Place an order for a custom essay, research paper on this or related subject.

 

Chiefly power in Samoan village greatly influenced unity among the residents. The chief played a number of roles that fostered this unity. First, chief regularly showed benevolence to the residents in various ways e.g. through preparing a feast where all the residents could come together and enjoy their leader’s generosity. Chief was related to the subjects. This made the residents feel that they were led by one of their own. They reciprocated this by offering maximum support to one another for the achievement of their prosperity. The chief also monitored all bargaining and negotiations involving economic exchanges. The chief played a key role in determining how negotiations and bargaining were carried on. The chief monitoring economic exchanges, demonstrating power of benevolence and being related to people, reinforced a close knit social system of the village life. (Lewicki 2009)

In some leadership situations values of achievement and ascription operate in opposition. Values of ascription will emphasize on religion, believes about gender, social class, social connections and age. Such aspects will greatly determine leadership decisions. However, values of achievement will not consider such aspects. Education, experience and other achievements in life will greatly influence decisions of leadership. Thus, these diverse values will often conflict. E.g. Under values of achievement, a woman who has education and experience to perform certain responsibilities may be given the mandate. However values of ascription may oppose this especially where chauvinism is practiced (Lewicki 2009)

This case for economic and political conflict has a number of implications in the global community.  Rearrangement of some communities and countries by external forces has continued to mess up these communities. Those introducing new rule has not effectively employed good negotiation practices to achieve at good compromise for the benefit of traditional society. Tibet is one of the traditional societies which have continued to suffer politically and economically and socially as the communism rule from China impose its leadership on Tibetans. (Marien 1988)

Place an order for a custom essay, research paper on this or related subject.

 

Tracing its core tenets and roots to the 1960’s the practice of privatization has over the years been seen as the best way forwards for the ravaged public sector utilities (Schloss, P. J., Cartwright, G. P., Smith, M. A.; Polka, B. A., 1986). The privatization public secondary education would have the core objective of transforming the present educational orient to serve the needs of the market that are inclusive of being technological and market oriented.

Privatization (Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., Rumbley, L E, 2010) is a management approach philosophy that refers to the transfer of the management and ownership of utilities from the public sector to the private sector. The process would be undertaken via the wholesome overhaul or the gradual transfer of the ownership and the management of the utilities (Bangay, C., 2006). In transferring the management of the secondary education from the public sector the implication is that the government would only come in to subsidize the education process through the payment for the services by the teachers and utterly leaving the management to the private proprietor (Lyall, K C., Sell, K R., 2006).

Privatization is very comprehensive yet a continuous and gradual process that calls for due review and the revaluation of the components of the process that need to change hand in the name of new approach to the management of the affairs of the sector (Scott, J., DiMartino, C., 2008). The successful implementation of the strategies of the privatization process eludes the possibility of sectoral atrophy, transforming the sector into dynamic ones that are basically needs and service oriented.

3.2 Definition of Public Education Privatization

In understanding the central tenets of the privatization process the definitions of the central terms is imperative to assist in the development of due and relevant and contextual strategies.

v  Public: according to Witte, (Witte, J. F., 2004) public education refers to the wider populace that is normally represented and services provided to them by the government through funding of the process and the overall management of the system.

v  Privatization: Within the context of secondary schooling, the term implies the transfer of the management from the governments mandate to that in which the privates sector makes most of the pertinent decisions related to the management of educational affairs in the secondary level of education (Wilkinson, G.,, 2007). The services offered by the within the secondary level of the education system becomes the sole responsibility of the private sector with the government only taking part in the quality control prospects. In most government, (Uecker, Jeremy E., 2009) the large segment of the delivery of the educations has been largely a preserve of the government (public sector). The process of privatization would be done in phases or as a single phase.

v  Schooling: Schooling refers to the formal attainment of the requisite knowledge, skills and attitude that are needed in the development of an individual’s capabilities (Lyall, K C., Sell, K R., 2006). The learners are normally put in reserved places that are meant for that purpose and the services provided within that framework. The facilities that are developed are meant for the delivery of such services to a number of persons at a go.

v  Education: This is the attainment of any positive changes facilitated through the interaction of the learner and the environment or the interaction of the learner with the instructor. Most of the government sponsored education is formal (Bangay, C., 2006). However, it needs to be appreciated that education can be classified into three categories, informal, formal and non formal education. Whatever the categorization, the ultimate goal of education is to impart knowledge, skills and attitudes that are incidental in the development of an individual’s career (Uecker, Jeremy E, 2009). Within the context of this thesis the education referred to is that that would leverage the technological advancement and the market needs.

v  Privatization of the secondary schooling: This refers to surrender by the government of the management of the secondary level of learning such as can be managed in total by the private sector (Cribb, A., Ball, S., 2005). The surrender would be either partial or in total (Gollust, S E., Jacobson, P D., 2004). Where the privatization is done in total, the entire variables within the system of education would be determined by the private sector mandated with the running of the education at this level.

 

3.2.1 Defining Principles

It can be adduced from the definitions that there would be a number of defining principles for the prospects and the process of privatization (Uecker, Jeremy E. 2009). However the central and core driving principles of the process are inherent in the fact that the process seeks to maximize output, cut down on the marginal costs and satisfy the demands of the consumer (Davidson-Hard, A., Majhanovich, S., 2004).  The inherent pointer is that the expectations of the prospective and the customers should be duly met.

At the centre of the privatization process are three core principles. Focus (Gollust, S E., Jacobson, P D, 2006) on the satisfaction of the client, continued improvement of the service delivery process and the enhancing teamwork for the sake of making effective and efficient the process of content delivery to the learners.

The most important of the teaching learning principles is the student centered nature of learning. Learning ought to be centered at the learners such that the desires of the learner drive the teaching learning process. Besides, the aspect of learner-centeredness has to ensure that the learners pace dictates the speed of content delivery by the teacher (Klees, S J.,A, 2008). Clearly, if the tutor centers the content delivery process on the tenets of the learner-centeredness, attainment of the set objectives is quite inevitable.

Given the technological and the inventions that are inherent within society, the development of teaching learning strategies and models that are very dynamic in their orientation is inevitable (Bangay, C., 2006). The strategies adopted should be those that can comfortably provide room for the continued development and improvements on the presents knowledge, skills and attitudes and the delivery approach thereof (Witte, J. F., 2004).

For the sector to effectively reach its desired standards, it wound be worth the course embracing teamwork within all the stakeholders. The interaction between the various team players does ensure that the targeted objectives are unilaterally and collectively attained via the concerted efforts of the various team players (Klees, S J.,A 2008). This makes the stakeholders to feel as part of the success story and part of the entire process that translates into the overall success.

3.3 Theoretical Underpinnings

            While it is appreciable that privatizations has always been coupled with success stories world over, it is equally appreciable that the policies would have a numbers of underpins (Farnsworth, K., 2006). This underpins would be in terms of both policy implementations and economic underpins. In the change of guard from private orientation to public orientation, it is needs to be taken into consideration formatively that the numerous challenges would be expected forthwith.

The transfer of management from public to public brings with its challenges of managerial restructuring. This restructuring not only comes with insurmountable costs but has a lot of adaptation and teething challenges encountered during the process (Burch, P., Donovan, J., Steinburg, M., 2006). New management approaches have to accompany the entire privatization process, these calls for retraining and reorientation of the staff. This is ultimately an additional cost to the firm or the sector.

The privatization process may also come with cost cutting measures that may not go down well with the community the staff and the suppliers (Bohlmark, A. and Lindahl, M., 2008). This makes the sector get prone to imminent sabotage. Workers may just need to be laid of by the new management. These workers will do anything within their means to make sure that they retain their status in the sector. In the long run, the objectives of the company would be largely sacrificed.

On the side of the government, the privatization and the effects thereof tends to jeopardize in the short run its objectives (Holly, D., 2009). In circumstances in which the workers have to be laid off, the unemployment rates are increased through such restructuring while the aims of the government of the day would be to create more jobs for its populace. Besides the overall GDP arising from individual earning tends to be lowered through this move given that the per capita income would have gone down.

Further, (Holly, D., 2009) leaving the management of such important services to the private sector utterly leads to the exploitation of the populace. World over, government will always year to provide strategic services such as the roads, medical and security considering their role in its prospects (Robelen, Erik W., 2006). The private sector is largely profit oriented and therefore will not take into consideration the diverse economic abilities of the populace. In the final analysis, disparities will be perpetuated as education may end up remaining a preserve of the rich.

While it is equally appreciable that the public sector has been largely successful in its undertakings, the success story has remained true particularly where it is offering services on small scale. However, the delivery of pertinent services on the large scale ends up being largely profit oriented than results oriented (Farnsworth, K., 2006). In entering such commitment, the government has to take extra measuring in ensuring that the public is cushioned from any exploitation and receipt of substandard services.

3.2.1 Total Systems Theory

School management has been largely based on the systems approach to management. Privatization therefore (Davidson-Hard, A., Majhanovich, S., 2004) tends to delineate the education setting from both the community and the stakeholders. It makes the management of the affairs of the school, largely a preserve of the shareholders; who tend to concentrate largely on the profits and leave out the aspirations of the general public.

Total quality management is supposed to be embraced in the running of the affairs of the school. The customer and the services or the goods being delivered to the market are supposed to direct the behavior of the supplier (Chun, L., 2009). The school, as a supplier, should be directed by the desires and the aspiration of the market is expected to play a central role in the nature of the services that are to be supplied. Competition is also a key determinant of the services and the goods made available at the market place. It is therefore imperative that the for quality services to be delivered, the markets have some level of competition (Ball, S. J. 2003). However, if the education sector is left to the private the competition may lead to mischief among the players and hence offering substandard services to the general public.

Within the systems approach to management, the management philosophy is meant to acknowledge that a substantive level of co-dependency amongst the organizations or the sectors, both intra and extra organizational aspects is imperative for the success of any sector. However, privatized systems tend to be closed in nature having them undertake some of its activities secretly; this makes the education remain outside any continuum. Ultimately, the interactions between the stakeholders brought about by the public sector would be locked out if the entire secondary education sector is left in the hands of the private sector.

3.3.2 Overall Privatization Theory

The theory of privatization is based on the fact that the investors in the private sector are largely concerned about profits (Bohlmark, A. and Lindahl, M., 2008). Given this central motive, the private sector will endear to increase its turn over at all costs through the utilization of various means (Klees, S J.,A 2008). In the private investor’s quest to have increased turnover, the investor ends up offering the quality services to the public.

Amongst the means the private sector will apply is the overall increase in the quality offered to the public. Given that the competitor will be insurmountably many, the investor will always yearn to have control of a large segment of the market (Lyall, K C., Sell, K R., 2006). Because the market is service oriented, the best services will always fetch the large share of the market (Ball, S. J. 2003). Provided the pricing is the same and the consumers are rational enough, the quality of the services provided will always drive the consumer towards their opportunity cost.

The private sector has a equally substantive objective of cutting down on its costs. Through the cutting on the costs, the private sector will always invest more through the savings it will have gotten from the cut costs. The investment will not only create more jobs for the populace but increase the overall GDP of any nation (Chun, L., 2009). Ultimately, competitive advantage will always drive the motive of the investors, in the long run, given the specialization nature of the private sector, inventions and invasions are bound to be rife in the private sector. This are pillars in the nation’s quest for technological growth. The private sector will also venture into new strategies for delivery content.

3.4 Summary

This chapter starts by giving a brief overview of the expectations within the education sector. The chapter then looks at the challenges inherent within the education sector and such as can lay the base for the discussion on the probable measures for addressing the challenges.

The chapter looks at the stronghold of privatization as a process seeking to delve into the applicability of this advantages and the best way of having them dully adopted within the public secondary education sector (Daun, H., 2004). While the delivery of such incidental services is seen as treacherous being left in the hands of the public sector, the chapter looks at the inherent merits of the privatization with particular applicability to the secondary education.

The chapter then looks at the theoretical orient of the privatization prospects and the approach of the adoption at the secondary education (Cribb, A., Ball, S., 2005). The chapter wraps up through the review of the privatization theory, and the tenets inherent in the theory that would be incidental in the leveraging of the prospects in the secondary education within the public sector.

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.1 Introduction

This chapter aims at providing an overview on the methodology used and the research design that was used in the study. The design is restricted to its applicability to the private vis-à-vis the public sector. In exploring the phenomenon on the of the public secondary education and the private sector management strategies, the study looks at the strategies used in the private sector and their feasibility in the public sector (Klees, S J.,A 2008). Or at the very epicenter, the total transfer of the public utilities to the management by the private sector.

The dissertation seeks to identify the differences in the management approaches between the two divergent paradigms and their interchangeable utility (Anne L., 1992). The chapter seeks to address the question on whether the public sector can subscribe to the tenets and paradigms inherent within the private sector.

In the light of this assertion, the comparative poor performance in the public sector is investigated vis-à-vis the private sector. The chapter looks at the possibilities of adapting Total Quality Management strategies within the setting of the public sector and the probabilities of paying dividends (Lyall, K C., Sell, K R., 2006). The chapter seeks to find out whether the strategies used by the privates sector are actually a preserve of the sector parse.

The chapter does an analysis of primary data collected through interviews with workers both in the private sector and the public sector. The chapter subsequently critiques the management paradigms inherent in the public sector as it gives sufficient credit to the private sector as the better alternative for the leveraging of the challenges that are dogging the secondary education sector in therepublicofSaudi Arabia, and perhaps the applicability of the same in other countries.

The paper then looks at the proposal for the implementation of TQM policies that are utilized in the private sector to the public sector (Cribb, A., Ball, S., 2005). The chapter makes proposals for the implementation. These proposals are then defended through the empirical evidence collected from the research.

4.2 Research Background.

4.2.1 Research Hypothesis

In the addressing the gaps that have been identified within the management system of the secondary level in therepublicofSaudi Arabia, this thesis seek to validate the following hypotheses:

H1.      The Private sector strategies for management are quite applicable to the

Public sector.

H2       the breakthrough in the implementation of the private paradigms in the

Public sector is utterly based on the effectiveness of the customization of

The strategies, the models and the tools that are largely utilized by the private sector.

H3      the total quality management tenets can be effectively applied to the public sector and give sufficient returns.

4.2.2 Research Questions

1)      Would the overall transfer of the management mandate of the secondary

Educations to the private sector make the attainment of the educational goals within the sector realizable and maximized?

2)      Is it possible to adopt management tools, paradigms and strategies inherent in the

Private sector to the public sector?

3)      Can total quality management strategies be effectively applied in the education sector with emphasis to the public sector?

4.2.3 Research Objectives

a)      Evaluate the option of privatizing all the secondary education in therepublicofSaudi Arabia

b)      Develop strategies that would be utilized in the process of transferring the management of the secondary education to the private sector from the public sector.

c)      Study the literature on the management of private sector and the public sector and the possibility of importing the policies from the private sector to the public feasibly.

d)     Undertake an analysis of the existing differences between the public and private sector management.

e)      Identify the short falls of the public secondary education with a view of eliminating the shortfall through privatization (Cribb, A., Ball, S., 2005).

f)       To establish the possibilities of the private and public organizational structures and the sectoral differences acting as obstacles towards the implementation of the paradigms, the tools and the strategies to the public sector.

g)      Identify the basis for the poor performance in the public sector vis-à-vis the availability of resources.

h)      To segregate the generic distinctions between the public and private sectors and evaluate whether these differences would contribute to the success of one sector vis-à-vis the success of the other.

i)        To develop suitable paradigms suitable for the implementation in the quest to leverage the performance in the public secondary education.

4.3 Research Design and Research Methodology

Research methodology seeks to reference the procedures and the rules utilized in the evaluation of the claims inherent within the research and the validation of the gathered knowledge. Research design on the other hand seeks to establish the blue print of the research (Carnoy, M., Jacobsen, R., and Mishel, L., 2005). The methodology serves as the academia’s regulatory framework within which the collection and the evaluation of the available knowledge for the shear reason of validating the new information arrived at.

4.4 Qualitative Sampling

Given the vitality of the research, the sample size was very important. On the contrary the research sample was curtailed by the availability of resources for carrying out the research. There was no sufficient and enough time and resources for covering a large sample. This led to the choice of a small sample space of only 32 persons that were accessed through a randomized sampling procedure. However, much as the sample was randomized, it largely remained and was reached a thorough sampling procedure.

For persons were picked at random from the private sector and the public sector for interview to establish their take on the way the public affairs are managed with special reference to the secondary sector education. This was aimed at reducing the bias if any, in the data collected. Besides, this was intended in ensuring that the data collected was across the divide for the prospective beneficiaries of the education policies, strategies and paradigms.

Similarly, given that this was largely qualitative research, statistical significance tended to be ignored. The sample size was significantly kept low. This was meant to ensure that the available resources were adequately used in reaching the intended objectives.

4.5 Qualitative Data Collection

The research did not approach the research with any specified data collection approach. However, the nature of the data that was to be collected informed the decision on the data collection method. However, this notwithstanding the resource availability was the major determinant of the data collection method. Given that the aspect under investigation was a matter of national importance and the information collected was meant to cut across the nation, the research adopted semi-structured interviews send view mail and internet to the respondents.

Interviews were largely used owing to their varied and numerous merits for they lend themselves. The researcher was able to establish the social trend in the responses and the overall attitude in the handling of the matter by the respondents. This assisted the research in enriching the research data.

Interviews were largely meant to clarify research strategies commonly used in the private sector and the public sector. This was done with a view of determining their applicability to the private sector. The research interview was also meant to gauge their effectiveness and their efficiency insofar as management of the pubic affairs was concerned.

The interviews had the least exception for the confidentiality of the information that was offered by the respondents (Rawaf, H S A. 1991). The names of the organization in which the respondents were working were kept as secrets and the policies given forth not provided with any specifications.

4.7 Credibility and Quality of Research Findings

4.7.1 Reliability

The research strategies were coined such as would ensure any other research with similar objectives and with the same research questions would bring forth the same research results as would be inherent within this research.

The reliability of the research has to be upheld if the research has to be of any incidental effect on society (Robelen, E W. 2007). Given the gravity of the issue under investigation, the research’s reliability is inevitable and has to be held in due esteem. The research therefore maintained a high protocol of the research, such as would meet the desires of those who would wish to determine the reliability of the research.

Resultant from this key tenet of the research, it was incumbent on the research to ensure that reliability of the research was held in high esteem (Brown, F., 2002). The advice cited on the reliability was therefore followed to the later.

4.7.2 Validity

The researcher’s validity was measured through the fact that the research’s central objective was to establish the applicability of the private sector paradigms, strategies and tools in the management of the public sector. At the very end, the research sought to establish whether secondary sector education would be left in the hands of the private sector and the implications thereof.

The applicability of the finding to external case also informed the researcher’s decision on the determination of the validity of the research. This construct validity of this research suffices the researcher’s clarion and central objective. This gives the research due leverage and basis for research recommendation for future follow-ups.

  

Chapter 5 Presentation of Results

5.1 Introductions

Having successfully undertaken the research, the findings needed to be presented in a logical and presentable manner. The researcher looked at the ratio of those who supported the management of secondary education via the public sector and the management of secondary education through the private sector.

Through the research process, it was agreeable across the divide that the management of the affairs of the secondary level of education inSaudi Arabiawas wanting and needed an overhaul (Chubb, J. E. and Moe, T. M., 1990). The mode of adoption of the tools and the paradigms within the private sector and their applicability to the public sector was what the research could not ardently establish.

The data was presented on pictograms and pie charts to show the overall support of the paradigm shift from the present system that is dogged by massive poor performance in the secondary level of education inSaudi Arabia.

5.2 Results

            The research provided general consensus that the need for increasing the demand for quality secondary educationSaudi Arabia was rife and wanting. The research showered that whereas the government was making all the efforts towards improving the standards, the management paradigms inherent in the public secondary school sector would not support the sectors overall objectives.

The school management system also needed to be reviewed through the shift from government supervision of the affairs at the secondary level to the private supervision of the implementation of the curriculum at this level (George Y, Mervyn K, Jacques M, 1986). Further the research showed that the largely bureaucratic system contributed to the overall failure of the policies developed in the secondary school setting. Consequently, the adoption of the policies that would reduce the bureaucracy would leverage the achievement of the objectives.

The research established the cost of schooling inSaudi Arabiawas marginally high compared to the returns. Yet an estimated 20% of the Saudi Arabian budget is spent on the education (Chubb, J. E. and Moe, T. M. 1990). The research did establish that though the expenditure in the sector was high the returns were insurmountably low.

The research also adduced that the quality control system within the secondary education sector was low and that the total quality management tenets would be used in the development of tools, strategies and paradigms that would be incidental in ensuring that the quality of education at this level under investigation is boosted.

The accountability system at the secondary level of education was equally found wanting and the research established that the only was the system would be leveraged well would be the ultimate transfer of the management mandate from the public sector to the private sector.

 

CHAPTER 6- DISCUSSION

6.1 Introductions

It is clear from the research that the much of the results that are achieved at the secondary education level is not what is projected by the government. Hence the need to review the education strategies is clearly calling and timely. This research therefore comes in as timely and critical.

Private sector world over has always been the pacesetter in any industry (Anne L. 1992). The sector’s rethinking of the present public secondary education policies is therefore not only a relief for the general public it is also incidental for the attainment of the millennium development goals by therepublicofSaudi Arabia.

6.2 Organizational Preparedness

In effectively adopting these policies, the government has to develop the implementation structure that would ensure the transition is smooth with the least teething problems if any (George Y, Mervyn K, Jacques M). Similarly, the policies adopted should not be such as can increase the costs of schooling for the general public at the secondary level.

The stakeholders should be effectively and efficiently oriented to the new management approach to ensure that they support the implementation process. This will ensure that sabotage prospects are largely minimized. Perhaps it would equally be worth it implementing the policies in phases so that the each stage’s evaluation would precede the implementation of the other.

 

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION

7.1 Contribution of The Research

The research finds the base for the transfer and the adoption of private sector paradigms to the management of public sector affairs (George Y, Mervyn K, Jacques M). Further, the research develops models that would be incidental in the implementation of the tools, paradigms and the strategies, for the improvement of performance in the public sector.

The research develops short falls within the private sector with the view of checking the challenges once the public sector secondary education is mandated to the private sector. This is intended to reduce any further losses when the management of the secondary education is transferred to the private sector.

7.2 Implication of The Research

7.2.1 Implications for the Public Service Sector

The research acts a pointer for the public sector in Saudi Arabia that it services are wanting and needs to be reviewed and restructured (Brown, F., 2002). Worse still, the research shows that the public sector does not measure to the tasks bestowed upon them. And that this denies the public the expected returns.

Subsequently, the research does imply that for the public to reap maximum from the services offered by the government, the services should be left to the private sector or the services should be delivered through the use of tools, strategies and paradigms commonly used by the private sector.

7.2.2 Implications for Future Research

From within the precincts of the larger topic, the adoption of the private sector paradigms, tools and strategies in schooling would go a long way leveraging the objectives of the education sector (Carnoy, M., Jacobsen, R., and Mishel, L., 2005). Besides, the subsequent transfer of the management to the private sector would not only reduce the disparities in the performance but also bring about uniformity in the teaching learning approaches.

While there is sufficient evidence that the adoption of the policies would not only be complex but expensive, in the long run there is sufficient evidence that with an elaborate implementation cum adoption strategies, the process would be very smooth and without fail (George Y, Mervyn K, Jacques M 1986).

In addition, if the implementation is coupled with well developed total quality management policies, the challenges and the teething problems thereof would hardly be encountered along the adoption and the implementation path. In the final analysis, the costs would marginally be cut down.

7.3 Limitations of the Study

Though the study does emphasis the vitality of the research formative, it is of essence concluding the study with some inherent limitations. These limitations apart from providing the shortfalls provide guidance for any future researches to ensure the researches do not fall prey to such limitations.

Judging the study based of the component that are pertinent and that it does fail to cover, the study fails in developing a models that would adequately address the challenges that are presently dogging the private sector (Chowdry, H., Greaves, E. and Sibieta, L., 2010). The study equally fails to determine the efficiency with which TQM management policies will leverage maximally the objectives of the education sector.

The time spans was quite limited, this made the establishment of variable that would otherwise affect the overall implementation process remain within a half vacuum (CBI, Confederation of British Industry, 2008). The data collection approach was qualitative on most occasions, rather than quantitative, this locked out the possibilities of utilizing case studies in the collection of incidental information. If the two data collection approaches were used, the study would have had increased validity and reliability.

The scope of the research was equally limited, particularly given that questionnaires were only given to 32 persons. This makes the study more prone to respondent and interviewee bias. Though precautions were adequately taken, such bias would not be readily wished away.

Lastly, given the study had much reliance on secondary resources, the study equally limited by the available literature. Not much had been documented on the transfer of the management of secondary education to the private sector. the only available literature related to the privatization of other public utilities such as companies.

7.4 Final Conclusions

In spite of the shortcoming underlying the study, there is sufficient evidence that the research study satisfies the outlined objectives and does validate the hypotheses listed thereof. The position that the study adopted was that there are no validated obstacles towards the adoption of the private sector policies, or better still, outright transfer of the management of the public secondary education to the private sector.

Vividly, the literature that was reviewed did support this statement backed by the field study thereof (Carnoy, M., Jacobsen, R., and Mishel, L., 2005). The study clearly demonstrated that the policies utilized in the private sector would effectively and efficiently be applied in the public sector with particular reference to the secondary education. The application of private sector strategies across the board appeared to have worked relatively well across the board and were worth adopting within the secondary education sector in theRepublicofSaudi Arabia(Chowdry, H., Greaves, E. and Sibieta, L., 2010). Professionals who had applied the strategies elsewhere appeared contented that the transfer of the policies would actually leverage the objectives of the public sector.

The findings are both backed by the available literature reviewed and the fields study (Anne L. 1992). This notwithstanding, the study did not sufficiently elude the fears of any obstacles to be encountered during the implementation process if the strategies were adapted to the public secondary education sector.

The conclusion that is reached from the study is that private sector strategies for management would be effectively and efficiently utilized within the public sector (Robelen, E W, 2007). Moreover, whether by necessity or by definition, mechanistic or by formalized the strategies would, if successfully implemented guarantee the effective management of the public sector. Within the mandate of this argument, it suffices adopting the strategies in the private sector to the public secondary education by utter transfer of the management of the secondary education sector to the private sector.

Place an order for a custom essay, research paper on this or related subject.

 

The contemporary business world has become very competitive and innovations are being made by business in their attempt to attain a competitive advantage. Globalization and movement of people from one country to another have also led to diversity in terms of culture and background of various societies in the world. The concept of customer orientation has become important for business to survive in such an environment. Identifying customers needs and satisfying them satisfactory than competitors is therefore indispensable. Businesses are nowadays operating in environment where different communities are coexisting due to globalization and liberalization of many economies. A market may constitute of people from different countries say China, England, Germany, Saudi Arabia and South Africa and so on. This people may also be from different religion such as Islamic, Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism and so on, which have different religious teachings altogether. (Kunin2003:Allen 2002; Hutchings 2003).

Diversity in consumers needs is influenced by various factors such as religion, culture and believes tastes and preferences, income levels, fashion and so on. Culture and religion plays a big role in determining customers’ tastes and preference. This also affects the consumers choice and business environment at large. Food industry is one of the industries which are influenced by culture and religious believes. For instance, Muslims adheres to dietary laws which direct them on which food to eat and not to eat. Allowed foods are usually referred to as ‘Halal’. Muslim faith also forbids certain foods which are normally known as ‘Haram’. Muslim religion also considers some food as questionable, usually referred to as ‘Mashbooh’. Certain food such as pork products, and meat improperly slaughtered or slaughtered in other name apart from Allah name are referred to as Haram. Meat from dog, pig, donkey, monkeys, carnivores, cats, frogs, lions, turtles, crocodiles, flies, worms, cockroaches, eagles and owls are prohibited in Islam faith. Alcohol, tea, coffee, and other drugs are also considered as Haram. Muslim teachings also consider any Halal food as Haram if it comes into contact with Haram food. These teaching are also comparable to teaching by Jewish religion. (Minnesota State Unity 2010; Khadim 1996).

Buddhism religion prohibit intentional killing of animals. This religion also discourages eating of meat whose source usually involves killing of animals. Buddhism prohibits activities such as hunting, butchering, steaming live dams. For instance, a Buddhist should not order a fresh steamed lobster from the restaurant. Thus, products arising from these activities are likely to influence Buddhists’ consumption habit. Some Christians are also against consumption of certain foods and drinks such as meat from dog, pig, donkey, monkeys, carnivores, cats, frogs, lions, turtles, crocodiles, flies, worms, cockroaches, eagles, owls,  alcohol, tea, coffee as instructed by the Bible (spiritual book which Christianity rules and believes are derived from).  Apart from this religions, there exist other religions which also have different believes and rules as far as diet is concerned. There is a need to understand this believes and their influence on business. There also exists other cultural practices apart from religious believes whose greatly impact demand in food industry.  Some communities have different dietary customs which they consider as the way to go about it. (Counihan & Esterik 2008; Bullitt 2010).

1.1.2 The Constituent of Religion

Religion has a long history and can be traced back to beginning of human existence. It is old as human kind. Different religion has different stories about their beliefs, laws and rules. This beliefs, rule and laws are taught to children and passed over to the next generation. Every religion is set up is different from the other but almost all religions have some common aspects/ constituents. The aspects of religion includes: divinity which include all beliefs and knowledge regarding the spirits and universe:  ethics which are mainly constitute set of principles to morality, religious rituals prayers and obligations: theology or social laws. Divinity is the most fundamental part of religion. This part of religion explains how universe and its components came to exist. This includes creation teachings, life after death and so on. It also gives light on belief on spirits existences and life continuation. This aspect also offer more light about plan and intention of creation.  Many religions have that the world was created by a supreme being who has all authority over the universe and human kind. Existence of spirits and life continuations is also part of many religions. Ethical laws are also an important part of religion. Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists and Christians base their ethics on laws derived from their religious teachings. Such ethics are also called religious morality and greatly influence those who subscribe to these religions. Rules about how to relate with other human beings, animal and plants, eating habits and so on are directed by this constituent. These ethics are a crucial part of their life which should be observed as they seek to please the Supreme Being or Spirits believed to have the power to bless or punish them in accordance to their actions. The last constituent of religion is social laws. This offers guide on how one should relate with other human humans. It in such laws, guidelines about helping the poor, loving and being kind to others are usually written and emphasized. These rules are directly derived from religious books which are believed to have been written by people who were influenced by Supreme Being or spirit.  Thus, to those who subscribe to the any of religion, this is very important for present and future life. It is part of them and will strive not do anything repugnant to the teachings. (Bullitt 2010; Kunin 2003; Counihan & Esterik 2008).

1.1.3 Muslim Society in the U.K.

Muslim Society in the UK has continued to increase in number and the part Muslims play in the economy is enormous. Islamic society of Britain is an organization that was formed to bring together all Muslims in UK, to work as a one people for welfare of all Muslims and all people of Britain at large. The enormous and wide spread Muslim society therefore has a big effect on the Britain economy. Food industry is one of the industries which have greatly been influenced by growth of Muslim society in UK. Various food businesses have been set to offer food acceptable to this society i.e. Halal. Halal food has become part of various food offered by various food and drinks businesses. Management to such business has been influenced by Muslim dietary faith and business objectives to meet their target customers’ needs satisfactory. Activities carried out by Islamic Society of Britain have also continued to increase. This society has continued to encourage mutual integration of Muslims and other larger Britain population. Today, Muslims are almost every where in Britain; in universities, urban areas, colleges, and involving themselves in various business activities and investments. They are part of the UK community. Their demand in food industry can no longer be overlooked and offers a great opportunity to entrepreneurs who perceive it. Muslim society in Britain has grown in terms of political social and economic spheres. They are involved in political activities, represented in House of Commons and House of Lords. They run and own number of businesses. Their presence in UK is evident and form part of key economic agents. Such a society has a great impact on all industry where food industry is not exceptional. (Islamic Society of Britain 2010; Esposito & Burgat 2003; Kwok etal 2005).

1.2 Research Question.

Religion as part of culture greatly influences decision making process both individually and collectively. Thus, the need to understand how religious teachings influences decision making process of the consumer is very imperative. On this note, this dissertation, major research question is to find out how religion influences consumer’s decision in food industry.

1.3 Research Focus

1.3.1 Aim

The major aim of this dissertation is examine the influence of culture on consumer’s decision in food industry and to what extend these factors have made a change in the chosen industry’s marketing strategy. Religion influence on consumers’ decision process will be part of main concern of this dissertation. Its effect on food industry will be emphasized. Such findings will then help in focusing on impact these factors on marketing strategy for food industry as a both reactive and proactive measure to the influence of culture on consumer’s decision making process.

1.3. 2 Objectives

To examine consumer behaviours towards the food industry

To identify factors that influence Muslims consumers’ behaviour toward food in the UK.

 

 

1.3.3. Hypothesis

H1: Behavioural beliefs and attitudes towards behaviour influences consumer behaviour towards food industry.

H0: behavioural beliefs and attitudes towards behaviour do not influence consumer behaviour towards food industry.

H2: Religious teachings and beliefs influences Muslims consumer’s decision behaviour toward food in the UK.

H0: Religious teachings and beliefs do not influence Muslims consumers’ decision behaviour toward food in the UK.

Place an order for a custom essay, research paper on this or related subjects.

 

The white light black rain film offers an unflinching and graphical look at the realities of the nuclear warfare through the eyes of its survivors as well as the American men who aided in the bomb mission atNagasakiandHiroshima. This film focuses on interviews that were done with four Americans and four Japanese survivors of the 1945 atomic bombing. There was great human cost after 210,000 people died during the atomic attacks and others died because of injuries. The film is quite disturbing as we see the ghastly injuries and burns of the survivors whom plastic surgery was to be carried out on. The film is a clear reminder of how war can affect the lives of many and how merciless people who are avenging can be. If the young people who were actually interviewed on the streets ofHiroshimaare actually anything to go by, then it is evident that most young people were not taught the importance of these dates when the tragedy happened. This is a film depicting exceptional human resilience of the Japanese and their unimaginable suffering. The indelible accounts of this incident are showed with drawings and survivor paintings as well as photographs and historical footage. As one of the survivor in the film remarked, “I’m here to make sure it never happens again”.  This is a film that stands to be a powerful warning to the current nations that have watched this film and use nuclear weapons. It is therefore imperative to give some immense details on some of the ethical issues that were portrayed by this film after the aftermath of the tragedy.

The two bombs which were dropped inJapanin August of the year 1945 had a vast destructive force that stretched the limits of what any human can ever imagine in her or his life. Approximately 210,000 people were immediately killed (BBC, 2007). Others died as a result of illnesses as well as injuries incurred that were caused by the radioactive black rain that occurred afterwards (BBC, 2007). The destruction and injuries from the bombs were as a result of the immense blast, the thermal radiation that caused burns as well as producing fires and the nuclear radiation that resulted in injury and deaths. The survivors were denied treatments by theUSdoctors though most of them were brought toAmericato undergo the plastic surgery (Susan, 1997, pp. 117). A child who was treated for burns looked so awful that he begged the doctors to go ahead and kill him because he could not stand how he was looking. Some of the images are extremely difficult to stare at unless one is a pathologist. The film dramatizes the intense feeling of getting stuck via an intensive device by merciless people who care less about your feelings.

The devastating impact of both bombs shown in the film depended largely on the energy that was released during the explosion that caused fires, destructive pressures and immense local exposure of radiations that will have impact to the future generations who were born with defects.

Were there any signs of the genuine practice of ethics?  DidAmericaever consider the term ethics as rational as it should be when they were carrying out these evil acts? On great issues that are concerned with mankind, there ought to be affirmative law as well as ethics to make a common cause as well as nuclear weapons because of the destructive effects they have. Human society should be driven by both moral and ethical norms based on wisdom and learn to practice them.

Treating others just as you would like to be treated is an ethical foundation that Americans should have cultivated. It is inconsistent with ethical and moral wisdom for Americans to have violated this universal and ancient valid principle of treating others as they would like to be treated in a fair way without endangering the lives of the innocent people. Nations should never forget the awesome and immense destructive power of nuclear devices. Moral, legal and ethical issues continue to loom over survivors and all those Japanese who were affected.  What they face is nuclear deterrence which has its reliance on horrific annihilation of big numbers of people as well as destruction of the environment rendering it to be quite hostile to the generations that are to be blessed with life. Deterrence is usually designed in a way that it is intended to threaten the mass and violate most of the humanitarian law. The nuclear war against the Japanese was unethical. It violated human rights, killed innocent people and affected generations to come who are born with defects. The doctors failing to attend to the affected were unethical and increased the pain of those who were affected.

Though this act brought an end to the Second World War it had more losses than benefits. According to the utilitarian theory, this shows that the war was unethical and immoral and should have never happened in the first place. The bombing ofHiroshimaandNagasakibrought many questions that were ethically related (David, 2003).  Can killing of thousands of innocent people be considered ethical and justified? DidUSAever benefit from this attack?  Was denying the survivors medical benefits ethical? The only advantage to this strategy of using nuclear weapon is that it minimized the civilian casualties but ethically, it was all wrong.

It was morally, militarily and ethical unjustifiable to bomb cities ofNagasakiandHiroshima. Careful observation of this film and all the events that led to the bombings allows the viewer to realize the major reason behind the atrocity. TheUSAanger towards the Japanese acts incapacitated their moral and ethical reasoning. Under no circumstances can indiscriminately getting rid of the Japanese be condoned or termed as ethical. This is completely unethical.

According to theUSAmilitary personnel who were interviewed, the atomic bombs were militarily unethical and unnecessary (BBC, 2007) thus we can depict that the decision to go ahead and drop the atomic bomb was more political than military. The decision to use nuclear weapons in order to make war is not ethical at any circumstance. It cannot be justified or defended. This film shows the aftermath of horror in bothNagasakiandHiroshimaand helps in comprehension of the absolute destruction and tragedy that the nuclear weapons brought to the fruition. How couldUSAbe that unethical and immoral not to only drop one bomb but two? Why would anyone order the murder of so many lives with a devastating weapon?

Though it can be argued from theUSAstandpoint that it isJapanthat started the war, it does not justify the ethical grounds that led to these inhuman acts. The dropping of the bomb inHiroshimaalone killed about 90,000 to 140, 0000 civilians who were totally innocent. Killing of innocent civilians to get back at the leaders can never be justified. Though, America was interested in saving the lives of its people which is ethical, the revenge for all the humiliation that the Japanese had caused when they bombed Pearl Harbor as well as portray their power was unethical and unjustified. The other benefit though quite distant and illogical is that this film depicts the horrific power that is in the nuclear devices.

After that instance there has been no further use of nuclear devices in war. If this incident had never happened, then probably, there would have never been an occurrence of the same issue. The Americans made it clear that they had a super weapon and ought to surrender instantly. How can you depict your strength at the expense of innocent lives and claim you know anything to do with morals and ethics? Crimes against humanity can never be ethical. The actions of theUSAwere barbaric and nothing close to ethics and in future they should consider choosing between intellectual use of the scientific conquests and mass killing. In fact the use of the barbarous weapons at bothNagasakiandHiroshimahad no material assistance or gain to theUSAsince the Japanese were already defeated and the only thingUSAwas after is revenge.. Whatever anybody would judge the principle of war ethics, the surprise bombing of these two cities were morally wrong since it ended up killing innocent lives.

Utilitarianism which is an ethical theory declares on what should be good to the majority (Douglas 1982, pp. 189-231).  The ethical rationale in use of nuclear weapons comprises of two utilitarian considerations. One is there are no other reasonable options and the second is that use of nuclear weapons usually does more good as compared to harm.  In this case the atomic bombs did more harm in killing innocent lives and to an extent it also did good in saving the lives of people of American people.

It is patent that to analyze the ethical concept in this scenario is quite complicated and has no direct answer but the fact is,  no matter the dimension you look at it, the nuclear and atomic bomb use is unethical and immoral as innocent people end up dying and no one stands to gain much. This is a detailed film with an emotional setting that is worth watching in order to analyze the ethical perspectives. However, watching this film will prove that there was nothing ethical with the war as the only thing depicted is human suffering and pain as well as torture. It is the highest rate of inhumanity on mankind.

Place an order for a custom essay, research paper on this or related subject.

 

Ethics and values are central in any organization. Values are those integral things that are crucial to people. Ethics refers to philosophical science that bases its reasoning on wrongness and rightness of human actions (Dinesh, 2007, pp.1). Ethics refers to values and beliefs of the society and individuals. Professional values are the motivating factors that do appeal to people as far as job selection is concerned. Professional ethics is based on morality that does influence how people handle their people as well as business. The base of professional values is formed from the influence of personality. Individual values come from work experiences, personal satisfaction and future objectives. As a former employee of Janssen Pharmaceutics organization, I have learnt a lot to do with the organization of the company. It is therefore imperative to analyze my personal values and ethics, mission statement, personal code of ethics and Janssen Pharmaceutics culture, values, mission and vision statement and other beneficial factors that are theory related.

Personal values, value statements and mission statement

Values are usually qualities and traits that represent one’s priorities and driving forces (Susan, 2010).  Values consist of all the things that have happened in life and include the influence of peers, family, parents, religious affiliation, education and others. Rational people recognize the environmental influences as well as identity hence develop a concise, clear and meaningful beliefs and values. When in an organization, one usually brings out the immense held beliefs and values to the entire organization. The value statements define how the people behave towards each other in an institution, family, organization and company. They are the statements on how organization does value its suppliers, customers and the entire community. For any one to make it in leadership, they are always governed by some certain personal ethical principles and values.  The following are some of my values: I am open minded and ready to admit my mistakes, honest, intelligent, fulfills commitments, compassionate, respectful, responsible and ready to face challenges, ambitious, loyal, credible, innovative, competent, efficient, empathetic, influencing, optimistic, flexible and dependable.

The mission statement usually articulates the mission of the firm as well as defining issues that are quite critical in order to gain success (Schweitzer & Bert, 2006, 10-99). The issues usually vary according to the firm and can either be financial metrics or philanthropic accomplishments for example meeting the growth target for assets or clients under management. Building a mission statement is not only about pursuing wealth but will be meant to help my clients to achieve planned objectives thus fulfilling the professional goals to which I take pride in.

My mission is to recall where I will be and have been through maintenance of positive relationships with friends, workers and family. I will choose the ethical way through maintaining personal commitments to integrity and honesty. To find peace with myself by inward insight by using my heart in order to guide my desires and dreams as well as my mind in pursing knowledge and creating balance in my obligations. To content in my environs in order to realize where security is situated in my life and build a dedicated reputation to each goal I pursue as I enjoy each moment in looking for happiness, love and laughter each day.  I am a good communicator and will challenge myself to utilize the gift in delivering effectual messages to others. I lend people my voice as well as craft their ideologies in order to motivate other people to act. I see what makes others not succeed and remove common obstacles as I enjoy setting the stage and stock fires. I am empathetic and this helps me to enable others. I give back to the society what I have gotten. I am here because I improve the lives of those I meet with and this is my measure.

Personal code of ethics

Personal code of ethics states the philosophies and ideas that are of essence to life. A code of ethics encourages one to continue and carry on with their routine work. It plays a vital role in enhancing the ethical questioning in organizations (Painter & Mollie, 2010, pp. 265-279).

My personal code of ethics is as follows:

1. Competent- I will be competent in all that I do to achieve the highest success and help others to achieve it.
2. Integrity- I will portray the highest rational and reasoning base in my career giving to the society what I got and doing it all in an open critical mind
3. Attitude- I will always maintain an affirmative attitude, always be loyal, humble, respectful and I will never be arrogant
4. Caring- I will help others and always be fair and considerate and never ridicule or hurt others intentionally.
5. Excellence- I will be the best at everything that I do and will never accept mediocrity or result into a procrastination attitude.
6. Open minded- I will always be innovative and give others a chance to present their ideas in every decision that I make. I will aim not only at making profit but also making sure everybody is happy and is developing professionally.

Janssen Pharmaceutics values, Vision and mission statement, culture and code of ethics

 

Given the high reliability degree that is expected in any pharmaceutical company, Janssen has maintained its effectiveness through its innovative structure and has proven equipments and systems that are essential in ensuring there is maximum effectiveness and productivity in order to retain a competitive advantage. It is governed by firm values, missions and code of ethics (Kath, 2010).

Janssen is focused and its main values are to dedicate themselves in helping the society with the best medical care. It has ethical values that enable them to be passionate and exclusive in offering medical help on mental health and offering medication in order to treat bipolar, schizophrenia, bipolar mania and any irritability that is related to autistic disorder. The mission of Janssen is to place the patients at the forefront in everything that they do through customer focus, organizational leadership, and process excellence.

Their vision entails making sure that they continue to offer and deliver some innovative products and deepen their partnerships with the healthcare professionals, caregivers and the patients within the precincts of the mental health society (Janssen, 2009).  Their values enable them to keep in contact with the society offering help to them on any questions that is related to their products.

They have a dedicated culture to ensure that the society is free from mental sickness. Their other missions is to find solutions on treatment as well as prevention of fungal, mould and termite damage to various significant sites of global heritage in areas like India. They encourage innovation as well as discovery of trendy and new solutions (Janssen, 2008).

Their quality mission statement is to make sure that active pharmaceuticals that are manufactures on any sites that do conform to all the requirements of their customers as well as the regulatory bodies for example theUSAfood and Drug Administration and to all the corporate standards (Janssen pharmaceuticals, 2010). They aim to have zero complains from the customers and to produce safe products. In order to achieve their goals, the yearly management meeting in maintaining their mission statement sets crucial targets in the organization that form as the base for all annual objectives. Each employee at Janssen has a role in contribution of their specific roles in order to attain effectual quality standards.

Their major mission is in playing a constructive role and to deal with healthcare costs by offering their customers with cost effective, innovative services and products to enhance quality care as well as patient outcomes.

Their ethical code is based on integrity and since they are under Johnson and Johnson medical, they have come up with a rational code of ethics to enable them prosper in their mission. It is intended to give complement to their Credo by offering more peculiar standards of conduct as well as behavior by pharmacists who are responsible in development.  Their ethical code describes all the principles that do guide their ethical decisions in ensuring there is safe use of the products to the best interest of the society. They always place the well being of the society and the patients first by balancing the benefits as well as the risks and ensure that the patients and the people who use their products get the maximum consideration.

It is also their responsibility in helping get access of the products in the places they have been developed. Moreover, it is their responsibility to apply all the values as well as judgments on the conduct, design, interpretation and analysis of all the clinical results and studies. They always adhere to all the principles of efficient pharmacy practice and ensure that they are comprehensive, accurate, and fair, balanced in order to enable all the informed risk and benefits assessments of the products. They also comprehend the values that are divergent across all cultures and in adaptation of behaviors that are up to their ethical principles.

Janssen is one of the major and the fastest growing pharmaceuticals and has developed a great and unique value based and performance driven culture. Its culture is also highly consultative as well as relationship based and they hold high ethical values in their team work.

Janssen’s social responsibilities

Janssen has a range of activities that comprise of developmental studies and drug formulations. Janssen Pharmaceutical is dedicated to the environment and won an award in the environmental excellence (Scryve, 2010). It does an incredible job in outlining the environmental accomplishments, goals, and areas to improve in their annual report. This ensures that they have a great impact as far as social responsibility is concerned. Despite participating in EPA and Green Power Partnerships programs in order to reduce the waste products, they maintain a wonderful policy of the environment in its offices and facilities. They make some charitable contributions to organizations that are non-profit and encourage volunteerism of the employees in order to be involved in the local activities. They are also committed in reduction of usage of the raw materials and increase the efficiency of product manufacturing.

They always fulfill their social responsibilities that do comprise of production of high and effective medicine as well as offering sincere services and acting ethically and fairly in enhancement of progress to all involved parties. The company promotes education and health, protection of the environment, charity and public welfare under their principle of being responsible to the society. It has a Social Responsibility program that aims at ‘Caring for the future’ (Hellenic Network, 2007) and contributing all its efforts in creating a healthy, happy and safe future to all people. They also offer drug and health care to remote villages.

Janssen’s ethical analysis

Janssen which employs over 17, 000 employees globally in 46 countries has very firm ethical grounds (Janssen pharmaceutical, 2010). Janssen has a firm ethical base that entails and focuses on the health of the patients. They make sure that their products are up to date and effective and also competent in the market. They have immense ethical values that guide them in ensuring that they get positive feedback from the consumers.

Janssen’s training program

Janssen has a training program that is based on prevention program. It has adolescent, mental health and children’s’ program whose main objective is to prevent, diagnose, and give therapy to children and adolescents through offering relevant information to teachers, parents and the media (Hellenic Networks, 2007).They offer educational programs as well as support them in an aid to help and work in conjunction with the care givers in offering effective medical care.

Strengths and weaknesses of Janssen Company

Janssen which is a top 10 company in theUKhas numerous strengths based on their firm mission, vision and code of ethics. They have gained customer acceptance because of their effectiveness and are reliable. Their strength does lie in what they value most and that is customers, integrity, innovation, performance and people. This has enabled them to be effective and reduce errors in their work.

Conclusion

Just like most companies, Janssen pharmaceutical has been governed with ethical values that have enabled them to be innovative and successful. The company is generally reflective of what every successful company should entail. Their ethical values are governed and centered on people and the utilitarian theory of happiness. They make sure that every customer is satisfied with their work thus reducing complains and ineffectiveness. They have a moral conduct that is governed with firm values, missions and code of ethics.

Place an order for a custom essay,research paper on this or related subject.

 

Abstract

In order to identify the political, social, religious, economic, linguistic and familial conventions as well as statuses of four Hispanic Americans groups; the following groups have been chosen: Mexican Americans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and South and Central Americans. Each of the group has a rich culture though they have been placed under the same category of Hispanic Americans because of their language. These groups do share the Spanish language but have a divergent origin and dialect.

 

 

Over the last 30 years, the Hispanic populace has gotten a tremendous growth inAmerica. They comprise of around 11% of the American population (Ann & Ruben, n.d).

The approximate number of Hispanics living in theUSAin the year 2008 was about 46.9 million thus making the Hispanics the vastest ethnic group (U.S Census Bureau, 2009). Hispanic is the term that was used by U.S federal government in the year 1970 in order to offer a denominator to a diverse and a large population that connects with the Spanish language and culture from the Spanish countries. It is therefore imperative to discuss at length some of the Hispanic groups, their political, linguistic, religious, economic, social and other rational statuses as well as the major differences and similarities among the four Hispanic groups.

The term Latino Americans or Hispanics is a term that is used to classify a diverse population that does share a common language though divergent in many ways. Language is one thing that they have in common since all of them communicate in Spanish language (Richard, 2006).  The Hispanics have a close family group that is knit together. Their family unit does not only include the children and the parents but also the extended family. Religion has also played a vast role among the Hispanics. More than 90% are Roman Catholics (Ann & Ruben, n.d). Puerto Rican, Mexicans, South and Central Americans have a lot in common though they remain to be different and separate ethnically.  Most of them come to theUSAbecause of political asylum.  Others were just escaping the economic and social conditions. It is estimated that by the year 2050 one quarter of the populace will be Hispanics (Hispanic American diversity 2, n.d).

There are numerous factors that do hinder them to participate politically and develop a unified bloc in voting. One of the factors is the youth. The younger a group is the less likely they will be in a position to be active in politics (Maria- Cristina, 1996). The median age of the Hispanic populace is 25.5 and some groups are quite young (Maria- Cristina, 1996). However though the Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans are the largest group, the Cubans have great levels of political participation since their average years is 35 while that of Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans is 20 and 21 (Maria- Cristina, 1996). The other factor that hinders them politically is the fact that most of them are not yetUSAcitizens and the final factor is poverty. Poverty hinders them to participate in political processes.

The language of Mexican Americans is a mixture of Spanish and English and sometimes it is referred to as the Spanglish. Most of the Mexican Americans have managed to retain their language to date (Linn & George, n.d). In the census that was done in the year 2000, it revealed that approximately 75% of Mexican Americans spoke Spanish (Hispanic American Diversity 2, n.d).  The Mexican Americans unlike the Cuban Americans have no many entrepreneurship or vast ethnic economy inMiami.  The Mexican Americans have made little progress as far as moving from the immigrant status to the mainstream status is concerned because of discrimination and poor systems of education (Alba, 2006).

Politically, the Mexican Americans were quite active as far as the Civil Rights movement that was led byMendozawas concerned. Socially, the Mexican Americans want to achieve the American dream. Educationally, most of them do not go past high school regardless of the generation.

Most of the Puerto Ricans happen to be Roman Catholics and are mixed with divergent denominations of the protestant faiths. They speak in Castillian English (Hispanic American Diversity 2, n.d). English is taught in most elementary schools but Spanish remains to be the primary language amongPuerto Rico. Puerto Rico has its own constitution, and governor who is answerable to the executive authority ofUSA. Due to the commonwealth status, all the Puerto Ricans happen to beUSAcitizens. As far as politics are concerned there has always been controversy on whether or not they should maintain the relationship of the commonwealth in theUSAand go ahead to advocate for the entireUnited Statesor better still fight for their independence. Their assimilation has been both successful though distraught with catastrophes. Most of the Puerto Ricans still struggle with predicaments for example crime, drugs, lack of opportunities in education and breakdown of their familial structures (Green, n.d).

The future ofPuerto Ricopolitical status is a burning issue .There are three options as far as politics is concerned. One of them is commonwealth which is their current status that was developed in the year 1952; the second is statehood where Puerto Rico hopes to be a state of theUSAand finally the independence where it will become an independent nation and be in control of its all affairs (Puerto Rico, n.d).

The Puerto Ricans are Catholics though their rituals, beliefs as well as practices stray against the beliefs of Catholicism. Despite the rich values that are offered by saints, some of them still believe in evil eye, faith healing as well as witchcraft (Puerto Ricans, n.d). They value ceremonies and celebrate political and religious holidays with great interest. They have a rich historical background of folk music that incorporates the Spanish andCaribbeaninfluence.

The Census that was done in the year 1960 revealed that there were 79,000 Cuban Americans inUSA(Richard, 2006). By the year 2000, the number had grown tremendously to 1.4 million (Richard, 2006). The Cuban Americans exiled fromCaribbeanIslandafter revolution of 1959 that changedFloridaandMiamiinto what many have presumed to be theLatin America’s capital.  The Cuban Americans have changed most of the things inMiamiand one of it being reversing the progression of assuming the societal culture and American culture. They have however been faced with racism as well as alienation because of being inUSA. Compared with other Hispanic groups, the Cuban Americans are doing quite well. They have a high rate of college completion as compared to other groups. Most of the Cuban immigrants are well educated and have managerial as well as professional backgrounds thus have a vast economic success than others. They have a strong force as far as politics is concerned inMiami. Their Cuban American National Foundation takes an immense anti-Castro position (Richard, 2006). They have gone ahead to oppose proposals byUSAto come up with a flexible policy on them. They have come to accept the Anglo culture and have maintained their Spanish language.

The Central and South Americans as well as the Cuban Americans have the highest number of college graduates among all the Hispanic groups thus they have the lowest rates of poverty.   The Central and South Americans have no any cohesive group and have a diverse language as well as color gradient. Their social class also differ greatly (Richard, 2006). They face vast levels of unemployment as compared to the whites (Richard, 2006) though they are better educated as compared to most of the Hispanic groups. In future they might come to retain their independence like the Cubans and establish an economic base.

Puerto Rican Americans, Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans and South and Central Americans have a distinct culture that is rich in some familial ties though each has been grouped under Hispanic Americans due to their language. Though they do share the Spanish language, all of them have a divergent origin and dialect. Most of them are Roman Catholics and each ethnic group has divergent religious beliefs.  Cuban Americans have made a vast progress as far as political and social front is concerned while the Puerto Ricans have made a lot of impact in their homes as far as economy is concerned. While most of the groups have rejected assimilation into the culture ofUSA, others have gone ahead to embrace it.

  In this research paper, the aim is to look into the Chinese culture and how it affects a person’s ability to access health care. It goes into details of the various aspects of the Chinese culture and it does this through interviewing a person of Chinese origin. It is noted that the Chinese have numerous cultural holidays in one year, which are observed and celebrated with respect to the solar and lunar calendars (http://www.c-c-c.org). The traditional Chinese used the appearance of the full moon to base their calendar and this is still in practice although they have incorporated the Gregorian calendar because it is the one used internationally. They use it to base the modern holidays, which usually include the celebrations of leaders birthdays.

            The major holidays observed include the Chinese New Year and the Lantern Festival, which are observed in the first month of the lunar calendar. In the fifth moon there is the festival of the Dragon Boat while in the 8^th moon they celebrate the mid- Autumn. There are also some holidays that are found in the Gregorian calendar, which include the Tomb Sweeping Day that takes place in April the 4^th, 5^th or 6^th. There are many other holidays that have not been listed here including birthdays since the emphasis has only been on the major holidays. Some of the other holidays may depend on the year and those who are ruling and thus their celebration days are not constant. These include mostly the birthday holidays.

When conducting the research, I encountered many difficulties especially in the area of language barrier. The interviewee used spoke mostly in Chinese and was also very fluent in written Chinese but has a very poor mastery of the English language. This led to the need of an interpreter sometimes but in the long run the information needed was collected. The person who was interviewed was a local who it was felt, would be able to represent the local people who are the majority and not as highly educated as most of the rich people are. Also the age of the person had to be a bit advanced so that the data collected may present a truer picture of the Chinese culture from one who understands it best.

Analysis of the interview

Among the Chinese, health practices are based on the balance that exists between the yin and yang principles, which translates to hot and cold principles (http://www.jamardenesources.com). One is said to get ill if the balance is destabilized. In accordance to their principles, they believe that a “pool of blood” considered necessary for life is located at the chest and thus they are never comfortable with CPR and other health practices that include the interfering with the chest, as they believe that it can cause death. There is also the belief that when a person is unconscious their spirit is around and interfering with the body at that time would lead to either illnesses or death. This is in addition to the belief that when one dies, all the body parts have to be intact and hence the apathy shown towards anesthesia and intrusive surgery.

When one has a mental related illness, it would be better if they complained of physical discomfort since emotional distress will cause stigma. Any sick person needs to include traditional folk healing processes in their care and this usually includes animal sacrifices. Foot massage is one of the many ways to bring about and maintain good health. The massage is done after the feet have been soaked in hot water with herbs. They believe a lot of healing rituals saying prayers, chanting incantations. The family decides who treats the sick person and what sort of treatment is required. The illnesses experienced are blamed on past bad behavior, which is being punished, and also to soul loss.

Currently, it has been noted that the western culture has influenced the people’s perception of the ideal body weight and shape especially among the young people. They tend to prefer thinness and leanness as the perfect body shape for them, which also indicate good health. They observe this in the televisions and then strive to look like the models they see on films. They do not care much for nurses and health care providers and actually prefer to look after their own sick unless it is an emergency that they cannot cope with. The interviewee expressed the opinion that it would be preferable if the health related issues could be taped or demonstrated, as they are easier to understand regardless of the language used.

Once a person is sick, spiritual leaders are very important, as they are needed to chant incarnations and say prayers to chase away the evil spirits that are believed to be tormenting the person. Since the people already believe that the reason why one suffers is because of a wrongdoing committed in the past, this then hinders in the seeking of medical care from health practitioners because they prefer having the spiritual leaders deal with the problem. They rarely consult them because they consider them to be incompetent and people who do not know how to heal. Since an illness is a major source of stigma from the community, one rarely complains of any symptoms and always strives to portray a picture of health and well-being.

The form of leisure that a person adapts is related to the sort of work that person is involved in and also in the level of education that one has (Chou K.L, Chow N.W.S. & Chi I. 2004). There has been recent introduction of leisure education and also the incorporation of western-based form of human resource management that involves the enhancement of leisure activities in the work place. The client is not very enthusiastic about the changes taking place in the society especially those that have been as a result of interaction with the west. This is because it has made people lose touch with their spirituality and also the sort of food people now eat in search of the ideal body shape is detrimental to their health.

Other than that, people are becoming more prone to cancer and hence the need of surgery which is not desirable. This is because they are imitating so much of the western culture and it has been established that those who live in the west have more cases of cancer than those who live in their native country. They are very suspicious of scientific health care because it is seen as not involving the spirituality that is part of their culture. They also involve practices that go against their traditions like surgery, which affects the individuals “pool of life”. Also the use of anesthesia and CPR goes against the traditional believes as they lead to the loss of an individual’s soul, which is a major catastrophe.

The Chinese are very sensitive on matters of privacy. They value their privacy very much and do not take it lightly when one tries to intrude on their privacy. They value when they show courtesy to a person and the same is retaliated by the person. They do not like to be touched especially by strangers and this affects the way they react to health care in hospitals as they see the touching as an intrusion on their privacy. They have clearly defined relationships with people and Confucius sets them out as being ruler-subject, husband-wife, father-son, brother-sister and friend-friend. The people they relate with have to fall under these categories and this affects the administration of health care especially if they are not clear on where to place the medical practitioner in regard to these relations.

Among the Chinese there is a very distinct difference between the men and women and also how they relate to each other. Modesty in this culture is defined by ensuring that one is completely covered and the different sexes stay away from each other. This modesty is carried even to the health care facilities and thus may hinder administration of healthcare. It hinders breast examination and also mammography, which are used to determine if one has been rectified by increasing the number of female gynecologists and obstetricians. (Andres C.S.2006).

Despite the gender of a client, modesty does not allow the person to exhibit their sexual parts of the body. This then affects the diagnosis of a disease and also in the performance of certain forms of surgery. It is very hard for one to allow vasectomy and hysterectomy to take place because it would negatively affect their psychological well-being because it is against their custom. They also avoid speaking of the dead because they are supposed to be respected because their spirits are still around and may overhear them. They can retaliate to the negative words spoken about them by causing maladies to befall the person or people speaking about them in the negative way. The dead are to be respected and cared for by the living.

Since the client is a Buddhist, there are the beliefs that are adhered to by Buddhists concerning the dying process. This belief helps both the dying and their family and friends. The belief concerns the connection between the body and the elements whereby when one is sick, he or she is believed to be the “earth giving way to water” (Chrissy & Company 2007). The process of dying is in stages and when one dies he or she is only half way through the process. The body dissolution starts with the illness whereby the bones deteriorate and also the hair, muscles and nails and the individual experiences a decrease in their mental and physical capabilities. The patient should not be emotionally tasked at this time. The next step in the process is the “water to fire” whereby the body begins to be dehydrated and it is at this time that the family and friends are most needed to provide care.

Those Chinese who are well up are circumcised either during their teenage or in their early 20s. When it comes to child development, breastfeeding is continued until a child is 3 years old. Weaning could start at any time from the time a child is 6 months old and it almost always starts with rice followed by vegetables and eggs then fruits and Soya beans and meat is introduced last at approximately 12 months. Chinese children before weaning are very large but once weaning is started, their weight takes on a negative turn (Chen J. & Taren D. N.D.). In the first trimester of pregnancy one has to avoid carrying heavy loads and also the use of sharp objects is prohibited as well as the intake of certain foods.

During childbirth, they prefer to eat to get energy for the labor and only take warm water at this period. The men wait until the child is born and play no role in the delivery room. The family is supposed to take care of the elderly in the family and all members are supposed to chip in and help in this and also in the care of the children. This is changing in the modern Chinese family whereby, the family is of a nuclear nature although parents may be living with them. The elderly are highly valued for the experience they have accumulated over the years and are deferred to by the young people.

The client’s education level is minimal and this affects the ability to read health educational literature and in turn the health behavior. Friends and family affect ones health and care when one is sick. The family is involved in the care of the sick especially in ensuring that the balance between Yin and Yang is maintained. Health promotion depends on the social economic status of the family. Since the client is the wage earner and does not earn much there is no insurance cover for him and family. The living areas are congested because that is what is affordable. The benefits reaped from the cultural organizations are many especially in education and free health services. The wife stays at home taking care of the family.

References

1. Andrews C. S. 2006 Modesty and Healthcare for Women: Understanding Cultural Sensitivities Alvin and Lois Lapidus Cancer Institute Northwest Hospital Center
2. Chen J. & Taren D. (N.D.) Early Feeding Practices and the Nutrition Status of Preschool Children in Rural Hubei Province, China Retrieved on 25^th October 2007 from

http://www.unu.edu/Unupress/food/8f161e/8F161e06.htm

3. Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco (N.D.) Chinese Holidays and Festivals Retrieved on 25^th October 2007 from

http://www.c-c-c.org/culture-resources/holidays/

4. Chou K-L,Chow N.W.S. & Chi I. 2004 Leisure Participation Amongst Hong

Kong Chinese Older Adults Cambridge University Press Sau Po Center on              Ageing University of Hong Kong

5. Chrissy J. &Company May 22 2007 Terminal Illness & Dying: The Stages According to Tibetan Beliefs Eight Stages of Death & Dying Retrieved on 25^th October 2007 from

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/163946/terminal_illness_dying_the_stages_according.html

6. JAMARDA Resources Inc. 2005 Health Beliefs/ Practices Retrieved on 25^th October 2007 from

http://www.jamardaresources.com/sample/subpages/asians/asians_hlth_beliefs.htm

7. Kohn L. & Jackowicz S. 2007 Health and Long Life: The Chinese Way Three Pines     Press P.O. Box 207 Magdalena N. M. 87825

Global warming refers to the increase in the average global temperatures which is caused by greenhouse effects that arise due to greenhouse gases. Energy from the sun heats the earth’s surface and some is absorbed as some is radiated back in to space. The greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, nitric acid and methane form a layer or “blanket” between the earths’s surfaces to rise. The gases can penetrate into the earth and into the atmosphere and they control how much energy is retained or radiated through infrared radiation. Other greenhouse gases include fluorinated industrial gases like hydrofluorocarbors (HFC’s), Perfluorocarbons (PFC’s) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Water vapor is also considered a greenhouse gas. Although the greenhouse effect is beneficial because it ensures that the earth is not very cold by retaining some heat on the earth’s surface, influencing it negatively would be harmful. According to a report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), which was carried out by scientists from the UK Hadley Center and funded by the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs showed that human activity is the primary cause of observed climate changes.

Human beings influence the global climate when they emit key greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Industries that emit such gases in their production process contribute to the global climate change. (http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climate)

According to a documentary aired on the National Geographic Channel in Britainon August 9^th 2003 titled ‘what’s up with the weather’ the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere were at repay high levels in the past 450,000 years.

There has been a long debate in the U.S on whether the current climate change is as a result of human activities. With some arguing that global warming is politicized to attract attention of the masses.

Supporters of the idea that global warming causes climate changes and is all due to man’s activity face criticism and ridicule. Despite the allegations global warming effects are here with us we can not deny. Butterflies are moving towards the North where there are higher attitudes and there are concerns that the diversity of wildlife could decline in future. Long term trends towards earlier spring are being observed as flowering and reproduction of plants and birds’ species has reduced their long processes. All these are evidences that climate is changing which can be attributed to global warming. Although man cannot change his behavior at least he can try to adapt to fit in well into the environment without harming it. (Houghton, 2005)

 

Causes

Global warming is caused by natural factors and human activities. It is observed that after industrialization came about there has been more warming in the earth’s crust. Therefore man’s activities in contributing to global warming cannot be underscored. He may directly lead to global warming by releasing directly into the atmosphere the greenhouse gases for instance when burning coal or he can do it indirectly by using products that promote emission of greenhouse gases. (Hardy, 2003)

In the face of globalization energy is very important. Most industries are adopting electricity as a source of energy as it is clean, efficient and convenient. In 2002 about 40% of the carbon dioxide emission in the atmosphere was as a result of burning fossil fuels for generating electricity. Coal burning accounts for 93% of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and thus contributes to global warming. (Micheal, 2005)

The transportation sector also contributes to global warming. According to the 2004USemission Inventory vehicles with poor gas mileage contributed a lot to global warming .This occurs as gasoline is being heated in internal combustion of cars and light trucks. This sector contributes to approximately 20% ofUStotal emissions of carbon dioxide. Aviation industry also contributes to global warming to a tune of 3.5%. This is predicted to be 5 times more by 2050 by the United Nation Intergovernmental panel due to the fact that the flow of air transport is increasing with lowered fares because of competition. Light duty vehicles like SUV’s and minivans sales increase impacted more on the greenhouse effects since driving intensified due to the affordability this led to demand for more gas.

Man constructs building structures that takes up heat and takes long to cool down contributing more heat reserved in the earth’s surface. Building more structure translates into retaining more heat and this eventually leads to global warming.

Land use practices contribute to global warming. Trees are vital in ensuring natural regulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. They also form a cover that affects the radiation process by determining what levels of heat will be retained or radiated. Human settlement is a reason for continued deforestation. As population levels rises more and more forests are cleared. Trees are also cut for logging purposes. Trees absorb CO2 from decaying trees and plants. They provide timber for construction purposes they are also cut to paper production.  Deforestation contributes to approximately 25% of CO2 in to the atmosphere. Today there is much wastage of papers for instance toilet paper and serviettes this leads to global warming due to the fact that more trees will be cut for paper production. This eventually leads to global warming.

Man’s activity at home can also cause global warming.  Technology has brought about invention of electronic devices all of which require energy and electricity is mostly the preferred. The technology is useful as it ensures that time and energy is saved by a large proportion. Appliances like lawnmowers and heaters in houses precipitate the burning of more coal to provide electricity and this leads to global warming. http://www.epa.gov/climate/climatechange/emmisions/ind-home.html

Composition of waste products by man causes the production of methane, which is a greenhouse gas. According to U.S Environmental Protection Agency each pound of trash thrown away emits approximately 0.94 pounds of CO2 during decomposition.

Global warming occurs naturally due to the amount of heat produced by the sun. Changing variations in the earth’s orbit around the sun may affect the time and amount of solar energy received on the earth. This will affect the amount of energy reflected and absorbed. Orbital variations are believed to be behind the ice ages. Aerosols which are fine particles and droplets that are suspended into the earth’s surface affect the amount of solar energy that is reflected or absorbed and are thus contributors of global warming. The social effects caused by extreme effects of global warming include poverty and changing attitudes due to shock. Exposure to such calamities is destructive to man’s health as it causes death, injury as well as stress related disorders. Standards of living lower for the affected people as their houses and means of earning are destroyed. At the times of such disasters they are deprived of social needs. Social evils could arise as such calamities create disorder in society. Due to disaster effects the affected may in changing topography cause disputes among nations. (O’Hare at al, 2005).

Effects

The effects of global warming are detrimental and it’s feared to be contributing to current climate changes. It is associated with the frequent floods, drought and hurricane patterns that are facing the world today.

According to the World Metrological Organization the 90’s had higher temperatures and are thus considered the warmest decade. Extreme weather patterns are believed to result from the warming of the climate. More hurricanes and drought are expected to arise due to global warming. There will be longer spells of heat or intense rainfall depending on which part of the earth one is.

Scientists point out that the Northern European region could experience colder weather and the Arctic could begin sending fresher waters to the further South cutting off the Gulf Stream and making countries likeBritainwarmer. The Himalayan glaciers are also feared to retreat resulting to water scarcity in the long run. (Hodges, 2000)

Super storms are feared to increase with global warming. The recent case of hurricane in theCaribbeanIslandsand parts of the South Eastern United States is a good example. It led to massive destruction of property resulting from such catastrophic events. Again lives were lost and people’s livelihood was affected with some children rendered orphans and homeless.

Disruptions in temperatures would result to extinction of species of animals and plants, which will not be able to adapt to the new conditions. The overall effect will be massive extinction will lead to environmental crisis. It will also lead to sudden collapse of biological systems.

Global warming can cause a vicious circle in the sense that accumulation of greenhouse gases will destroy the ozone layer which will cause mechanism causing more warming. Again on reaching a certain level huge amount of carbon dioxide trapped in the permafrost causing disastrous effects on the earth’s surface.

The sea levels are also expected to rise as the polar caps begin to melt. This will have detrimental effects on people near coasts or major rivers as will have be displaced.

Climate change could result due to global warming .It is feared that pests and diseases would increase causing negative effects on crops and humanity.  Diseases like malaria would result due to flooding especially in less developed countries. Agricultural production could be negatively affected being a threat to food security. Floods for instance will wash away crops while change of climate will have negative implications on crops that are unable to adapt.

Prevention of global warming

Since man is a key contributor he should be at the forefront in the process of curbing global warming. At the individual level people can use alternative sources of energy for their appliances for instance solar energy, which doesn’t have very adverse effects

Burning coal to produce electricity should be replaced by hydroelectric power, wave energy or solar energy which are all environmentally friendly. (Micheal, 2005)

Preserving energy by switching off the unused switches and sockets translates to reduced demand for electricity and burning up of coal. It will be a positive movement in preventing global warming.

Replacing inefficient homes will ensure less wastage to energy loss and properly insulting homes will ensure less wastage of electrical energy.

Buying vehicles with proper gas mileage will ensure that the gas is not lost in the internal combustion heat of cars. Efficient cars promote efficient use of energy thus reducing global warming.

Another cause of global warming is industries that produce nitrous oxide which is an important greenhouse gas. Man creates it during nitric acid production and in nylon productions. Nitric acid is used by man for important use like in fertilizer production and for cars with catalytic converters. Fertilizers are important in agriculture as they boost the production. The fertilizer industry also creates employment in its production, distribution and sale. Human beings therefore have to come to find ways to address the two opposing issues to establish a balance.

Traffic jam contributes to global warming and is caused by family members using different vehicles even when going towards the same direction. This can be reduced by family cars being used to transport all members. Again public transport use will contribute to a greater effect the reduction of global warming. Lesser amount of gas will be used and flow of transport will be manageable. Alternative methods or modes of transport can also be adapted like walking, bicycles, motorbikes or using public transport.

Developing organic farming will reduce the emission of green house gases that would otherwise be produced through fertilizer production.

Introducing other packaging materials rather than nylon paper bags will also reduce global warming effects. This is because production of nylon paper bags produce nitric dioxide, which is a green house gas.

Recycling is also an important act in ensuring that the global temperatures do not rise. It will reduce the production process that results in emission of greenhouse gases. Reduced waste disposal will also reduce global warming as there will be reduced decomposition.

Lack of clear government legislations on illegal logging has contributed to deforestation at higher levels contributing to global warming. If such countries form clear and strict restrictions they would be solving the world at large from increased warming. International companies should be regulated by international environmental rules and regulations to ensure that deforestation and emission of greenhouse gases is reduced

Since poor communities clear forests for cultivation and grazing purposes. The developed countries should assist them so that they do not destroy the environment which results to global effects. Planting more trees will ensure natural CO2 regulation.

Abatement measures will ensure that industries in a country do not carelessly affect the global temperatures by production of greenhouse gases. It will ensure that companies do not make excessive profits at the expense of the environment.

Continued information dissemination about effects and causes of global warming will remove the arrogance or ignorance that could result from lack of such knowledge. Incorporating environmental studies and especially on global warming in the school’s curriculums will see to it that students understand the plight of global warming to mankind at an early age.

Investment in low carbon technologies will go along way in ensuring that the adverse effects of global warming are not felt. It will see to it that the adverse effects of global warming are not felt. It will see to it that lesser greenhouse gases are released in to the atmosphere.

The media can play a vital role in disseminating the important of environmental conservation through changes man’s behaviors. There are those believes that global warming is a wide spread imagined risk.

People should use vehicles that emit lesser amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere “sporty vehicles” should be substituted for cheaper and better efficient ones which emit less carbon dioxide. (http://www.pce.govt.nz/reports/pc-report-glosary.html)

Reference:

 

Department for Environment food and Rural Affairs. Climate change: What is climate change? Retrieved on 28^th October from http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climate

US Environmental Protection Agency: Climate change-Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Retrieved on 25^th October 2007 from http://www.epa.gov/climate/climatechange/emmisions/ind-home.html

Hardy J.T 2003.Climate change causes effects solutions New York J. Wiley.

 

Houghton, John Theodore. 2004. Global warming: the complete briefing 3^rd ed.CambridgeUniversity.

 

O’Hare, Greg, John. Sweeney and Rob.Wilby. 2005. Weather, climate and climate change: Human perspectives, Harlow,Eng,New YorkPearson Prentice hall.

 

Hodges, Glenn. 2000. The New Cold War: Stalking Arctic Climate Change by Submarine. National Geographic Magazine. March, 2000.

 

Micheal Parfit .2005.Future where will the world get its next energy fix? National Geographic Magazine. August, 2005.

Research on stem cells has provided valuable knowledge and information about an organism develops from a distinct cell and how healthy cells can substitute damaged cells in adult organism. Stem cells are one of the most intriguing areas of biology today. But like many expanding fields of scientific inquiry, researches on stem cells have raised many scientific questions as fast as they generate new discoveries. Stem cells possess two important characteristics that helps differentiate them from other types of cells. First they are unspecialized cells that have the ability to renew themselves for long periods through cell division. The second is that under certain physiologic or investigational conditions they are induced to become cells (Malcolm Alison et al, pp-599-603). There are two kinds of stem cells used by scientist and are from humans and animals, they include; embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

 

Stem cells in developing tissues give rise to the multiple specialized cells types that make up body organs. In some adult tissues such as bone marrow muscle and brain generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or diseases. Scientist belief that these stem cells will at some point in future become the basis for treating diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and heart diseases. Scientists want to study stem cells in the laboratory so as to get more insight about their essential properties and what makes them different from the specialized cell types (Washington D.C national academy press 2002/3). As scientists learn more about stem cells they are optimistic that it may become possible to use the cells not only in cell-based therapies but also for screening new drugs and toxins and understanding birth defects

Stem cell research should be encouraged and supported by all means.

Studies of human embryonic stem cells may yield information about the complex events that occur during human development (James A. Thomson et al, pp. 1145-11) Stem cells research aims at identifying how undifferentiated stem cells become differentiated bearing in mind that it is the genes that are solely responsible for these processes. Scientists also belief that most serious medical conditions, such as cancer and birth defects, are as a result of unusual cell division and differentiation better understanding of the genetic and molecular controls of these processes may reveal more information about how such disease come about as well as  suggesting new strategies for therapy. A significant hurdle to this one and most other uses of stem cells is that scientists have not yet understood the signals that turn specific genes on and off to influence the differentiation that occurs in these stem cells.

The opponents of stem cell research say that the bone of contention is not the intended use of these stem cells but the source of stem cells themselves. This is because stems are developed from the developing embryo’s which are destroyed before they could develop fully into an infant. The Catholic Church who is the major opponents feels that it is immoral and unethical to destroy life of one inorder to safe that of another. However the researcher’s usage of embryos is justified since most of them which are produced through In-vitro fertilization (IVF) are never taken up by their owners, but are otherwise thrown away. Researchers feel that using them for research is better than being thrown away.

Studies on stem cells should further be supported since human stem cells could also be used to test new drugs for example. Newly constituted medications could be tested for safety on differentiated cells generated from the stem cells. Currently the cancer cell lines for examples are used to screen potential anti-tumor drugs but the availability of pluripotent stem cells would enable drug testing in a wider range of cell types: however to screen drugs effectively, the conditions must be identical when comparing different drugs. Therefore scientist will have to be able to precisely control the differentiation of stem cells into the specific cell type of which drugs will be tested. However much research needs to be done to understand the signals controlling differentiation since presently they are not fully understood. This will help to clearly and accurately identify the conditions and to consistently have identical differentiated cells for each drug being tested.

Those opposing this research propose that there are other animals that are closer to human beings like mice and primates which can be used to test the drugs instead of the use of human stem cells. However, Animal experimentation has always been used but its usage has only focused on artificially created pathology that does not consider other confounding variables. Animal experimentation studies are thus undermined by differences between human and non human anatomy physiology and pathology. These researchers argue that using animals to test on drugs to be used by humans is an inherently unsafe method to investigate human disease processes. Much resource has been wasted in the past in animal experimentation since these animals are so different from human and react differently to these drugs. Some drugs have been recalled /with drawn from the market since they have been found to have adverse effects to humans although they tested safe to animals during testing. Therefore the only sure way to test the efficacy of a drug/ medication to be used by humans is by testing with human stem cells.

In addition, human stem cells can be used in the generation of cells and tissues that could be used for cell-based therapies. For this to be achieved more stem cell research should be carried out. Currently donated organs and tissues are often used to replace ailing as well as destroyed tissues but the need for these transplantable tissues and organs is very high compared to the available supply.therefore, unless another alternative source of these organs is obtained, many lives of people could be lost who may otherwise be saved. Stem cell offers a viable alternative and thus should be supported and encouraged by all stakeholders, the church inclusive. Stem cells directed to differentiate into specific cell types offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacements cells and tissues to treat diseases including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, spinal cord injury stroke, burns, heart diseases, diabetes, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. For example it may become possible to generate a health heart muscle cells in the laboratory and then transplant those cells into patients with chronic heart diseases. A preliminary research in mice and other animals has indicated that bone marrow stem cells transplanted into a damaged heart can generate heart muscle cells and successfully repopulate the heart tissue (Natalie C. Direkze et al. 21:514-520) Other recent studies in cell culture systems indicate that it may be possible to direct the differentiation of embryonic stem cells or adult bone marrow cells into heart muscle cells. However to realize all these cell- based therapies for such persistent and incapacitating diseases, scientist must be able to easily and reproducibly manipulate stem cells so that they posses the necessary characteristics for successful differentiation transplantation and engraftment (Hogen Brigid, http://www.hhml.org)

.However the opponents argues that if this research is supported it will lead to increased case of assisted reproduction such as In-vitro fertilization (IVF). Led by the Catholic Church faithful they feel that this will lead to human cloning. Cloning is defined as “the process by which one produces another being virtually genetic replies if an existing human being” they feel that these procedures are morally impermissible and should never be practiced. The church argues the conception of a child should be from a loving interpersonal sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. However the major objective of ‘stem research is not assisted reproduction or cloning but to assist scientist in identifying how undifferentiated stem cells become differentiated and generation of cells and tissues to be used for cell-based therapies.

Works cited.

James A. Thomson et al, Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts

Science (1998) pp. 1145-11

Natalie C. Direkze et al multiple organ engraftments by bone marrow- derived

Myofibroblasts and fibroblasts in bone- marrow transplanted mice stem cells, (2003) 21:514-520

Malcolm Alison et al, plastic adult stem cells. Will they graduate from the school

Of hard knocks. Journal of cell science, (2003) pp-599-603

National research council stem cells and the future regenerative medicine (Washington

D.C national academy press 2002/3.

Hogen Brigid “advances in stem cell research” chery chase M.D Howard Hughes medical

Institute, 2000 accessed on line on 21.10.2007 http://www.hhml.org

The United States foreign relations are considered to be highly influential. In its international foreign policy, it includes military intervention and deployment as some of the most important policies, they use these policies to help countries change regimes that are oppressive to the citizens. In its policies, the United States intends to enable the people of America and the world in general benefit from a democratic, secure and prosperous environment. Their policies aim at non-proliferation of nuclear technology and hardware. It also aims at putting in place all measures that would be used to enhance the businesses conducted by Americans abroad. It also aims at protecting the American business with the international community. Furthermore it is used internationally in the business and education sector to ensure the protection of Americans who live abroad and those who are expatriates.

The American policy has been shaped over the years in an aggressive manner and this is reflected in the aggressiveness of their policies. Since its conception, it has been involved in various wars of which most of them have been against states and powers that were superior to them. After the second word war in 1945, the united states was divided between choosing the isolationist policy that it had adopted towards the world or to involve itself in the world politics. In the early 1940s, it had upset the world’s balance of power when it completely tore off the power that Germany had. Once this happened, a vacuum was created which needed to be filled and the Soviet Union and the United States strived to fill it. The interests of either power were so different such that none allowed the other to assume the superior role. This is what led to the cold war. The cold war in turn shaped the American policy for the next fifty years (Becker 1999).

However, some scholars claim that the “communist threat” was not the only determinant of how the American policy was shaped in the ensuing period after the Second World War. The reason given is that, although America is seen as being aggressive in terms of world politics, the Soviet Union could also be seen in the same way. There is however an assumption by a number of scholars that American aggression was not due to spiteful intentions but rather was due to misunderstandings that occurred. At this time, America was seen by many to be an intimidator instead of the image it tried to project of a protector.

In the 1940s, it gained the title of world superpower after it invented the atomic bomb. However, the Soviet Union also built its own atomic bombs thus diminishing America’s power and effectively removing it from the military pedestal that it was on worldwide. Both powers increased their stock of weapons of mass destruction including nuclear bombs to epic proportions. They did this under the pretext of aiming at checking the powers that each had in the world. This policy was a determent policy, which they each practiced.

During this time the American policy was aimed at retaliation for every provocation that occurred. It however saw the need to change this policy into one that could be used bearing in mind that the Soviet Union had its match in the weapons of mass destruction. The new policy that was adopted was the containment policy whose strategy would encompass an economic, political as well as a military aspect. This policy mainly targeted the third world countries that could be affected by the policies advanced by the Soviet Union

The Balance of Power system was used from 1500-1945 whereby countries that were at war would choose to either bandwagon or to balance power. Bandwagon is when weaker countries decide to join stronger countries, which seem to be able to win in the war. On the other hand, some weak countries may decide to join together to avoid being overridden by the stronger countries. By doing this, there is an equilibrium being struck and this is what is termed as the balance of power. The balance is struck once it has been ensured that there is no one country that is too powerful such that it can impose its will on others. The weaker powers join together in order to serve as checks on eh power s held by the more powerful countries.

The introduction of balancing of power as a foreign policy was introduced in the world as from the 15^th century in the Italian city-states. The period between 1500-1945 saw many coalitions formed between weaker states and stronger states so as to seek protection and empowerment in times of war. The united states established itself as a power to be reckoned with and in the period before the second world war it was seen as a power that could be counted on to bring about a balance of power. However, it preferred to adapt a policy of non-involvement and when the war started preferred not to be involved. It had already amassed a considerable amount of nuclear weapons, which it finally used in order to stop the war and defeat Germany and it allies.

When one views the world as a global community, one is then able to understand how comes there is so much interference of a states affairs by the rest of the world. States can interfere with the running of another states affairs if at all they see it as oppressing the citizen or to having a negative impact on the rest of the world. This has been displayed by the actions taken by the United States against Iraq in order to free the citizens from the oppressive rule of Saddam Hussein. Apart from this, there are international there are international organizations like the UN which go further to intervene in areas where they identify a problem. Also the non-state organizations, which are the non-governmental organizations, have been using their power to transcend over borders to assert their influence in ensuring that human rights are observed (Iriye A. 2002).

There has been a change in how the world order is controlled. The term Raison d’Etat has found new use in the current state of affairs. It is a French world that is translated to mean national interest. It can also be taken to mean the “justification of overriding state power” (Robertson D. 1986). In line with this term, the international and non-governmental organizations have the power and ability to interfere with the running of a country for the best interests of the country as a whole. Their influence extends up to the regional and local levels of a country. This has been the case in Darfur Somalia whereby UN peacekeepers have been sent to the region to reduce the war and bring about peace. It also facilitates peace talks between the warring factions (Joachim J & Locker B. 2006 March).

In the United States, the president does not make the foreign policy decisions alone. They have to be ratified by the tow thirds majority of the senate. This is because the president may make the wrong decisions and hence the need to introduce checks and balances in the powers bestowed on the chief executive. It has had different positions when it comes to diplomacy over time. It initially avoided any diplomatic ties with the world but conducted business with it. It then moved towards the formation of alliances with European and other strategic military partners and finally it has become involved in global issues. The diplomatic immunity provided to diplomats ensures that they are not sued or prosecuted in the host country instead in case of legal problems they can be expelled.

In the period ranging from 1200BC-1950AD, the negotiation skills put in place were the win-lose sort of agreement. There had to be a winner and a loser in any agreement that was arrived at in other words, one of the parties had to lose while the other one won. However during the cold war, the strategies changed to a win-win situation being advanced by both sides (Snyder S. 2002). Prior to the cold war, the dissatisfied partisan of the discussion could just walk away but during the war, none had the luxury of doing so. This was because all were after the same limited resources and could only move away from the talks after reaching an agreement.

References

1. Becker Z. 1999 Americas Approach to Foreign Policy: 1945-1985 Retrieved on 20^th October 2007 from

http://www.publishit.com/Authors/B/Becker_Zachary/AmericasApproachTo ForeignPolicy/page 001.html

 

2. Iriye A. 2004 Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World University of California Press

 

3. Joachim J. & Locher B. March 2006 Multi-Level Governance and Civil Society: Comparing Non-State Actors in International Organizations Theoretical Aspects on NGO-Participation in the United Nations and the European Union Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Associations Town & County Resort and Convention Center San Diego California USA online Retrieved on 20^th October from

http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p99717_index.html

4. Robertson D. 1986 The Penguin Dictionary of Politics London Retrieved on 20^th October from

http://www.politicsprofessor.com/politicaltheories/raison-detat.php

5. Snyder S. 2002 North Korea on the Edge Ch. 6 of Negotiating on the Edge US Institute of  Peace