Author: admin

Communication
Homework Assignment #2 Instructions
Please respond to the following in one page or less for each item. Use a 12 point font
and line spacing of no less than 1.15 lines. The page length is a maximum, allowing
you to practice your skills in writing Executive Summaries. Identify your responses by
item number (i.e., to save space, you do not need to copy down the assigned task on
your paper). Grades will be based on three criteria:
1. Content of item responses – Each item has specific content expectations
included with it.
2. Use of resources – Support for your responses is provided by citations from
the assigned readings from class or from other publications. Citations should
be included in the body of your answer. A single References page listing all of
the references specifically cited in your responses should be included as the
last page of the assignment. The particular citation and Reference page format
is up to you, but it should be a generally recognized method such as APA or
MLA. A minimum of one citation is expected for each response for a “B” paper.
3. Quality of writing – Since this is a communication course, it is particularly
important to practice good writing skills (e.g., complete sentences, no run-on
sentences, proper grammar, logical and clear organization, etc.). Specific
grammar errors will not be noted on the assignment. Two or three minor errors
will not impact your grade. However, more than that may result in a deduction
of up to one full letter grade on the assignment, depending on the extent of the
infractions. Make sure you proof your work!
To earn an “A” on the assignment, one must achieve the following:
1. Content must be at the “Exceeds Expectations” level for at least two responses
and no “Does Not Meet Expectations” responses.
2. A minimum of two supporting citations should be included per content item.
3. Writing should include no more than two or three minor errors.
Page 2 of 2
1. Describe key issues to consider in developing a communication approach for a
particular audience.
Does not meet
expectations
Meets
Expectations
Exceeds
Expectations
Unable to distinguish the
differing communication
needs of various audiences.
Able to identify some key
issues to consider in
developing a communication
approach for a particular
audience.
Able to identify most key
issues to consider in
developing a communication
approach for a particular
audience.
2. Select a particular mode of communication. Describe a situation in which you would
predict it would be more effective and one in which it would be less effective.
Support your conclusions.
Does not meet
expectations
Meets
Expectations
Exceeds
Expectations
Does not understand the
relative impact of different
modes of communication.
Accurately predicts the
efficacy of different modes of
communication in conveying
the intended message to key
business audiences.
Accurately predicts and
supports the efficacy of
different modes of
communication in conveying
the intended message to key
business audiences.
3. Contrast the use of written and oral communication formats to deliver audience
appropriate messaging to key organizational stakeholders. What are the pros and
cons of each?
Does not meet expectations Meets
Expectations
Exceeds
Expectations
Does not recognize when
written or oral communication
is more effective.
Able to contrast the
effectiveness of oral vs. written
communications based on
either situational or audience
characteristics
Able to contrast the
effectiveness of oral vs. written
communications based on both
situational and audience
characteristics.

Using the Comprehensive Exam Rubric (attached) , review the essay attached to this order and give feedback. Review the attached essay in the

discussion and offer feedback to help him or her improve their writing. Create headings using the grading rubric and describe specific evidence

you find in your peer’s post that supports your feedback.
Headings
• Introduction (paragraph stating what you will cover).
• Content and Focus.
• Analysis and Critical thinking.
• Logic and Flow.
• Structure and Organization.
• Writing Style.
• APA Format, Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics.
• Conclusion (paragraph stating what you covered).

Read the article and summarize your reading in approximately 300 words, concluding with a question for class discussion.

http://writerslabs.com/download/243951898_support_02_12_Said_Orientalism_rQ0zLaURVmfOHa6.pdf/02_12_Said_Orientalism.pdf

Locate and discuss tools for annotating common themes in your articles (attached to this order), return to the elements of the writing process to

reflect on your use of those new tools.
• Dividing this week’s process into the stages of reading, note-taking, and annotating, what are your thoughts about your path from annotation

back to note-taking?
• In your annotations, which sources seem to be the most important in your review of the literature on your topic?
• Are any of those sources in opposition, or do all authors seem to agree on the common themes that you have selected?

 

Write a two page paper discussing how treatments for mental illness have changed over the years. Also discuss how mental health treatment has changed

since many institutions closed. Discuss at least one way things have improved and issues still facing the mentally ill. Base your answer on references

you have found. List at least two references at the bottom of your paper.******WEB REFERENCES ONLY*********

OVERVIEW
The project is based on the primary source article that appeared in the April 2017 issue of the Mental Health and Physical Activity journal

(available in Blackboard).

Note on Academic Honesty
“Students are expected to abide by the College’s Academic Honesty Policy as explained in the Student Handbook. Plagiarism is considered a

violation of this policy. Plagiarism is defined as submitting another person’s work as one’s own without proper acknowledgement or using the

words or ideas of others without crediting the source of those words or ideas. In order to deter plagiarism and ensure appropriate use of

resources in student research and learning, the College subscribes to a plagiarism prevention service, www.turnitin.com. Faculty may request

students to submit their written work electronically in order to verify that when ideas of others are used they are cited appropriately. The

course syllabus identifies student work that must be submitted electronically for such review, and provides directions for doing so.”

WRITING RECOMMENDATIONS
I have carefully read, reviewed and chosen the journal article; the article is peer-reviewed and statistically valid.

Please note that the project is time consuming. Don’t start working on it one week before the due date; that would be too late!

Do not get bogged down in all the details. Read the article once to gain an overall understanding of it. Then go back and read the

article in more detail, write notes in the margins, and ask me clarifying questions.

You must include in your project the actual questions. Your answer to a question should not be just a number; each answer is an

exercise in scientific writing. Therefore, you must answer the questions using detailed scientific explanations, with documented references

supported by the peer-reviewed journal article. However, don’t write endless paragraphs, as they do not necessarily improve the quality of your

answers.

Spell-check your final document and use a thesaurus to find synonyms and antonyms.

Do not use Wikipedia for your references!!! While it can be used to initiate a research topic, it is not a reliable scholarly

reference.

I strongly recommend that you visit the Writing Center (W400) for help and feedback on writing this project.

SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS

Please hand in a hard copy of your project.
References should be in APA format shown at the end of your project. Excellent help with APA formatting is available on The Purdue

Online Writing Lab website (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/).
Formatting:
Please do not delete the questions.
Please leave a line space between your answer and the next question (hard to grade otherwise).
The project should be typed using 9 or 10-point font, 1.5 line spacing.
Please minimize the number of printed pages as much as possible.
Delete these instructions.
Double-side the printed copy of your project.
Staple the document.
Your project must include a title, course name, your name, and submission date (see below).

Biostatistics Project
MAT461 – Biostatistics
Your Name
Date
QUESTIONS
Please use COMPLETE sentences to answer the questions; remember to statistically justify them.
Please note that the questions are in the order in which you will find answers while reading the article.
Several questions refer to actual text in the article (not just tables and figures).

What is the purpose of this study? In other words, what are the hypotheses tested in this study?

Describe the study design presented in this paper; include study type, sample size, participants and periods of the data collection.

How does the World Health Organization (WHO) define mental health?

Describe the most common problems associated with mental disease and the incidence of the disease.

Define physical self-concept, psychological well-being and psychological difficulties in the context of this study.

Refer to Table 1 on page 125:
In the context of this table, please list which characteristics are quantitative.

QUANTITATIVE:

What percentage of the participants are females?

What percentage of the participants are in the highest socioeconomic position?

Which measure varies more, the body mass index (BMI) or the height? Why?

Using the Empirical Rule, estimate the participants’ minimum and maximum age.

Briefly describe the three Questionnaires defined in section 2.4; include the name, scale range and scale interpretation for each one

of them.

Briefly describe the multi-level linear regression statistical method used to analyze the data in this study.

What are the confounders in this study? Please list them and state what the researchers did about them.

Refer to Table 2 on page 127:
At Time 2 (T2), on which category of screen-time do boys spend the least amount of their time? How do you know?

At T2, do girls or boys show a higher variation in time devoted to homework? How do you know?

Refer to Table 3 on page 127:
The caption identifies B as the unstandardized regression coefficient and β as the standardized regression coefficient; define each

statistic and explain the differences between the two of them.

Which one of the two statistics, B or β, would you use to draw conclusions in the study? Why?

In the context of this table, the p value refers to the standardized regression coefficient β. Identify and state the values of all

statistically significant standardized regression coefficients β.

In the context of this table, write a sentence to interpret β=-0.23.

In the context of this table, write a sentence to interpret R^2=0.361.

Are there statistically significant associations between screen-time use for homework and any mental health indicators? How do you

know?

What are the possible influences that explain the adverse associations in physical self-concept? In addition, what are the possible

mechanisms that negatively affect psychological well-being?

Refer to Figures 1 and 2 on page 128:
What type of variable is shown on the x-axis of each figure?

Data shown in Figures 1 and 2 are also in Table 2. Identify in Table 2 which rows correspond to Figure 1 and which rows correspond to

Figure 2.

Which group, females or males, engages in more recreational screen-time at time T1? Why?

Which group, females or males, shows better psychological well-being at time T1? Why?

What are the strengths of this study?

What are the limitations of this study?

What is the conclusion of this study?

Did the authors have any conflicts of interest while conducting this study?

What is the clinical significance of this study? In other words, how does this study help you? Would you make any changes in your

lifestyle based on this study?

Psy 510/610 Structural Equation Modeling 1
Testing Mediation with Regression Analysis
Mediation is a hypothesized causal chain in which one variable affects a second variable that, in turn,
affects a third variable. The intervening variable, M, is the mediator. It “mediates” the relationship
between a predictor, X, and an outcome. Graphically, mediation can be depicted in the following way:
X M Y
a b
Paths a and b are called direct effects. The mediational effect, in which X leads to Y through M, is
called the indirect effect. The indirect effect represents the portion of the relationship between X and Y
that is mediated by M.
Testing for mediation
Baron and Kenny (1986) proposed a four step approach in which several regression analyses are
conducted and significance of the coefficients is examined at each step. Take a look at the diagram
below to follow the description (note that c’ could also be called a direct effect).
X M Y
a b
c’

Analysis	Visual Depiction
Step 1	Conduct a simple regression analysis with X predicting Y to test for path c alone, Y B B X e = + + 0 1	X Y c
Step 2	Conduct a simple regression analysis with X predicting M to test for path a, M B B X e = + + 0 1 .	X M a
Step 3	Conduct a simple regression analysis with M predicting Y to test the significance of path b alone, Y B B M e = + + 0 1 .	M Y b
Step 4	Conduct a multiple regression analysis with X and M predicting Y, Y B B X B M e = + + + 0 1 2	X M Y b c’

The purpose of Steps 1-3 is to establish that zero-order relationships among the variables exist. If one
or more of these relationships are nonsignificant, researchers usually conclude that mediation is not
possible or likely (although this is not always true; see MacKinnon, Fairchild, & Fritz, 2007).
Assuming there are significant relationships from Steps 1 through 3, one proceeds to Step 4. In the
Step 4 model, some form of mediation is supported if the effect of M (path b) remains significant after
controlling for X. If X is no longer significant when M is controlled, the finding supports full mediation.
If X is still significant (i.e., both X and M both significantly predict Y), the finding supports partial
mediation.
Calculating the indirect effect
The above four-step approach is the general approach many researchers use. There are potential
problems with this approach, however. One problem is that we do not ever really test the significance
of the indirect pathway—that X affects Y through the compound pathway of a and b. A second
problem is that the Barron and Kenny approach tends to miss some true mediation effects (Type II
errors; MacKinnon et al., 2007). An alternative, and preferable approach, is to calculate the indirect
effect and test it for significance. The regression coefficient for the indirect effect represents the
change in Y for every unit change in X that is mediated by M. There are two ways to estimate the
indirect coefficient. Judd and Kenny (1981) suggested computing the difference between two
regression coefficients. To do this, two regressions are required.
Newsom, Winter 2017
Psy 510/610 Structural Equation Modeling 2

Judd & Kenny Difference of Coefficients Approach
Analysis	Visual Depiction
Model 1	Y B B X B M e = + + + 0 1 2	X M Y b c’
Model 2	Y B BX e = + + 0	X Y c

The approach involves subtracting the partial regression coefficient obtained in Model 1, B1 from the
simple regression coefficient obtained from Model 2, B. Note that both represent the effect of X on Y
but that B is the zero-order coefficient from the simple regression and B1 is the partial regression
coefficient from a multiple regression. The indirect effect is the difference between these two
coefficients:
B B B indirect = – 1.
An equivalent approach calculates the indirect effect by multiplying two regression coefficients (Sobel,
1982). The two coefficients are obtained from two regression models.

Sobel Product of Coefficients Approach
Analysis	Visual Depiction
Model 1	Y B B X B M e = + + + 0 1 2	X M Y b c’
Model 2	M B BX e = + + 0	X a M

Notice that Model 2 is a different model from the one used in the difference approach. In the Sobel
approach, Model 2 involves the relationship between X and M. A product is formed by multiplying two
coefficients together, the partial regression effect for M predicting Y, B2, and the simple coefficient for
X predicting M, B:
B B B indirect = ( 2 )( )
As it turns out, the Kenny and Judd difference of coefficients approach and the Sobel product of
coefficients approach yield identical values for the indirect effect (MacKinnon, Warsi, & Dwyer, 1995).
Note: regardless of the approach you use (i.e., difference or product) be sure to use unstandardized
coefficients if you do the computations yourself.
Statistical tests of the indirect effect
Once the regression coefficient for the indirect effect is calculated, it needs to be tested for
significance. There has been considerable controversy about the best way to estimate the standard
error used in the significance test, however. There are quite a few approaches to calculation of
standard errors. A paper by MacKinnon, Lockwood, Hoffman, West, and Sheets (2002) gives a
thorough review and comparison of the approaches (see also MacKinnon, 2008; Fritz, Taylor, &
MacKinnon, 2012). This paper reports the results from a Monte Carlo study of a variety of methods
for testing the significance of indirect effects and examined the Type I and Type II error rates of each.
Although most of the approaches controlled Type I errors well, they did differ on statistical power. Two
approaches developed by MacKinnon, using tailor-made statistics, P and z’, appear to have the
highest power. Significance tables for these two approaches, which need to be conducted by hand,
are available through MacKinnon’s website (see link below). An alternative approach proposed by
Newsom, Winter 2017
Psy 510/610 Structural Equation Modeling 3
Shrout and Bolger (2002) uses bootstrapping for standard errors and seems to have greater power in
small samples. Preacher and Hayes (2004; Hayes, 2013) have developed macros that simplify the
use of this approach (see link below) for SPSS and SAS. Tingley (Tingley, Yamamoto, Hirose, Keele,
& Imai, 2014) have a mediation package for R (see link below). Although bias-corrected bootstrap
(adjustments to the bootstrap coefficient estimate and/or confidence limits based on the distribution of
the bootstrap estimates) confidence limits have often been recommended, some work suggests they
have higher Type I error than standard percentile bootstrap confidence limits (Fritz et al., 2012).
Structural equation modeling (SEM, also called covariance structure analysis) is designed, in part, to
test these more complicated models in a single analysis instead of testing separate regression
analyses. Some SEM software packages now offer indirect effect tests using one of the above
approaches for determining significance. In addition, the SEM analysis approach provides model fit
information that provides information about consistency of the hypothesized mediational model to the
data. Measurement error is a potential concern in mediation testing because of attenuation of
relationships and the SEM approach can address this problem by removing measurement error from
the estimation of the relationships among the variables. I will save more detail on this topic for another
course, however.
Online resources
Dave McKinnon’s website on mediation analysis: http://ripl.faculty.asu.edu/mediation/
David Kenny also has a webpage on mediation: http://davidakenny.net/cm/mediate.htm
Preacher and Hays’ bootstrap and Sobel macros: http://www.afhayes.com/spss-sas-and-mplus-macros-and-code.html
Mediation package in R: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mediation/mediation.pdf
References and Further Reading
Judd, C.M. & Kenny, D.A. (1981). Process Analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5(5), 602-619.
Fritz, M. S., Taylor, A. B., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2012). Explanation of two anomalous results in statistical mediation analysis. Multivariate
Behavioral Research, 47, 61-87.
Goodman, L. A. (1960). On the exact variance of products. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 55, 708-713.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hoyle, R. H., & Kenny, D. A. (1999). Statistical power and tests of mediation. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Statistical strategies for small
sample research. Newbury Park: Sage.
MacKinnon, D.P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
MacKinnon, D.P. & Dwyer, J.H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17(2), 144-158.
MacKinnon, D.P., Fairchild, A.J., & Fritz, M.S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593-614.
MacKinnon, D.P., Lockwood, C.M., Hoffman, J.M., West, S.G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other
intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731.
Shrout, P.E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological
Methodology 1982 (pp. 290-312). Washington DC: American Sociological Association.
Tingley, D., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L., & Imai, K. (2014). Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis. Retrieved from
ftp://cran.r-project.org/pub/R/web/packages/mediation/vignettes/mediation.pdf

Smith is clearly at great pains to play down the supernatural and mythic elements of Christianity. Why?
Book: The End of Faith
Author: Sam Harris
ISBN: 0393327655
Publisher: W. W. Norton (2005)

 

Causes of violent crimes in low income neighborhoods in New York City

NOTE: Do not forget to section your paper and follow the order and page limits below. Use APA style for the whole work. Add the Sub-sections
a) Abstract:
[In 250 words or less200 min, include a brief project overview including (a) a brief statement of introduction to your project; (b) a brief statement of your project objective(s); (c) your hypothesis; (d) a brief statement describing your proposed work; (e) and a summary of results to date (if there are any) and a discussion of where the project is headed. (incorporate hypothesis in Abstract without using the exact same words from the hypothesis used on the body of the proposal)
b) Introduction/Objective – Brief introduction (no more than 1 page) on the general scientific relevance of your proposed research. Your introduction should aim to explain the basic science behind your subject of study/problem and why is it important to study it. It should also explain any technical details particular to your work or field of study. Your introduction must give your audience the information needed to understand the rest of your proposal.(state why my proposal is unique)
c)Literature Review – summarize the prior research on the topic (minimum 7 peer-reviewed article should be applied)
(At least 5 paragraphs)
(ONE good paragraph for introduction)
(also add a small conclusion of the literature reviewed)
(Note: Don’t forget to mention title, author, year of article, what did they study, what did they found (results), and how their findings help your study). This is NOT an annotated bibliography, so avoid writing the list of the articles. Suppose to be a smooth text of all of the articles, where you are reviewing their relevance with the aim of your study.
d) Research Question – Specify what the research will answer. Should include at least 1 dependent and 1 independent variable(Note: its 1 sentence with a question mark) (start question with “HOW DOES”)
e) Hypothesis –(show cause and effect, answer research question with hypothesis) A hypothesis is the proposed explanation or expectation of the phenomenon you are testing. It is an educated guess (meaning that it must be based on previous observations) of the anticipated results of your research. The hypothesis must be worded so that it can be tested by your research. Do this by expressing the hypothesis using your independent variable (the stable variable that doesn’t change during your experiment) and your dependent variable (the variable you observe-changes in the dependent variable depend on the independent variable). In fact, many hypotheses are stated exactly like this: “If a particular independent variable is changed, then there is also a change in a certain dependent variable.”] (Note: its 1 sentence without question mark at the end )
f) Population – who and what will you study. (1 paragraph)
g) Measurement – define what is your independent variable and dependent variable. Provide the definitions of your chosen variables (better to use encyclopedia, law dictionary, textbooks, relevant research, or official websites ending in .gov. Wikipedia is not accepted!) (minimum half a page)(define dependent and independent variable)
h) Data Collection Method – explain how data will be collected (ex: survey, observation, interview (phone, mail, online), official data) (minimum half a page)
g) References – Please be consistent in the format of your references. Use APA style.
GoogleScholar now allows you to get a formatted citation for your results in APA. First, search for your citation in GoogleScholar (www.scholar.google.com). Under the title and abstract, look for the word Cite. Click on it and choose APA style from the list.]
Appendix
[This section should be a discussion of your results in the context of the aims of the project. It should tell the reader what you were looking for, what you have found, what your results mean in the context of the “big picture” project, and where these results are leading you. Use figures/tables/graphs to show your data and explain them in this discussion (figures do not count towards the page limit). Do not include figures that are not explained. Make sure all figures include a figure number and a legend explaining what the figure is about.]

 

 

Please write a essay on PTSD . I’ve provide the Annotated Bibliography, Article, and References to be use in this essay. This essay:
Must be written in APA style.
No more than 10% of your paper will be quoted material from your sources.
Only one block quote.
Must contain both direct quotes and paraphrases.

Should not deal with one article, then another, and then another, in succession. Instead, the article must be written thematically. Develop

themes on the topic, derived from your analysis of your sources, use those themes as divisions (dividing your paper into subheadings), and

provide a final discussion where you sum things up.

This essay must be 7-11 pages inclusive to include: 1 Page = Title Page, 1 Page = Abstract, 4-8 Pages = Body of the paper.