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In defining personality as which does constitute distinction of individuals, Hans (2006), established his major theory that is based upon fundamental elements of the inherited characteristics. He divided genetic aspects of personality into three factors namely introversion-extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticism in regard to individual personality as well as the individual specific disposition and character. Hans (2006) contends that the genetic composition of any individual is monumental to overrule other external influences as a major means in which people form their personality. Moreover, he affirms that unique environment and genes are quite imperative though shared environment is not usually that crucial. In analyzing as well as comparing the humanistic and biological approaches to personality one can result to difference in opinions. Abraham Maslow did study the development of personalities based on the human needs. His needs hierarchy portrays the influence of human needs to formations of peoples’ unique and individual personalities. There are some biological factors which does influence formation of one’s personality which usually plays a major role. Through reviewing the relationships that are there between Maslow’s theory and biological factors we will be in a position to see some focused similarities as well as its upcoming. Analyzing some of the main tenets of humanistic theory with some of the biological explanations will help us to be enlightened on different views of every personality theory.

Discussion

Personality is basically defined as the complex of all the attributes which are possessed by individuals and which uniquely defines their temperamental, behavioral, mental and emotional characteristics from the other people (Howard &Miriam, 2008).  Personality psychology on the other hand can be defined as the psychological forces that tend to make individuals unique (Howard and Miriam, 2008). The basic belief of humanistic theories is the fact that people are usually naturally good with their mental and social problems as a result of divergence from their natural tendency. The theory helps to remove stigma during therapy and influence the people to explore on their potentials.

Abraham Maslow (1971), a humanistic psychologist believed that the people are not controlled by the mechanical forces which include the reinforcement and stimuli forces of behaviorism or some unconscious instinctual impulse of the psychoanalysis. He placed his main focus on what people can really do as opposed to their limitations. His hierarchy of needs has established a major precedence on which human interactions can follow so as to make sure that they achieve productive as well as agreeable outcome. The main essence is to actually prepare people for shared existence with themselves and those who are around. The essence of humanistic psychology is usually similar to cognitive psychology as it does acknowledge behavior more than just a stimulus that is determined and hence recognizes perception as the actual essence of actions and behavior. His hierarchy of needs does represent how exactly growth ought to influence formation of personality. He developed his personality theory in relation to the needs of people. It shows the main influences of human needs to formation of their unique personalities.

Maslow reveals to us how exactly he views the entire makeup of personalities. Each stage and need is usually based on a priority. His theory shows us the main influences of people’s needs to their personality. Physiological needs; food, water, clothing, sex, sleep, health and shelter. Coping information is usually needed in order to meet the needs. Security and safety, helping information and a need to feel safe from danger  help an individual to experience life in a better as well as quality way in order to expand on their personality. Living in fear and not meeting safety needs one ends up getting trapped and there is always little room for growth when personality expands one’s experiences. People need a sense of belonging, affection and being part of something thus enlightening information is required in order to fulfill the sense of belonging. The need to be accepted by people, offers one feeling of security which comes in forms of praise, encouragement, support and other virtues thus helping one to build that level of acceptance.

Biological model affirms that our brains, genes as well as hormones are central to our personal development (Howard and Miriam, 2008). The human brain usually consists of more than one hundred neurons and the cortex usually does develop in various stages namely cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, axonal and dendritic growth and finally death that is followed by gliogenesis. Individuals are usually biologically complex and quite unique. Based on the biological perspectives, the physical characteristics are usually central to our major personalities. In contrast, the humanistic psychology usually places a higher emphasis on the spiritual, personal responsibilities as well as self actualization. Humanistic psychology is usually a value orientation which does hold a constructive, hopeful view of the human beings and their main substantial capacity of being self determining. It is usually guided by the conviction that the ethical and intentional values are usually immense psychological forces. The effort hence leads to efforts of enhancing distinctly individual qualities for example creativity, choice as well as the interaction of the mind, body, mind and spirit and the main capacity of being more free, responsible, trustworthy, affirming and aware. Humanistic psychology does acknowledge on the fact that the mind is usually influenced by some determining forces in the unconscious and the society and some of them are usually destructive and negative. It does put emphasis on worthiness and dignity of human beings as well as their conscious capacity in developing self respect as well as competence.

Abraham emphasized on some positive growth factors on the personality development. He states that each individual has unique psychological nature whose structure does comprise of capacities, inherent needs and growth potential. Full development does lead to self actualization.

There are various determinants of personality. Some of the biological factors which do influence formation of personalities comprise of diseases, heredity, brain, physical features, genetics, neurochemical alterations, drugs as well as physiological arousal. Heredity is basically the main transmission of some qualities from the ancestors to the descendants through some mechanisms that lie in the chromosomes of germ cells. Heredity does predispose to some mental, physical as well as emotional states. Generally, psychological and physical characteristics are capable of being transmitted through heredity means.

The other biological determinant is the brain which plays a major role in the shaping of one’s personality (Howard and Miriam, 2008). Depending on one’s brain structure, hence their development of personality. Finally it is the physical features as well as the maturity rate. Individual’s external appearance is a major ingredient of their personality. From a biological base or opinion, personality development is usually primarily governed by the biological maturation of individuals.  To some extent even the environmental influences on individuals’ development are usually viewed under biological characteristics and disposition.

Maslow synthesized vast body of research in relation to human motivation.  Before Maslow, most of the researchers used to focus on some aspects for example achievement, biology as well as power in order to explain what exactly energizes, sustains and directs the human behavior.  Maslow did posit the hierarchy of human needs basing on two groupings namely the deficiency needs as well as the growth needs.  According to him, individuals are always ready to act on their needs only when the deficiency needs are met.  The hierarchy can be used to explain as well as describe the types of information that people seek at different intervals and levels. People at the lowest levels do seek for coping information so as to meet some of their basic needs (Maslow, 1954.  Individuals who are at safety level do require the helping information in order to be assisted to be safe as well as secure. Enlightening information is usually sought by people who do seek to meet their sense of belonging while empowering information is usually sought by the people who are at the most esteem level. Finally people who are in the growth levels of aesthetic, cognitive as well as self actualization do seek the edifying information (Maslow, 1954).

Biological factors are related to some extent with the Maslow’s hierarchy of personality because biological factors for example brains, heredity and physical characteristics are needed during the growth level. All actions including the need for basic needs, security, enlightenment and others are actions and behaviors that are as a result of biological and internal instincts (Freud, 1990.).  For example in the cognitive level (Heider, 1958) which requires knowledge and understanding, obviously the biological factors are paramount.

Humanistic theories of personality do represent an affirmative view of human behavior. Personality is usually defined as the organized as well as the dynamic set of various characteristics which are possessed by people and which influences their cognitions, behavior as well as their motivations. Humanistic psychology does emphasize that people do have a free will and do play active role in the determining of how exactly they tend to behave. Humanistic psychology usually focuses on the subjective experience of individuals as opposed to definitive and forced factors which determine behavior. Maslow does believe that all people who are interested in growing ought to move towards the self actualization level of happiness and satisfaction. The psychological perspectives on development of personality do remain influential which comprises of humanistic perspective, psyodynamic and existential perspectives, cognitive, socioculture and behavioral perspective.

Biological factors to an extent are different or incompatible with humanistic theories and perspective.  Human perspective and theories do focus on self thus one can choose their own actions as well as behaviors rather than having to react to biological rein forcers and stimuli.  Biological factors on the other hand are quite different from humanistic perspectives as they relate to the genes and the brain which are internal and thus people have no control over.  Psychology is usually based on theories which help us to decide exactly what to observe. The humanistic theories do follow the belief that everybody is good and relies on feelings rather than the thought processes (Dennis & John, 2008, pp. 442). Biological theories on the other hand follow the belief that the genetics do control one’s personality. They do rely on thinking and not necessarily feelings. Therefore the tenets of biological and humanistic theories do differ immensely. Humanist does focus on the present and not the past and believes that everybody has inherent worth. It also asserts that it is only through self knowledge and improvement that one can be actually happy. Biological theorists do believe that the genetic makeup does determine one’s personality. Biological perspectives teach that genes as well as intelligence do determine the personality. Mental disorders as well as temperament are usually believed to be determined by biology (Howard and Miriam, 2008). Humanistic theories are oversimplified while biological factors are usually overcomplicated.

Conclusion

There are various factors that determine our personality. Some of these determinants are either humanistic or biological.  Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and humanistic personality’s theory play a major role in the formation of one’s personality and so are the biological factors. Though humanistic and biological theories are opposites, they do comprise of the main essence of personality and the blend between these two theories produces effective results.

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Citizenship describes the relationship that individuals have with the state. It has been described as being a member of a certain political community, and this is whereby the citizen enjoys the rights and protection of the state and also assumes the duties of membership. Citizens in this regard enjoy all the rights and privileges and also enjoy an equal and legitimate membership to a certain political community .This is unlike slaves, subjects and vassals who are dominated (Van gunstreren, 1994). This aspect by itself gives citizenship characters in that there are certain features and traits that are constituted in order to identify who is a citizen and who is not. Generally citizenship is constituted by  five categories .These include;  having a sense of identity, enjoying certain rights, fulfilling certain  obligations, having   similar interests, being involved in public affairs and accepting the values that the concerned society embraces(Heater ,1990).

Turner (Turner,1993) defines citizenship as ‘set of legal, economic, and cultural practices which define an individual as a competent member of the society’.  To him these practices determine how resources are distributed. From this definition it is evident that the available opportunities in the society and how they are distributed is important in defining citizenship.

Citizenship can be viewed in two dimensions whereby in one case its considered a right .Here citizenship is defined by ones participation in a political community. The second aspect is where citizenship is considered a fulfillment of certain legalities (a legal status) or as a civic duty. Here a citizen is viewed as one who is protected by the law and has a right to claim this protection. Where citizenship is seen as a right, it emphasizes status and individual rights are safeguarded by the constitution. (Kymlicka and Norman, 1994).  In civic republican traditions for example, citizenship is seen as a civic duty, whereby citizenship is viewed in terms of submission of ones interests to the common good of others. Heater identifies status, exercise and conscience as the three components of citizenship. On status he notes that the only individuals recognised by the state are those who have fulfilled all the state requirements. These individuals are connected with the state through a set of rights and regulations. As exercise, he notes that this whereby the needs of the citizens are transformed into rights and this basically broadens the former definition of citizenship. On conscience he notes that this is what convinces individuals that they are citizens of a certain state.

Citizenship has before been understood in different ways and is not widely understood (lister, 1998) .This is because it is both a complex and flexible concept. This is because of the complexity and diversity of most states which might not necessarily share the same views in defining what they deem citizenship to be. The fact that citizenship is also not tangible makes it difficult to construct in peoples minds (Parker, 2003). The concept of globalisation has also complicated the understanding of citizenship in that, it neutralises the ideal of nations and this is basically the underlying factor that defines citizenship (Smith, 1995). Although globalization has had a noticeable impact on citizenship, it is imperative to note that the former has still maintained its  character in that people always identify themselves  more with their countries of origin even when they are in  foreign countries .It is therefore difficult to define citizenship since it may carry different meanings to different people. In other instances it is possible to even find people from the same nation interpreting citizenship differently, Kymlicka argues. In addition citizenship is a hotly contested feature in some countries. This is displayed by the lengths people are willing to go to gain citizenships of certain countries.  For instance some people engage in fake marriages in order to be accorded citizenship.

Citizenship as an identity is assumed whereby it gives individuals in a certain political community a sense of belonging and therefore can identify themselves as  being this and that country’s citizens.  This is marked by the citizens of a particular country having a subjective sense of belonging and according lister, (lister, 1998) this is psychological in that the citizens have embraced the fact that they belong to a certain political community and are distinct by that mere fact. This kind of feeling thereby strengthens social cohesion .Whereby citizenship is defined as a civic duty; it obligates its citizens to serve the community. Here participation is a duty based on having a sense of belonging and a shared commitment and vision of a common good. Citizenship produces identity whereby it is used by individuals to define who they are in terms of their nationalities or where they come from. This identity is seen as exclusive and geographically defined. Here the nation or the state forms the basis of defining citizenship. If the nation or the state is there then citizens are there and with the states absence then there is a feeling being in a state of   having no identity as in the case of slaves, aliens and asylum seekers. The nation hereby validates the citizenship and gives one the identity. Citizenship produces identity in that it is difficult to understand the individual as a citizen but as a nation (Jasmine, 2008).Citizenship is also seen as a sense of belonging that one feels towards their community through involvement. This is about the stakes and ties that are nurtured at basic level which is from the community extending to the nation. The idea of citizenship thereby helps individuals in defining their identities. According to perker (Perker, 2003) if the three aspects that define citizenship are incorporated they help in shaping its identity. This is owing to the fact that the rights that citizens enjoy determine the political activities that they participate in and this gives the citizens identity or a sense of belonging. Heater also notes that the conscience aspect of citizenship is what gives citizenship an identity. He argues that  this identity if formed  by ones knowledge of their basic rights and duties, identifying  the sovereignty of the state in  granting these rights and duties through  policies and  laws and also though  identification of methods that are legal in  demanding  for these rights. The state is very key if citizenship ever gains an identity. This is because failure by the state to treat its people as citizens but as subjects implies that these individuals do not develop the citizenship conscience hence they lack the identity.

Turner (1986) argues that citizenship identity, which implies having a sense of belonging and solidarity has a very strong link in regard to the distribution of resources and especially where it’s done in an un equal way.

From a narrow understanding of citizenship, aliens have been excluded in many countries from enjoying even the most basic of amenities. An alien is a citizen of one country living in a foreign country. Most of their rights are determined by agreements and relationships that the two countries have. Policies such as the 1996 welfare reform act made citizenship a requirement for one to enjoy most of the basic public benefits in The United States. This means that anyone arriving in the country legally and even on a permanent basis but who is not a citizen cannot enjoy basic support programmes.  Aliens in most countries are not allowed to vote or hold public office. In other countries and even some US states, on is not allowed to practice in certain professions especially the legal profession. They are thereby forced to go back to school in those countries in order to be allowed to practice. There are also laws that make it very easy for the government to deport aliens and this happens especially if they break laws however careful they try to be this can be viewed as harassment. This is mostly done by limiting the Aliens rights. The aliens are also denied the right to vote and even press legal charges by denying those rights to judicial review or making it difficult. There are also efforts in some countries to do away with citizenship by naturalization and even birth whereby the aliens beget children in foreign countries and this is especially when they are not documented.

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Prevalence of infertility in the U.S

An estimated 6.1 million American women between 15 to 44 years old have implication s of infertility following fecundity impairment as they failed to conceive in their lifetime. This constitutes an approximate of 10% of the females in the USA at the stated age brackets who experience difficulty in getting pregnancy. However, such impairments are not only in women. Approximately 18.1% of men in the US were diagnosed with infertility problems of which 13.1& had sperm or semen issues while 5.9% varicocele cases.
Demographic characteristics of women with impaired fecundity

About a third of the women above 35 years in age experience fertility problems. This is unlike those below 30 years as the chances of conceiving decline as they age. Awareness and education is also of effect since the informed people tend to practice to preserves their fertility as opposed to them who are not well informed of the same. Inaccessibility to health care services also contribute to high cases of infertility amongst the poor as it bars them from receiving good medical attention. High costs lead to poor health to the parents and their children. In the racial or ethnic lines, a study by Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults found that African American women were twice in infertility cases; an indication of their prevalence for the same.

Demographic characteristics of women receiving infertility treatment

The women receiving infertility treatment are mostly those who meet the costs. In fact, the stability of the economic status of their respective countries determines the rates and numbers at which they respond. In addition, their figures are further affected through improved diagnosis, effective treatment and availability of the service.
Gap between those in need of infertility treatment and those who actually receive it

The gap between those who need infertility treatment and those who receive it follows a number of factors which include financial capabilities, lack of insurance covers and available legal systems. The costs are expensive to some people who actually need them thereby making it difficult for them to receive infertility treatment maybe of long-term expenses. Lack of insurance coverage is also a factor that bars most couples from receiving infertility treatments in a number of states therefore making the gap between those who need the treatments and those who receive them wider. The policies that are in place do not fully address the challenges of infertility treatment and this is also a determinant in the receivership of infertility treatment.
Common causes of infertility among women

One of the common causes of infertility in women is chronic pelvic inflammatory disease which causes tubal scars and blockage of fallopian tube.  Tobacco smoking contributes too to decline in conception, dysfunction of the ovulatory system and premature menopause. Obese conditions also lead to dysfunction of the menstrual and ovulatory systems alongside raising the chances of miscarriages, hence infertility.

Common causes of infertility among men

Amongst the common causes of infertility among men is the condition of varicocele which has been detected in about half of the inpatients turning up for surgery services and around two thirds among those visiting the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) in the US for male infertility. It is the enlargement of testicle veins causing heat that affect the sperms’ number and shape. Besides, hazards aligned to the environment and occupation is alleged to contribute to the reduced sperm quality. Tobacco smoking leads to low sperm quantity and density while overweight also impair reproduction fertility as it contributes to dysfunctions of ovulatory and menstrual systems.

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Economics analysis was over the years an issue that raised sufficient concerns among the politicians and the economists alike. Franklin Roosevelt was shaken by the great depression to the extent that when Keynes shared his propositions with him, he felt the prepositions were too easy to offer solutions. In both theoretical arguments, rationality of the consumer is placed central. Under Marx’s capitalism, individuals always yearned to amaze much wealth and could not be satisfied to the extent to continued wealth amazement. In Keynes economics, the decision by rational consumer always affected the entire economy.

The proletariat capitalist always owned their services and the decision to sell these services was at their discretion. Within the beliefs of Marx, classes in the economy were defined by the relationship between the members and the inherent means for the productions of the goods and services. Ideally, according to Marx, history was transcending from to class wars, uprising and struggles (Tresscott, 1996). Marx asserts that workers would offer their services to the capitalist upperclass for the sake of sustaining their families even if the wage level was a shear bare minimum.

 

 

Discussion

Keynes sought to explain the great depression and found the depression to be a function of the economics slumps that were transcend from the rationality of the consumers. These were affecting the uniformity of the circular flow of income. Given that ones income was simply the other person’s expenditure, Keynes argued that the decision by any consumer to restrict his expenditure patterns would ultimately affect the income of the supplier, and hence course the slumps in the economy.

In a normal economy, according to Keynes, the level of employment is normally high and the expenditure of everyone would be sustained at a level that makes the economics activities balanced (Matticks, 2005). Subsequently, the circular flow of money remains within the requisite level and the economy doesn’t strain to maintain the activities. However, when the economy is shaken, the consumers’ confidence become shaken and may opt to save their probable expenditure for the sake of harder times ahead.

Subsequently, given that one person’s income is the other person’s expenditure, the trend trickles down to the other sectors of the economy (Review of Keynesian theory, 2008). This results from the fact that some of the consumers resort to hoarding money on pretext of saving, causing a shortage in the money supply and subsequently leading to even harder times within the economy.  The continued hoarding of money ends up making the vicious cycle a continuous trend; eating direly into the economy.

In mitigating this treacherous trend, Keynes argues that the central bank has to expand the money supply. This would be achieved through the sale of treasury bills and Treasury bond to the public which would assist in returning the confidence of the consumers. Subsequently, expenditure would be normalised which would translate into the stabilisation of the economy through the reestablishment of the circular flow of money. Because of the simplicity of the policy guideline, they were readily wished away by most political classes because they seemed too easy to give results.

Exchange seems to be a common aspect of the two economists. While Keynes looks at the exchange preference of the consumers, Marx looks at the exchange preference of the labourers and the producers of the services. According to Marx, the value of any product depended largely on the value of labour. Like in the case of capitalist economics (Review of Keynesian theory, 2008), if the labourers chose to withhold their services, hoard in the case of Keynesian economics, then there could be slumps in terms of the circular flow on income. Ideally, there could be no sufficient circulation of money and the services and good produced would well be in short supply and therefore affecting the economic cycle.

Marx and Keynes (Ward, 2007) are in agreement that decline in the accumulation of capitals affects the performance of economies. Keynes sees the dilemma as caused by the deficiency in the investment prospects of the nation. Marx argues that if incentives lack, the possibility of increasing investments are reduced and therefore affecting the employment levels. Because expenditure depends on the income of the consumers, low level of employment ultimately eats into the prospects of increased good and service consumptions.

Keynes however, (Tresscott, 1996) does not find depression and crisis as an imperative aspect of the formation of capital. He argues that this is only applicable under the laissez faire conditions. Further, he argues that this would only suffice in cases where the economic equilibrium does not call for full employment which according to Keynes is an impossible condition.

On his part, Marx argues that continued formation of capital presupposes periods of crisis and depression. Marx argues that crisis is only a mechanism that precludes equilibrium believed to function best under capitalist tenets. Under depression, the capitalist structure have been found by Marx to undergo requisite changes that would restore profitability that would have been lost hitherto, translating into the expansion of capital.

Keynes and Marx largely dealt with economic aggregate. The difference only emerges in the sense that while Marx looked at the trend that transcended capital formation Keynes looked at formulation of incidental policy that would support the capital formation without damaging the capitalist production prospects.  Keynes economic system was divided into two sectors; the sector that was to produce capital good and that that was to produce consumptions goods. The total income was therefore the sum total of the wage units resultant from both sectors.

Marx (Tresscott, 1996) emphasises the formation of capital, Keynes emphasises consumptions. Combined; the two look at the aggregate demand. Subsequently, this implies that the consumption of services and consumption good’s value translated into the total income of the labourers and hence at this point equilibrium is reached. At the point the savings should equal the investments.

The American economy has remained resilient over the years because of the marginal propensity of its populace (Ward, 2007). It is perhaps for this reason that the economy of the United States was threatened over the last two years resulting from the economic downturn. Through the two years, the ability of the American to purchase equities reduced, subsequently, the consumer shunned investment fearing for the performance of the economy. This reduced investment also meant decline in the employment levels of the resources largely the labour force (Matticks, 2005). The shaken economy, as is argued by Keynes causes investors and consumers alike to save for the future which would be appearing oblique.

China on the other hand, has had its economy on the upward trend with renewed resilience over the years. In line with the arguments put forth by Marx and Keynes, the marginal propensity to invest and consumer from the market of the Chinese have been relatively high and sustained. Besides, the rate of capital accumulation has been very high (Review of Keynesian theory, 2008). Subsequently, given that one person’s expenditure according to Keynes is another person’s income, the circular flow of income has been sustained at a level that has been able to keep the economy resilience. High consumption has equally translated into increased aggregate demand that has called for increased investments and expansion of the labour force.

The Keynesian and Marxist approach to economics has been very incidental in the development of policy for the cushioning of economies against crises. Keynesianism, for instance, has been a critical tool in controlling inflation and unemployment (Matticks, 2005). Certainly, controlled demand is a precursor to checking inflation just as increased aggregate demand boost employment prospects. It is for this reason that the Keynesianism emerges as a one theory that has stood the test of time.

Consequent to the tenets set by the Keynesian economics, the US maintains two policies for maintaining the requisite money supply. When the economy seems to be slowing, the central bank through the commercial banks offers credit to its citizens who then invest (Ward, 2007). These investments results into increased employment opportunities. Once the employment opportunities are increased the populace’s propensity to consumer is improved hence translating into increased aggregate demand.

Conclusion

The Marxist and the Keynesian find due leverage and application through the Chinese and the American economies. Any economy world over that has to remain afloat has to keep a keen eye on the rate of capital formation and the marginal propensity to consume of the members through sustained incomes.

On the part of the capitalist and Marxists in this case, the accumulation of capital is imperative in supporting development prospects. Labour is developed through training in both America and China which has made the two economies remain resilient over the years. The two aspects brought forth by the two theories ideally interlude for any economy to remain stable.

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Sacraments have over the year played a critical role in the Catholic Church. The sacraments have acted as unions for the catholic faithfuls; playing pivotal and symbolic roles in marriage and holy orders. The two, marriage and holy order sacraments have symbolically had crucial roles in the shaping the family unit and the church as a family. Similarly, the use of the sacrament have always been of critical import to the church; marking the unit of purpose within the church.

Sacraments of loving service are those sacraments that show the unit of purpose. These sacraments are used to show the commonality of purpose that a group or a pair has in common. This sacraments show the bond that the said pair or group is bound by. Within this mandate the two sacraments are viewed clearly as sacraments of services. Loving Services would ideally be used contextually as the willingness to offer help without the need for returns. The sole returns are utterly the blessing from the almighty.

Discussion

The sacraments of vocation are similar in all aspects to other sacraments. These are unfolding realities and continuous in orient in the lives of the catholic faithfuls. These are viewed as a path towards full redemption in the Catholic Church (Martin, 1997). These practices are meant to move us closer to salvation hence a stronger relationship with God and subsequently our relationship with each another. Within the mandate of this assertion, both the matrimonial and holy order sacraments are indeed sacraments of loving service.

The bible according to Hebrews introduces the catholic faithfuls to the life of sacramental activities. Sacraments are not only a means of showing our commitment to the word and service to God but commitment towards serving those that we live with. Besides, Jason (Jason, 2010) argues that the sacraments being developed from the acts of Jesus, there is union that is derived from the sharing in this Holy Communion by the participants in the communion.

The priest and the other church leaders are called upon to serve the faithfuls. As preacher of the holy word, one celebrating the holy sacrament, the priest is called upon through this Holy Communion to be sacred in the day to day practices (Richstatter, 2009). The ideals explicated in the practice of the sacraments are the services that are both charitable and loving. Subsequently, this forms the basis for the having the two as being devotion practices. Ideally, by so doing he not only serves the faithfuls but also serves God.

The basic calling for the Christians is the call towards discipleship. Within the precincts of this cardinal pillar of Christianity, the most common sacraments for vocation have been the initiation that has been characterised by baptism and confirmation (Sacraments, 1996). It is through the sacraments that the members of the Catholic Church are formally introduced to the faith. Subsequently the sharing of the sacraments makes the member fully ordained to Catholicism. The sharing solemnly celebrates and invites the new believer into the practice of the Catholic Church.  After baptism members share the sacraments as a way of becoming members of the family and the great universe of the persons of Christ.

The calling for baptism has always been viewed as the highest and most intimate show for the acceptance of the creator. Nevertheless, the vocation of baptism plays out as not only critical but also evidence of open commitment to the principles of the family which is inherently enshrined within the family.  Whichever the perception on the components of the family, this the sharing whether referenced to the blood family or the church family shows the centrality of the sacraments in the cementing of any relationship.

The similarities exhibited within the commitment inherent within matrimony and priesthood were early never explored. However, there is very pronounced correlation between the two commitments. Formative, one seems to be ideally shrouded in the secular realm of daily livelihood of the congregation shared with the non believers, while the other seen as dully withdrawn from secular realms and working within the religious realms alone. Inasmuch as this appears to bring the two to disrepute; there is sufficient evident that there is just very much in common.

In the two forms of vocations there is total commitment of an individual to the service of the others (Monica, 2002). This commitment has been done with the intention of being life-long. Besides, both the two have not only inclusive but also very exclusive in their characteristics. The two have throughout the Christian cycle been viewed as very essential building blocks of the Christian Catholic family and community. Ideally without these vocational sacraments, the church would not be strong enough to live the tide.

The church is meant to be a community comprised of the faithfuls and a place for God’s people. This is ideally realised at the very basic low level of the relationship development process. This basic level is the family which is equally cemented through the use of the matrimonial sacrament (Jason, 2010). The church is indeed brought in to existence via the continual maintenance of sharing the Eucharist’s- the Sunday Eucharist that is ordinarily shared during Sundays. The other uniting factor is the relationship between the human societies that is started at the family unit that is built on the sharing of the Eucharist during marriage.

Over the years it has been the Eucharist that has made a people a community of Christ. Martins (Martin, 1997) assert that the Eucharist has been linked directly to the ordination of Christ followers. Within the use of the holy sacrament, the holy orders are to constitute presiding, gathering, concentrating, preaching and proclaiming the holy word of God.  The gathering that is prompted by the Eucharist is what makes the church and therefore its centrality in the church cycle.

The argument has been over the year on whether the Catholic Church can be without the administering of the Eucharist. Yet still there can be not Eucharist without an ordained priest. The two are so interdependent that the absence of one tends ti the render the other useless (Richstatter, 2009). While the Eucharist would well be administered by anybody, it would only serve the purpose if it was administered by an ordained priest. The priest has to consecrate the Eucharist before it can be taken by the church family.

The priests are normally ordained by the bishops who are in turn ordained by other bishops. This chain of flow of the ordinance shows that there is a link between the congregations world over. It is this uniting bond that is very important. During the ordainment of the priests the Eucharist shared is intended to prepare him for the life challenges that are ahead. Similarly, the Eucharist in marriage is normally prepares the couple for the responsibilities ahead.

The centrality of the sacraments shows the justification for which the holy order’s sacrament. The sacraments tend to martial the energies for the consecrated person towards Christ’s service and the preparedness towards the crucial task ahead of the priest or the family. Sacraments are meant to show commitment to the calling and therefore great wisdom and generosity is required. Besides, the sacraments offer the partakers of sufficient grace for which the execution of the tasks and the meeting of the great expectations.

There has been a lot of premium that has been placed on the necessity and the vitality of the priesthood within the livelihood of the church. Nevertheless the doctrines of the Catholic Church do appreciate that there are two sacraments of vocation (Richstatter, 2009). The central rationale for referring to the marriage sacraments as a vocation sacrament is because it equally does call for a lot of commitment and a critical role in fashioning the church. Subsequently is plays a critical role in redeeming the entire world.

The scripture guidance tends to point to the fact that the complementarities between the partners in any marriage have a critical role in the shaping of the church and the society at large. Through the family, the human community is intended to be made a success. Besides, through the family commitment, the society would be less competitive, less ruthless and with reduced injustices and cruelties. Subsequently the society would survive on brotherly and Christian basis.

During the Eucharist for the ordainment of the priests, there is a commitment to remain dedicated to the church at whatever cost, similarly, the commitment between the couples is that whatever the circumstance their will remain together (Sacraments, 1996). The children will be for both of them and none will run away from the responsibility.  These ideally bring the two families from which they hail together and the Eucharist at the bonding celebrations is the zeal for the commitment. Subsequent, through the marriages in the church bonds are build that form a basis for mutual support that extends to the church.

Though there is a lot of complexity in the human understanding, brought about by the rivalries and the feuds, injustices and bullying, exclusions and prejudices, marriage in Christ is meant to act as a redemptive act (Monica, 2002). These marriages are meant to transcend various societal challenges and create the wholeness in the within the family cycles and percolate to the community. Ideally this is a critical element in the building of relationships within the church.

This too is an essential element of building the church, the community of the followers of Jesus. This too is a sacrament of vocation, of the calling to build up the church that participates in the work of redemption. Within the marriage setting, the sacraments are taken in the church before the priest as the witness (Jason, 2010). This shows the relationship between the two vocation; matrimonial and priesthood.

The two sacraments have sufficient complementarity. Intrinsically and more theologically no plausible evidence exists on the exclusiveness of the sacraments for matrimony and the sacrament of the holy orders. While the present discipline of the Catholic Church needs much celibacy in its priests; this does have to be the case through. Consequently, any body would be called upon to build the body of Christ, by bringing the believers together through the administration of the Eucharist, doing this through family to family relationships.

Conclusions

It is evident from the foregoing discussion that anybody would come in to develop a body of believers through the two vocations; matrimonial or holy order. This would be done through the development of a redemptive relationship between the families which subsequently percolates into the church.

Like the other sacraments, the sacraments for devotion are far from the ceremonies that come and go. These ceremonies are meant to be perpetual reminders of family commitment and the priestly commitment of the priests and the bishops to Gods purpose and so are the sacraments in the family. Continually sacraments are constantly unraveling the realities in the lives of the lives of most faithfuls for full redemption. The sacraments have been ideally viewed as the dynamics that contribute to our closer movement towards salvation.

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Models perform emotional labour to sell themselves to clients and agents, to create illusions for observers and the camera, and to find dignity in a job that is often degrading and humiliating’. From this we can deduce the fact that the article is discussing about the problems that face models in their careers and how they are viewed as objects and not as usual human beings.

Modeling, just like marketing involves selling of products to potential customers. As discussed in the article models on the contrary are just objects that wear products that the companies wish to sell. This requires them to watch their bodies carefully and treat them as assets. This in essence is objectification of human beings and they have no control over their bodies and themselves and have to fit into a system that is put there by the market. For instance they have to achieve the required height, age, weight and complexion. Apart from that they are required to alter their feelings in order to achieve the look that the audience desires. These are the codes that are set by the industry and if you can’t achieve them then you have no business being there.

This article explicitly examines the modeling industry by addressing how models manage their physical appearances and why they are forced to live lives that they are not comfortable with and the things they have to do in order to achieve their dreams. Also discussed in the article is what it takes to be a model and how hard it is to achieve superstar status in this industry where one is judged according to their looks. The main reason for the influx of girls who dream to be models is the over glorification of the career by American media all over.

Modeling seems to be a perfect escape for girls who wish to make a killing overnight only to realize that there is simply too much competition, criticism, rejections and having to pretend on all occasions which is quite hard. On top of that modeling is a tough career where apart from hard work, luck is also a great factor. For instance as shown in the article models only present themselves to potential clients without knowing whether they would be chosen for the job. This is because a client already knows the aspects he is looking for and it’s up to you to fit them and most of the times you don’t have control over them. For example if your eyes don’t match what is needed then you are out. It is as difficult as that.

Women have for a long time been judged by the way they look. To women beauty is prestigious and right from their days in school boys are approved socially by academic success whereas girls are approved for being slim (Gilligan, Lyons, Hanmer &Willard 168). The main reason for this is the culture that people live in where femininity is very different from masculinity. Over the years femininity has increasingly been sexualized and with the society taking a lot of control over the sexuality of women making them to try as much as possible to become sex objects (Holland, Blair & Sheldon 7).

As noted by Holland, Blair & Sheldon being a  woman is all about being a perfect sex object and a model is the a perfect example of a woman with  all the aspects of femininity. As a matter of fact most of the women all over the world sort of try to make their physical appearances to match those of models. For instance if you visit a number of gyms you will be shocked to find out that most of the young people you will meet are women as compared to men. Most of the women are also very conscious with their diets and would rather be hungry than increase weight and actually all the fabulous outfits are designed for slim women. While most of the men aspire to be successful financially most of the women aim to be physically like famous super models.

It is common to find a woman asking her girlfriends  about her similarity to Tyra Banks and not whether she is on the way to becoming  as successful as Bill Gates or Barrack Obama.

As much as more women are working in professional careers that require academic knowledge, their looks are still being emphasized in some of the. For instance air hostesses, customer care representatives and news anchors. These careers employ modeling in an indirect way because as so long as marketing of products still exist, it is the women who will be employed mostly because of their beauty.

Conclusion

The article takes the reader through the life of a model giving an in-depth look about what goes on from the start of a models career and behind the scenes right up to when we see them in the media. The article is also very informative on the difficulties that models undergo in order to appear on those glamorous magazines and other media outlets that we see them in and as discovered although the career depends on looks making people assume it is easy the truth is it is not. As a matter of fact most of the women as discovered in the article are aspiring to be like models in one way or another through the way they dress, eat and carry themselves out generally and this is mainly because of the cultural frameworks that we live in. Overall the article is informative about the modeling world and would be a good read to would be models.

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The policies governing the receipt and/or delivery of infertility treatment entail equality in accessing the treatments for all, irrespective of individual differences and to provide a wider approach in speeding the availability of infertility treatment or services. They also recommend a balancing in the charges pertaining to the same and should not be varied from one zone to the other. Given the availability of the available resources, the differences should not be of wide margins.

Nonetheless, these policies are insufficient of surveillance requirements at the state level while at the same time lack proper coordination, therefore posing absence of appropriate strategies diagnosing and treating infertility. This is same for services, care and insurance tariffs which are not consistent with the other states. In addition, there is lack of procedures concerning the relevant information that should be given and the form of counseling which should be accorded the infertile people. The counseling (as guided by the policies) should promote the merits of getting infertility treatment, adopting of children and how to live as childless couple, but these lack in them, (Gnoth et al 2005).The policies are inadequate in giving detailed plan to tackling infertility problem even though they dwell much on the essence of managing infertility amongst the nationals.

The policies are not focused on the prevailing evidence and is not in agreement of the stakeholders who should be the ones developing and implementing the plans designed. Policies on the infertility treatment should facilitate approaches towards prevention and managing the situation. However, there are implications on the policies as they are not appropriately acted upon along with the failure of health care insurance to concentrate on treatment, prevention and diagnosis, (Skakkebæk, N.E. & Lutz, W. 2006). These policies on the other hand recommend adherence to the current approaches for checking infertility for instance, examination and treatment of infections arising from sexual contacts which have a potential of contributing to infertility and encouraging of basic methods of prevention to all the stakeholders.

The stakeholders here include the state residents – with infertility problems, the existing community and non-community organizations, clinicians and health care providers, industries, agencies affiliated to the federal state, insurance care providers, advocacy units, the employers and scientists-cum-researchers. These assist in achieving the best outcomes necessary.

On the demands and features of infertility heath care services, there is need for increased and improved distribution and use of those who provide assisted reproduction treatment (ART) and the basic care to help in the debate on the application of using ART in the treatment of infertility, as Jensen et al (2008) suggest. Apart from this, there is demand for the installation of databases for collecting data concerning the use and funding of public services on both treatment and prevention of infertility amongst the stakeholders. This comes along with the need for relevant information regarding infertility and how it is treated especially with clear assessment on the outcomes.

Last but not least, there is demand for the improvement on the accessibility of facilities for diagnosing and treating infertility, alongside checking on discrepancies on the same. The other demands are need to enhance efficacy and safety in the treatment of infertility, and enhancing life quality of the infertile persons. Access to infertility treatment services should enhance the effort to curb by adopting the most appropriate infertility prevention health plan, and management of the situation. Identifying initiatives is useful and should focus also on the funding of health care programs.

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The Eastern African Valley civilizations were not completely African being originated from the Semites of the Arabic nature. They are however not very recognized because much of their remains are present as in Egypt. They used mud bricks us building materials just us the Egyptians also did. Besides, they had Sabean influence and the Axum possessed a rich architecture while on the same note, they all had a Cushic influence like detailed calendars and foundations built on stones, (Adler, P. J. & Pouwels, R. L. 2008).

On the other hand, the western civilizations of Ghana, Mali and Songhai were the earliest in Africa. They were organized into kingdoms which came to be empires their region was also essential in that they were the first to engage in agricultural activities, thus becoming the first group to get to fashion alongside iron tools and weapons production they also make the first Africans to engage in significant politics and cultivate food crops even before the coming of Christianity.  Adler, P. J. and Pouwels, R. L. (2008), further observes that the Ghanaians were peaceful and affluent following their mining and agricultural involvements. Along with Mali and Songhai, Ghana was stabilized because of agricultural advantage by the Niger River, trade involvement with Arabs from the north of Africa, salt mines from the Sahara as well as gold from Guinea forests, their armies were favored by the open Savannah and lastly the Islamism which helped them attain the best bases for learning and cultural development.

Racial and Ethnic Makeup of the Inhabitants

Most African slaves were based in the American mines and in plantations. They also were deemed fit for labor provision within the cities in the Americas and were put into varied occupational involvements in the urban areas. For the America slaves, the whites were accorded a better position in the social hierarchy both ethnically and in race. The African communities were enslaved, (Lewis, B. 1994). The divides were mostly on the basis of ethnicity derived along African origins and regionally. The Africans made up the majority and their cultural identity tended to survive enslavement, being dynamic unlike their counterpart’s. The main institutions evidenced are marriage and religion with religion standing out to breed resistance during the expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade.

The Evolution of Colonial Slavery through the 18th Century

The success of the colonialists, especially the southern ones was dependent on the labor as provided by the slaves. Were it not for the slave labor then they would not have been as affluent as they are presently, (Adler, P. J. & Pouwels, R. L. 2008). They heavily relied on exploitation of the slaves by overworking them since they needed the slaves very much. This touched on a number of factors which included socio-cultural as well as geographical aspects.

The Africans were taken to unfamiliar places so that they could not escape but still, their understanding of the land made it possible for them to run off. The number of slaves grew and became of importance to their hosts’ economic growth, (Lewis, B. 1994). During the 18^th century, African America slaves stayed in almost all the colonies of England’s North America and in fact there were approximately 650000 Africans who had been forced into North America before the Britain forbade its colonialists from taking part in the trade on slaves. Ghana formed the centre for trade of African slaves from where they were shipped while the Tropical America the overall slave trade centre.

It is in this century that the number of these slaves had been less by half that of the Native American slaves following colonial wars that resulted into enslavement and relocation of a number of slaves. The African slaves and their American counterparts shared common experiences as they lived together and thereby became lovers. They inter-married one another as they continued to relate and associate with one another and later yielded the present African Americans before complete end of slave trade in 1888 upon its abolishment by Britain in 1807.

The Different Approaches between the Northern and Southern Colonies

The circumstances that rule the colonies are characteristic of their respective colonialists and cannot be done away with in most cases. The northern and southern colonies had different approaches in the manner in which they formed settlements. Some of these settlements reemerged into either towns or even cities, (Michael, D. 1967). The southern colonies adopted the development of totally different locations as compared with the northern colonies.

Otherwise, these differences were influenced by a number of factors for example interrelationships with other communities, climatic aspects, socio-economic and political influences, and above all, slavery. But the major influence was nothing but the mindset as per th perceptions and assumptions held by the colonies in themselves. Following this, they separately developed varied behaviors, attitudes and even preferences according to their respective colonialists. The southern colonies developed a greater interest in the making of profits and adoption of agricultural initiatives as opposed to the northern colonies which was mainly aligned to religion, community, sturdy work ethic and family.

Forces For and Against Black Freedom in the 18^th Century

The Britain’s efforts to end slavery were one of the critical forces that led to the freedom of the blacks from slavery all over the world. Furthermore, there were a number of people who were opposed to the system of slavery as they did view it as brutal and inhuman and they therefore responded to it with great opposition to the act. This contributed to the freedom of the black slaves as well. In addition to these, there were people in the community who following their compassion for the slaves, pleaded with those owning slaves to treat them with humanity. In fact in some instances they attempted to derive laws to help check on the act.

Michael, D. (1967), observes that in some cases, there were revolutions and rebellion from the slaves themselves, especially those from the neighboring regions who could have managed to be on runaways. Such rebellions were a force that assisted in the slaves getting their freedom as they would demonstrate the kinds of captivity which they had been exposed to therefore facilitating their owners to shy away from keeping them further and so freeing them.

The beliefs in some societies did otherwise prevent the blacks from attaining their freedom from slavery since there were societies that strongly believed that slaves had to be involved especially in the tasks. This did make such communities and their leaders in particular to keep treating them ruthlessly and with hostility.

Apart from economic needs leading purchasing of slaves and thereby leading to the legal acquisition of slavery, there were also aristocrats in the slave population. These greatly were against the freedom acquisition for the black slaves. In fact, in such a system there were cases where the slaves were absorbed into the military, thus not enabling them have the deserved freedom.

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The United Nations is an international organization that unites more than 150 states that was formed immediately after the world witnessed the 2^nd world war which was too horrific presenting a need for a body that could unite the whole world and another war and correct the past mistakes that led to the war (Henckaerts 305). According to Williamson the existence of the United Nations is based on a 111 article charter commonly known as the U.N. charter that was signed in San Francisco on 26^th June 1945 (Williamson 100).

The charter laid out the most important functions of the UN to be maintenance of international peace, elimination of threats to peace and prevention of threats to international peace (Williamson 100). Today 65 years after the historic signing of the UN charter it is quite evident that the UN has not lived to the aspirations of its founders. Many conflicts that have occurred in the post world war could have been prevented or contained by the U.N. this paper aims to evaluate the failures of the U.N in conflict management. This would be done by re- examining some of the international conflicts and also propose what the UN could have done in order to manage and prevent them.

The charter of the United Nations

The charter which came into effect on 24 October 1945 spells the functions of the United Nations as maintenance of international peace and security, development of good diplomatic ties among nations and achievement of International Corporation in finding solutions to international problems (UN charter). Consequently its founder members committed themselves to prevention of war which had brought untold human suffering, upholding of human rights, promotion of international justice and bettering the economic and social standards of living for all mankind.

Kille summarizes the charter into what he calls the principles and purposes of the UN (Kille 49). According to him the purposes of the United Nations are to ensure sovereignty and political independence of all states, promotion of equal rights and peaceful settlement disputes without use of force.

In order to achieve these aspirations the United Nations founders laid set the framework for the operations of the United Nations as laid out in the rest of the charter. One would ask if all these aspirations have been achieved by the international body several years later.  Although it has been successful so far in preventing another r world war several conflicts between nations have occurred right under its watch and the general feeling is that it could have done more.

Conflict prevention

Schnabel, A. (2003), states that in order for conflict prevention to be successful one must learn from past successes as well as failures (Schnabel, A., p. 16). They further add the three main reasons for failure of the conflict prevention as stated by the former United Nations secretary Kofi Annan. He cited the lack of will by both or one of the parties in conflict to accept interventions by a 3^rd party as the greatest stumbling block. Others include the abcence of political will by the international community and the absence of visible conflict prevention strategies within the United Nations and internationally.

From this it is quite clear that the United Nations has failed in prevention of several conflicts that it could have handled very well considering the tools it has. Take for instance the Rwandan conflict where the UN failed greatly. According to Kille, the Rwandan genocide and the Bosnian massacre of 1995 occurred because of lack of ethics in the UN leadership (Kille 291). He further adds that the genesis of the genocide in Rwanda was tensions between the main communities there, Hutu and Tutsi. The Hutu claimed superiority over the Tutsi although originally it was the Tutsi who were crowned political heads by the colonial administrators.

Kille further adds that these tensions escalated as each side had political extremists who wanted to further their own interests leading to an agreement in 1993 that was facilitated by the United Nations and as part of the agreement a small number of peace keepers were sent to the country. This was a good move by the UN but as events that follow show how the UN lost the opportunity to prevent the genocide.

Apparently when the leader of the peace keeping mission sent a telegram to the UN in January 1994 showing his fear of an approaching genocide, the message never reached the Security Council courtesy of the bureaucratic processes in the UN although this was an urgent call that deserved attention from the body. shortly afterwards a plane carrying the presidents of  Rwanda and Burundi was shot down leading to a100 day long massacre of innocent civilians by the extremists in which more than half a million people lost their lives.

This is a clear example of how the UN failed to act when it should have. For instance if the Security Council had gotten notified of the impending genocide, several lives could have been saved. More so preventive measures like sending in of more troops to prevent the genocide could have been sent to the area. Even after the killing started, the UN could not effectively lobby for additional troop s from its members and the major powers took a back seat and watched the unfolding drama only concentrating on evacuating their citizens while leaving the Rwandese in the hands of killers. Kofi Annan himself accepted that the U.N. failed the world in the genocide when they could have done more (Thakur 335).

Being that the UN was established to stabilize international relations and to promote peace especially after the adversaries that were experienced after wars, much have been achieved with regard to human rights, global security and economic development. Now with concentration on the three areas, it is evident that the aspirations which were the main basis for the pioneering of the international organization.

 

Human rights

The image of UN peace-keepers have been common as part of the most viable role of the global organization regarding its efforts to ascertain congruency in human rights issues. The organization has been effective in addressing a vast array of issues associated with the wellbeing of humans and their lives all over the world. Taylor, P. & Groom, A. J.R. (2000), notes that there have been initiated programs to help in supporting child survival and development, environmental protection, management and conservation, health and medical concerns and poverty alleviation, all of which touch on the pertinent aspects circulating around human rights issues, with many other areas. Since its establishment, the United Nations has attained accomplishments regarding human rights, some of which are discussed below.

Peace and security have been maintained and enhanced by deployment of peace-keeping troops and observation teams to a number of conflict stricken nations. Following this, the UN has been able to restore peace and saved lives of many people who would have otherwise been rendered permanent casualties of violence. Mehta, V. (2005), observed that UN has received credit following its successful efforts to initiate peaceful settlements in varied regions all over the globe that had been in dire conflicts for example “the end on Iran-Iraq war, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, and an end to the civil war in El Salvador. The United Nations has used quiet diplomacy to avert imminent wars,” (Mehta, V. 2005, p. 4).

On a similar note, UN has been in the forefront in promotion of democracy thereby enabling many people enjoy freely and fairly conducted elections like for the ones which had been carried out in Namibia, Eritrea, El Salvador, Cambodia, Mozambique, Kosovo, South Africa and East Timor, (Mehta, V. 2005, p. 5), while at the same time given assistance, electoral advice along with monitoring electoral results and assessing the electoral processes.

Still on human rights issues, the United Nations have been in the forefront in promotion of human rights through embracing in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Through this, UN has ensured that endorsement of a number of comprehensive accords, especially related to political, economic, socio-cultural and civil rights, (Karns, M. & Mingst, K. 2004). This has been achieved through consideration of individual concerns of human rights such as abuses and torture cases along with human trafficking and unjustified detentions as consented on by a number of governments around the globe so as to enhance human rights. Besides, the UN has promoted independence and self determination by facilitating attainment of independence in a number of nations which are currently its members.

UN has helped strengthen and empower international enforcement of laws by facilitating formulation of different treaties and conventions that address pertinent issues on human rights, (Roberts, A. & Kingsbury, B. (1993). In addition to this, it has monitored and ascertained that international disputes are justified upon settling the matters surrounding them by giving directions on transparent judgment procedures to assist end these disputes and to calm down interferences on international affairs.

Another area on human rights issues in which the UN has made a greater achievement is in concern of the ending of apartheid in South Africa whereby it imposed measures, UN being a major influence in finishing the system of apartheid as the apartheid system was totally against humanity. This led to the participation of the Africans to start taking full role in the election processes without segregation from the whites and furthermore yielding into the formation of a government in which the majority belonged. To a number of refugees fleeing from conflicts, persecution as well as food insecurity, the UN has always made sure that humanitarian aid is provided to them through the coordination of its agency, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), (Archer, C. 2001, p. 89). Through this agency, the UN has been able to give provide food, medical attention, education, food and even repatriation aids to millions of refugees, most of whom are children and women.

Mehta, V. (2005), confirms that since 1950, that “the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) has sustained four generations of Palestinians with free schooling, essential health care, relief assistance and key social services virtually without interruption. There are 2.9 million refugees in the Middle East served by UNRWA.” Along with that, the UN through International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) has been giving credit to the poor and marginalized communities, thereby assisting millions of beneficiaries in hundreds of developing nations across the entire globe.

Global Security

During its existence for now 65 years, the United Nations has been satisfactory to the aspirations of its pioneers on the case of global security through its operations in peacekeeping in different regions all over the world. Many countries have been rebuilt following the efforts of the United Nations, especially after being adversely stricken by wars. The UN has been in the forefront maintaining orderliness along with peace, security and calm.

Although the international organization has been in occasions failing like for the cases where it has given resolutions which it never had any viable intent to fulfill, Mehta clarifies that “the UN at its best is only mirror of the world. It reflects divisions and disagreements as well hopes and convictions. Some times it only muddles through. (Mehta, V. 2005, p. 23).

The UN has promoted and maintained peace all over the world which has been alienated to increased challenges and threats. Many operations have been accomplished by the organization in disarmament for arsenal destructions and controls, as well as carrying out peace keeping initiatives and preventing of conflicts all of which are encompassed within its charter as part of its mandate. Malone, D. (2004), observes that these initiatives have been accomplished through the UN’s agencies for instance, The International Atomic Agency (IAEA), UN peace keeping operations, General Assembly, University of Peace and the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Office of Disarmament affairs (First Committee and Commission) and Security Council.

With the agencies, the UN has been able to formulate principles to help govern treaties for disarmament and revision on international peace and security regulations to suit the operations on the same. For instance, Berdal, M. & Economides, S. (2007), has it that one of the treaties for which the UN has achieved success are on “the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 1968 (NPT), Anti-Personnel Landmine treaty 1997, the chemical weapons convention 1992, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 1996 and many multilateral and bilateral agreements including creation of nuclear weapon free zones (Latin America, Caribbean, and Africa,” according to Mehta, V. (2005, p. 25). Apart from these, the UN plays prominence in ensuring that application of atomic energy is serene and that no proliferation in the adoption of nuclear weapons by putting in place verification and inspection measures for the same.

The UN has also enhanced the security status of the world by encouraging an approach that is multilaterally designed thereby seeking collaboration amongst different nations and the involvement of nations in using United Nations’ suggested systems in dispute resolutions instead of sticking to unilateral solutions. Apart from this, the UN has been able to formulate a framework to help realize peace with reflection on injustices, discrimination and refutation on the efforts aimed at making up for universal terrorism threats.

Besides, the UN has been able to handle pertinent issues and challenges that derail the culture of peace and political instability. It has also formed collaborative approaches to help eliminate the global war threats

Economic Development

On economic development, the United Nations has made remarkable contribution to the developing countries with the African nations being the highest in its prioritization, (Taylor, P. & Curtis, D. 1958, p. 328). It has effected support for a number of nations’ economic revitalization as well as development in addition, it has ensured that all the commitments of the entire world are adhered to and the challenges that face it on the basis of economy are counteracted. Furthermore, many investors and entrepreneurs have been aided with funds from the UN to assist them acquire better enterprises. With UN, several projects have been accomplished therefore earning a number of nations millions of foreign exchange.

In the developing countries, the UN has also been involved fully in the promotion of investment by promoting entrepreneurship innovations and developments, economic independence, industrial collaborations, technological transmission as well as cost-effectiveness in the industrial sectors all over the world through United Nations Industrial Organization (UNIDO). Consequently, there have been adjustments in economic regulations to fit into the social requirements, (Claude, I. L. Jr. 1971, 1984). In fact, the UN has accentuated the need to adopt human needs in defining how to restructure the economic policies in a way that can accommodate the needs of the poor thereby safeguarding their needs as well.

Still on the same note, the UN has engaged in the protection of consumers’ health by ascertaining the safety of the foodstuff which they purchase and by putting in place standards to manage safety status of healthcare products. There have also been attained, trade systems for the developing world which enables them export their commodities to the developed countries. Agreements have also been made to make sure pricing is fair for the sake of the developing nations. Dodds, F. (1997), notes that it has also assisted several countries in enhancing their economies, giving training for officials in governments and giving financial aids, with collaboration of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. In addition to these, the UN has achieved much in the promotion of workers’ rights through the International Labor Organization (ILO) by pushing for workers; freedom and liberty as Donnelly, J., observes:

“To association, the right to organize, collective bargaining, the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples, promote employment and equal remuneration and has sought to eliminate discrimination and child labor. And by setting safety standards, ILO has helped reduce the toll of work-related accidents,” (Donnelly, J. 1999. p. 99).

 

The United Nations has also played a significant role in protecting intellectual rights on property for those with original inventions, while also maintaining a register of millions of trademarks. Moreover, it does protect the efforts of authors, artists as well as composers and writers as this enforces their property rights and offer them more opportunities to have their achievements disseminated in a justified manner.

Conclusion

On to conclusion, the United Nations has been successful in achieving numerous aspirations as per its charter as demonstrated in the discussion. Even though at times it has faced a number of challenges, the powers accorded the UN have been a boost to the international organization in realizing several better outcomes and with the phase of globalization in place, the UN still have with it more powers towards attaining more results being that its operations are transparent, (Dodds, F. 1997). And with its diversified stretch in handling almost all the pertinent issues that affect the international community as a whole, the UN has a great potential to curb the many adversaries that are now vices globally.

Through reforms, the organization is well assured of staying stable and keeping it away from any damage to its reputations as the United Nations has a strong advocacy that shares its vision of development and bettering the human face under all circumstances, (Archer, C. 2001, p. 76). This is assured following its collective responsibility in rolling out its objectives across all its affiliate agencies therefore ascertaining protection of human rights, global security and development of the global economic status. This is strength to the organization as well.

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Abstract

Dynamism in philosophy is a theory, doctrine or a system which does seek to explain on the phenomena of the universe through immanent energy or force. In religion, dynamism is the main theoretical viewpoint which finds an immanent force, universe as well as energy underlying. Dynamism had been formulated as a major theoretical alternative to proposed theories on the main origin of religion.  The main perspectives in sociological literature that does reflect on the main dynamism of religion are religion in respect to everyday lifestyle, religious evolution, culture, religious discourse, religious evolution and the influence of social reality as far as religion is concerned. This paper will hence discuss on Smart’s dimensions of religion, the religious doctrines, philosophies as well as the critical analysis in dynamism.

Introduction

Religion is one aspect that gives a person both relationship and identity. It deals with meaning, selfhood as well as purpose. Religion does answer some of the critical questions for various people in a satisfying as well as multidimensional way. There are various types of religious experience. These are mystical and numinous experiences.  Numinous experiences focus on the main encounter with God for example the encounter of Moses with God in the burning bush. The mystical experience one tends to experience a loss as far as personal identity is concerned. The experiences can hence be grouped into monist, nature and theist mysticism (Eric, 2008, pp. 151).

There is also an essence of rituals dimensions. Rituals are basically what the believers do. It offers the believers a symbolic communication mode which is designed to propel them out of the usual or ordinary experiences to extraordinary realities. Rituals are usually based on myths that are contained in a certain worldview (Philip, 1996, pp. 307-321).

The basic Christian doctrines focus on the revealed word of God. It is basically the Christian theology that regards on the God, the nature of the truth, Jesus, salvation, God, the trinity, the Holy Spirit, resurrection and the gospel. The Christian doctrine is accurate, informative and quite brief. The basics are usually the foundation of one’s Christian life. In the Christian doctrines there is an aspect of the bible, God, man and creation.

Religion is quite imperative to diverse people and every person’s religion is something which every person is dedicated to. However, we cannot deny that most rituals as far as outsiders are concerned are complex to comprehend and quite bizarre. Religious humanism does focus on integration of all religious rituals with some humanistic philosophy which centres on human interests, needs and abilities (Samuel, 1970, pp. 100).  Religious philosophy is any philosophical thinking which is directed and inspired by religion for example Judaism philosophy, Buddhist philosophy or Christian philosophy.

This paper will focus on various traditions and basically Christianity and Buddhism in respect to religious doctrines, philosophies and rituals. It will also put immense emphasis on Smart’s six dimensions of religion as well as other doctrines for example Joseph Smith’s doctrine of deity.

Discussion

            Religious rituals

Rituals are set of actions that are performed basically because of their symbolic values. It can be prescribed by traditions of a certain community or religion. The term does exclude actions that are arbitrarily chosen or dictated by performers either by chance, logic and necessity.  In religion, rituals comprise of the prescribed forms in performing cults or cultus of a certain observation in a religion or within a religious denomination. Though rituals are often focused on or used in the context of worship that is performed in churches, the main relationship between religious doctrines and rituals vary from an organized religion to a non institutionalized spirituality.  Rituals usually have a very a deep connection with astonishment thus in most cases it does express reverence for some idealized humanity state or deity.

The main functions of rituals have often been immensely exploited for political issues. Besides reverence and personal worshipping dimensions, rituals do have a basic importance as far as expressing, reinforcing and fixing the beliefs and shared values of the society is concerned. Rituals help in creating group identity and human beings have always used rituals in order to create some social bonds as well as nourish some interpersonal relationships. Nearly all the sororities and fraternities do have rituals that are incorporated in their structure from secret to elaborate rites to a more formalized structure used in convening a meeting.

Christian rituals and practices

Most of the religious practices and Christian rituals do vary between denominations, individual Christian and individual church though some of the practices are virtually to all Christian forms. Most of the Christians do attend worshipping services on Sunday which comprise of praying, singing and sermons. Most of the Christian churches do have special rituals meant for designating or ordination of a person that is fit for a certain leadership position in churches. At home most of the practicing Christians do pray regularly and even read their bibles.

Nearly all the Christians get baptized either in early infant stages or when they become adults. They also do participate regularly in communion which is also called Eucharist or Lord’s Supper. Communion and baptism are usually considered as sacraments that are instituted by Jesus. The Catholic Church has recognized five sacraments and other practices which are referred to as devotions or sacramentals which comprise of praying of the rosary as well as going to pilgrimages. Both Orthodox and Catholic churches do have religious orders. Some of the Christian practices are baptism, communion, confirmation, prayer, Sunday services, missions and evangelism, marriage, healing, ordination and funerals (Hendrick, 2008).

The Roman Catholic does recognize seven sacrament rituals which comprise of baptism, penance, confirmation, Eucharist, Holy Orders, Matrimony and extreme unction (Hendrick, 2008, pp. 296).  The protestant churches do recognise Eucharist and baptism since these can only be proved from the scripture to having been instituted by Jesus Christ. The protestant churches usually have some formal ceremonies for the matrimony though it is not regarded as sacraments.

Buddhism rituals and practices

Buddhism does incorporate a variety of practices and rituals which are usually intended to aid in the enlightenment journey as well as bring forth blessings to others. The meditation practice is basically central to almost all Buddhism forms and is directly derived from all the teachings and experiences of Buddha. Mediation is the main focus as far as Zen Buddhism is concerned and the main liberation in Theravada Buddhism. Buddhism practices and rituals do comprise of detailed and intricate prayers. It comprises of Puja or prayer which is a main way that is used to express dedication and offerings to God (, pp 102).

Following and practicing these rituals helps a person to move onto the enlightenment path. The prayers are usually initiated through evoking of sangha. After sangha has been evoked then the dharma and sadhaka students perform some prostrations which are also known as three aggregates. They comprise of the mind, body and the speech. It also does indicate and reveals that these students have hence acknowledged the Buddha bodies which comprise of Smbhogakaya, Dharmakaya and Nirmanakaya (Vicki, 2003). The immense power in Buddhism is usually found when one fully engages in it. There is however more in Buddhism than just practices and rituals. However, rituals happen to be both teaching and training.

In Buddhism, merit is usually shared and made through periodic, daily, yearly festivals as well as special rituals. Services involved in chanting or worship only take place at home, temple or monastery. Through incense and lighting of the candles before the image of Buddha, the monks hence chants together and then the lay family offers the prayer. The flowers are also placed as a symbol of life’s impermanence.

The daily rite of Buddhism is offering of the food. The Theravada laity does make this offering to monks and Mahayana laity does make it to Buddha as part of worship. In both settings merits is usually shared (Bibhuti, 2000,  pp. 69).  There are usually some special rituals used to protect, mark and bless occasions of major transitions of life. They usually protect and mark passage times from one stage to the other for example births, birthdays, marriage, coming of age, death and others. The monks are the ones who do preside over funerals, ordinations and even death rites. In the tradition of Theravada, ordination is either coming of age or puberty rite. The monks also preside over entering of new house and birthday rites.

The Ex-monks elders from the lay community do perform rituals for marriage and childbirth (Bibhuti, 2000). The lay priests on the other hand preside over some rituals like presentation of a child to the temple, confirmation of girls and boys during death and puberty and others. The Buddhists do celebrate Buddha’s birth as well as the New Year, death and enlightenment. The beginning of the year is a time dedicated to take stock of each person’s well wishing, Karma and cleansing. The laity bathes the images of Buddha by sprinkling them with water as well as elders and monks as a sign of respect and good wishes. The monks hence chant their blessings to the laity and share on the merits of this occasion with the dead. The pouring of the water is not just a sign of honouring the monks, elders and Buddha but it is offering for plentiful days and rain to come.

Theravada Buddhists do transfer and honour merit to the ancestors on each occasion of sharing and merit making. The Buddhists also do have a chance of celebrating the blessing ceremony. During the blessing ceremony the major item is the image of Buddha whereby a white thread is wrapped or tied around. The thread usually has around 8 strands which signify and symbolise the 8 fold path (Bibhuti, 2000). It is usually white to signify or represent purity while the thread symbolises connection, unity, peace, harmony and solidarity. Some of the elements that are involved in Puja or worship are bowing, offerings, chanting, lights, relationships and meditation.

Generally the practice of Buddhism is usually associated with reflective, quiet as well as introspective aspects involved in formal meditation with little realisation or recognition of the various means in which we can cultivate some qualities for example gladness, joy as well as uplift of one’s heart.

Smart’s six dimension of religion

Ninian Smart came up with various dimensions in relation to religion.  These are the ritual, experiential, mythic, ethical, philosophical, social and the material dimensions.  The ritual dimension as put forth by Smart comprises of all the practices as well as rituals that include waving flags, marching, praying and even taking of holidays (Ninian & John.  2009, Pp. 152). The experiential dimension comprise of religious experiences for example revelations, visions, religious ecstasy and enlightenment. The mythic dimension comprise of both written and oral tales with formal and informal teachings, predictions and alternative histories. The philosophical dimension is the formal and official teachings which do underpin the mythic or narrative parts of the religion. In Christianity, there are existences of cults following the stories, rituals and life of Jesus which hence formed the Christian doctrines.

The ethical dimension dictate the fact that the formal and moral laws from any system do run the gamut from complex and extensive Mosaic laws to unwritten and variable set of the Christian taboos. The social dimension does require a physical form as opposed to others which are abstract.  The social dimension comprises of the formal organization for example umma, church, mosque or sangha. The material dimension comprise of the religion’s physical creations which comprise or art, icons, buildings and instruments of ritual. It also comprises of the natural features which are crucial to the system for example holy ground, sacred mountains and Jerusalem.

The ritual and practical dimensions do cover all acts of worship whether corporate and private, preaching, meditation and sacrifice. It also does include some other practices for example yoga. The examples do comprise of the celebration of Eucharist in Christianity. Experiential dimension brings together ranges of some religious phenomena which range from experience of conversion to shamanistic trances (Ninian & John.  2009).

It comprises of less dramatic feelings for example stillness and sense oneness which is usually reported by the believers to occur in moments of reflection. The mythic dimension incorporates stories which form a starting point to some religious teachings. The creation myths are usually incorporated with accounts and devotional material of lives of important individuals. The philosophical dimensions refer to teachings encompassing the world’s religions. The more the religions develop; their myths as well as narratives are hence explained by intellectually rigorous and complex doctrines of the official teachings.

In Buddhism the social dimension in reference to sangha is usually a name that is given to a community of nuns and monks as well as the wider Buddhist community. As far as material dimension is concerned, Buddhism has hence given rise to various statues while orthodox Christianity has come up with some beautiful icons.

Although Ninian Smart has not offered a succinct definition of what religion is, his main approach offers an insight into religious nature. It is a major system which can hence be applied to humanistic and secular world views for example Marxism and nationalism.

Smart’s main goal is to advance on our understanding of how human beings do interact thoughtfully to express on the exigencies of existence and nature.

Religious doctrines

In various religions, some doctrines are usually considered imperative to belief system. There are usually key or central doctrines which form a primary base to the belief system. Denial of these essential doctrines tends to compromise one’s religion. Any person who tends to deny some of the central doctrines should hence not be accepted as being a genuine follower to that faith.

There are numerous Christian doctrines. In Christianity, there is usually only one Supreme Being. God is a trinity and there are no other gods after or before God. God is omnipresent, powerful, and sovereign and created everything that does exist. It is crucial as a Christian to realize the basic doctrines to be in a position to answer questions which arise on why we believe on what we believe. There are six important doctrines that Christians believe.

The first essential doctrine is the bible. Christians do believe on the fact that the bible happens to be the inerrant inspired word of God.  All the men who wrote the bible were guided and inspired by Holy Spirit in order to papyrus the truths that God did want us to know. The second imperative doctrine is the human being. We all believe that we are created in God’s image. In the Garden of Eden, God created Adam who he formed from earth’s dust. God also created eve when He took a rib from Adam. The third doctrine is God. Christians believe in God and three persons namely the Holy Spirit, Son and Father which we do refer as trinity.

The other doctrine is Jesus. As Christians we do believe on the fact that Jesus is a son of God and part of Trinity.  Jesus came in form of a man and died on the cross hence taking our punishments.  Jesus is usually called the Lamb of God as he takes away the sins of mankind.  The other doctrine is the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit happens to be the third part of the Trinity. The Holy Spirit happens to be God and inhabits the believers. Through the guidance of the Holy Spirit people are in a position to interpret the scripture as well as learn what is needed by God and what He really requires. Christians do believe that everybody is a sinner and that is why Jesus had to suffer on behalf of them.

Finally there is the salvation doctrine. Christians believe that there is one way to enter the kingdom of heaven and that is through Jesus Christ. The only way to receive salvation is through belief and faith. Christian Doctrines appear ritualistic and convoluted to seekers who have otherwise experienced organized religions traditions.  Most of the churches hinder the understanding and presentation of Christian doctrine.

Religious philosophy and criticism

Religious views and opinions should never affect people’s treatment that has divergent views. The treatment to other people is based on respect and has no any religious preference. All human beings ought to have unified respect given to one another. The religious philosophy is an enthralling area in philosophy. It not only addresses on some perennial questions but also questions on the existence of God and how He is like if at all He exists.

Christian philosophy requires faith as far as biblical revelation is concerned. However most Christians assume that their faith is indefensible and they reason by claiming that what they really believe is completely beyond reason. As far as Christian philosophy is concerned, the bible does not point out that we abandon reason for us to accept truth. Apostle Paul in 1 Peter 3:15 encourage the Christians to present some logical as well as compelling reasons as far as their hope in Christ is concerned.

Christianity does answer most of the contentious questions. Though most people debate on the existence of God, for most average people such debate is completely irrational and irrelevant.

The major tenets of the Christian philosophy are quite rational since they are only held by the rational and average people. However, Christianity still runs through some epistemological problems. There are always questions on how the knowledge gained through faith in the biblical revelation can compare to the intellect and knowledge gained by the scientific investigation (John, 1900, pp. 12). All knowledge does require faith as it precedes reasoning power.  Though humanists and Marxists portray science as the primary faith and knowledge in the biblical revelation as blind as superstition or epistemology, the fact is that all the methods of knowing do rely on assumptions (John, 1900).

The main philosophical problem is not actually the problem of reason versus faith but is the fact that most thinkers do place their entire trust in sets of assumptions as they search for truth as other thinkers place their entire trust in other divergent sets of assumptions.  Marxist and humanist do place their trust in particular findings of experience and science which can never be rationally demonstrated as the main source of truth.

Christians do appeal to History, Science as well as personal experiences though they are fully aware that such avenues in discovering the real truth are not reliable (Szerszynski & Bronislaw, 2005, pp. 813-822).  Christians are fully aware on the fact that the scientists do make some mistakes and even the fact that the scientific journals are likely to be discriminatory on the views that are considered as dangerous. They are also aware that history can be twisted, distorted, perverted and the fact that personal experience can never be a rich source of knowledge or fact. They do believe that the biblical revelation is quite true and God can never mislead his own people.

Christian philosophy has never rejected tests of truth or reason.  The Christians assert that the New Testament is factual and true since its truths can as well be tested.  Christian epistemology is usually based on some special revelation which is based on law, history and archaeological science.

The philosophical naturalists do make the assumption that through their definition they do accept on faith. They do agree on the fact that there is no any supernatural. Faith is quite imperative and crucial in each philosophy thus when people are developing philosophy ought to be quite careful to base their case on truthful assumptions otherwise the entire philosophy will end up crumbling.

Generally Christian philosophy is held as being the most logical and rational among all the worldviews and hence requires no other faith than other philosophies.  It does represent on the general worldview which is quite consistent with the Bible. Christian philosophy embraces on the meaningful and purposeful life where one shapes their beliefs on a reasonable, coherent and truthful worldview. It is the duty of the Christian leaders to comprehend on the ideologies of philosophy in order to be in a position where they can face challenges amicably.

On the other hand, Buddhism philosophy and concern is on eliminating suffering as well as finding for a cure for the pain that exists in humans. Buddha intended his philosophical base to be practical and one that is aimed at happiness to all the creatures. As he outlined his metaphysics, he never expected anybody to go ahead and accept through faith but to go ahead and verify through insights. His main emphasis was based on seeing and understanding clearly (Masih, 1991, pp. 17).

In order to achieve such insights the Buddhists have to live a disciplined way of life and immense commitment to the liberation.  Buddha laid a clear path on how to live wisely and his core teachings are usually contained in the Noble Eightfold path that covers the Buddhist practices. The main goal is meant to cultivate compassion and wisdom.  Regarding the Buddhist path as being a philosophical one, then one ought to consider the epistemology.  Buddha derived a consistent and complex system of philosophy that has stood for many centuries through assumptions for example dependent origination and impermanence. His teachings are self evolving and quite interactive with its end goal being Nirvana.

Arguments for the existence of God

The arguments can be classified in Ontological, Cosmological, Teleogical, Moral, Pascal’s Wager arguments and finally the argument basing on religious experience.  Pascal’s Wager is a basic argument for a belief in God based not on the fact that God exists but based on self interest (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001, pp. 384). It states that it is in our interests to go ahead and believe that God does exist and hence it is rational to believe. This argument is supported by considerations of consequences of unbelief and belief.  If we go ahead and believe in God and then the argument runs that He actually exists then we shall get a reward and in case he does not exist then we have nothing to lose.

The ontological argument proves on the existence of God through abstract reasoning. There is an argument that a God who does exist is better than one who does not. To speak of God as being perfect then it is to affirm that He does exist and to assert that He does not exist is simply contradicting ourselves (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001).

The cosmological argument focuses on the existence of the universe and a being that keeps it existing.  Since the universe did not exist before, then there is an explanation on why it does exist. There must be a being that is behind the existence of the universe (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001).  The teleological argument focuses on the order of the universe and the main existence of a being that created it with a purpose in mind (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001).  It is plausible that the world is like that because it had been created by God with a major purpose which is life.

The moral argument is an argument from the nature or existence of morality to existence of a Supreme Being who is God (Brooke & Kenneth, 2001). Finally is the argument from a religious point of view. It states that personal experiences are likely to prove God’s existence to those that have undergone through such experiences. One hence can perceive only that which does exist and hence God should exist since there are those that have experienced Him.

Critical analysis of dynamism

Both Christian and Buddhism are meant to solve various known problems in the society and to answer some contentious questions. However, there have always been controversies as both traditions are vulnerable to some extent. They have not been able to solve most of the societal problems as there are divergent beliefs and opinions from its members. Though the opinion of each person should be respected, the two traditions should come together and try and solve some of the problems in the society for example poverty, child abuse, abortion and others.

Conclusion

Today, there are various religious beliefs and traditions with diverse contribution as far as the societal problems are concerned. Though they are meant to answer some of the intriguing questions, they have failed to do so because of the controversies they have created. Dynamism as far as religion is concerned is inevitable. Both Buddhism and Christianity have their stand as far philosophy, rituals, dynamism and arguments on the existence of God are concerned. They differ to a large extent but their goals are similar as they are after making the world a better place to be. They both value the concept of reason as far as their philosophical base is concerned. However, religions in an aim to solve most of the world problems, they should come together and agree on a common goal and fight to answer some of the contentious issues and questions.