can be religious, philosophical, career, gender, age-related, culture, etc.
First, explain to them Plato’s and Aristotle’s theories on the nature of the soul.Ask these people to describe what they perceive the soul to be,how it came into being, and how they believe it functions. Summarize their responses and compare this with your own beliefs on the nature of the soul.
Be sure to point out how your beliefs and your friends’ beliefs are different or similar from what Plato and Aristotle believed. (min 250 words)

2. Explain Kierkegaard’s stages of life to three to five friends and colleagues.
Ask them what stage they think they are in at this time and note any insights they may have to offer about the stage they are in now.
Consider the ages of people who responded. Do you think age and life experience have anything to do with the responses and comments you heard?
What do you think influences life stages as Kierkegaard described?
Compare and contrast your friends’ responses to your own beliefs about what stage you are presently in; be sure to respond thoughtfully and refer to Kierkegaard’s theories
(min 250 words)

Diagram your personal social networks, noting the race and ethnicity of the members. Analyze your social network. Are their networks heterogeneous or homogeneous? When there is diversity, what is the nature of the tie?
Talk about describing hate crimes based upon race, sex, religion, etc and develop an action plan to help fight/ reduce the amount of hate crime.

2. Why did the United States abandon a policy of isolationism and move to one of internationalism?
3. (a) What is foreign policy? (b) List three examples of topics covered by American foreign policy.
4. Why is it most often advisable that an ambassador come from the ranks of career diplomats?
5. Demonstrate Reasoned Judgment. Do you think it would be possible for the United States to return to a policy of isolationism? Why or why

not?
6. Draw Conclusions: Why do you think it is necessary that an American representative be assigned to work and live in each state the United

States recognizes?
2. Who are the key advisors to the President on issues of defense?
3. Describe the main duties of each military department.
4. Why might espionage be considered an important tool in protecting national security?
5. What is terrorism?

1. How is foreign policy made and conducted?
2. How does the Federal Government safeguard this nation’s security?
3. Why did US abandon a policy of isolationism and move to one of internationalism?
4. Why is diplomatic immunity considered essential to relationships between and among nations?
5. Describe the main duties of each military department.

ESSAY: the essay must be at least 5 to 7 sentences
How does the Federal Government safeguard this nation’s security?

 

The Doctrines of Salvation and the Church

 

How did the periods of persecution cause the church to think about the doctrines of salvation and the church? That is, if a baptized believer succumbed to persecution and gave up his/her faith, did the church believe salvation was lost as a result? Also, could the church include Christians who denied their faith?