Category: Article

Short Paper on “Cross-Cultural Media Comparison”. Directions: You will select a foreign country and one media type. The media type could be current print media, radio, television, film, websites, etc. that originate in a foreign country. The focus of the paper should be on cultural uniqueness and values in the selected country, and how those are different in comparison to the cultural situations present in the United States. What does a US manager need to know in order to work effectively and efficiently in the selected country?…………..

 

 

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Summary and critique.

Article Critique
Summarize and critique these two article. each article write one full page. these two article are not related.

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Topic: Critical Thinking

Order type: Article Critique
Read “apples to oranges” by Claire Ironside and “Eating Ethically –It’s Complicated [and Listener Comments],” by Adriene Hill. Respond to the following prompts:
1. If we interpret the “apples to oranges” as an evaluative argument, what is Ironside evaluating?
2. What are her criteria? What type of measurement does she supply?
3. After examining her criteria, suggest a warrant and some backing for a warrant for Ironside’s claim.
4. Hill in “Eating Ethically – It’s Complicated” makes a claim about eating ethically. If we interpret Hill’s claim as an evaluative argument, what is it?
5. What are Hill’s criteria? What type of measurement does he supply?
6. Examine two of the comments to “Eating Ethically – It’s Complicated.” Describe the evaluative claims and criteria for the arguments each commentator is making.
7. Which article or commentator is most convincing to you? Why?
8. Looking at “apples to oranges” and “Eating Ethically –It’s Complicated [and Listener Comments” together should help you draw conclusions about quantitative and qualitative criteria. What conclusions have you drawn?

Read “Are We Worried about Storm’s Identity – or Our Own?” by Patricia J Williams and “The Freedom to Choose Your Own Pronoun,” by Jennifer Conlin. Respond to the following prompts:
1. In what ways is Williams’s argument an argument of definition? Which of the definitions concern Storm, and which concern society in general?
2. In what ways is Conlin’s argument an argument of definition?
3. State Williams’s argument and Conlin’s argument using the Toulmin terms claim, reasons, warrant and backing. In which of these do the two authors agree? What points of disagreement do you notice?
4. Ultimately, both authors are Asian Studies

The essay question: Choose two of the three stories read this week. Compare and contrast what might have motivated each of its writers to write such a story. In each case, what role did the vernacular language play in helping the writer achieve this goal?

reading list for the week:? ?Vernacular Stories,? pg. 834;
? Feng Meng-long (1574-1646), ?Du Tenth Sinks the Jewel Box in Anger,? pg. 835-856
? Lang-xian, ?Censor Xue Finds Immortality in the Guise of a Fish,? pg. 856-879

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foldable cycle trainer

write in mechanical aspect and it would be very good if SolidWorks can be used for some simple drawings.

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Legalize marijuana for personal use in Arizona

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Academic Advisor Training Syllabus

Project Scenario: Assume the hypothetical role of a Student Affairs professional within a university setting. Being asked by the supervisor to prepare one 50-minute training session for a new team of academic advisors, who will be hired and onsite by the next semester, and an advance reading list that they will have read prior to the training. The goal is to train the team of academic advisors on one learning objective that will develop with an individual identity focus or a social identity focus as justified by student development theory.

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64.

Topic: Research-Consort Statement

Order type: Article Critique

1. Outline which is the criteria for the assignment to follow. from pages 17-24.
2.Consort a past example
3. the consort statement-30pgs
4. assignment structure- which is how the assignment must be structured
5.and 6. is the two articles only one is to be critiqued its up to which one to choose.

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Law is part of the society. It is an instrument of social change. Law causes changes through institutionalization and internalization of behaviors patterns. Through institutionalization of behaviors pattern, law establishes norm and provide its enforcement. In the course of internalization of a pattern of behaviors, law incorporates value or values implicit in a law.

Law also seeks to bring social change through deliberate, rational and conscious effort. It is focused on altering specific behavior already existing in certain society. Through clearly stating intentions and means of instrumentation and enforcement as well as sanctions, law is able to bring social change. Law also aims at rectifying, improving, controlling, ameliorating practices and behaviors which are already existing in a specific society.  Additionally, law enjoys some advantages. It emanates from legitimate source usually the authority, and it is considered as biding force of law by the society. Such a situation enables law to bring social changes. It protect the helpless from the society unfair practices, control associations power, bring changes in the market place, determine the future course of the society and how people should relate in the society. Thus it is the law which causes social changes as the law seeks to rectify, guide and change pattern of behaviors in the society. (Vago 2009)

It should be noted that condition present in a particular situation greatly determines effectiveness of law as an instrument of change. A law likely to be successful in causing social changes is associated with the following: First, it originates from prestigious and authoritative source. Secondly, its rationale is introduced in terms that are compatible with existing values. Thirdly, such a law makes reference to other communities or countries where such a law is in effect. Fourth, law enforcers are be committed to the change the law is intended for to cause. Fifth, change intended by the law is short term base. Sixth, the law enforcement includes both positive and negative sanctions. Finally, law enforcement should be reasonable both in its sanctions and protection of the rights of one who stands to lose when such a law is violated. Law as a mechanism of change is also subject to amount of available information in terms of a given legislation, ruling or decision. Ignorance about a law, although not an excuse for disobedience, limits effectiveness of law in causing social change. Where law is ambiguous multiple interpretations may arise and limits laws effectiveness. Thus law needs to be clear. (Vago 2009)

Q2A

Response

Society resistance to changes is caused by a number of factors. These factors include:

Social factors

This is first category of factors that may act as barrier to social change. Vested interests of individuals or groups who may fear losing power, wealth or prestige in case a proposed law is accepted may lobby against such changes. Social class is another social factor which acts as barrier to change. This is evident in society characterized by rigid class and caste patterns where people are expected to take and obey orders from those in superior positions of power. The attempt to bring changes that will infringe prerogatives of the superiors by the lower socioeconomic groups is likely to be opposed. Ideological resistance also plays a big role e.g. ideology about birth control and pregnancy from religious groups has been opposing laws to legalize abortion and control birth rate. Sometimes, individuals organize themselves to oppose changes incase where there is widespread individual resistance. (Vago 2009)

 

 

Psychological factors

Habit is one of barrier to change. Once a person is accustomed to certain behavior and become comfortable in it, it will drive him/her in resisting any proposal to change from such a habit. The collective habits of the society i.e. customs, are likely to pose resistance to change. Motivation forces such as religious beliefs, culture, and desire for prestige, economic gain, and association may motivate people against changes. Ignorance also plays a big part as far as resistance to changes is concerned. This will add to non compliance. Selective perception about law by the people will also influence how they accept certain change. If intended changes are not related to people interests, consistent with their attitudes, not in line with their beliefs and values, then this will be rejected.  Morals observed by people will also drive them to resisting changes which are repugnant to what is considered right. (Vago 2009)

Cultural factors

Change which is likely to threaten long established practices is likely to face resistance. Cultural factors such as belief and values will drive people to resisting changes away from such believes and values. Fatalistic outlook where it is believed that man life is determined by Supreme Being(s) may results to resistance to change. Ethnocentrism is also likely to cause people to resist proposed changes from other groups.  Incompatibilities of proposed change in terms of culture will also results into some resistance. (Vago 2009)

Solution

To overcome resistance to change, some steps should be taken. First, it will be imperative to involve all stakeholders when designing a law. This will entails gathering their opinions about proposed change. Educating people about certain change will also play a big role. This will help people understand what the new law means, why such a change, its advantages, and aim of such law. Those proposing for changes should promote democracy and accept the voice of majority. This will help in effecting changes since the majority will be for such changes. (Vago 2009)

Q3A

Response

Legal professional can be traced back to Rome. In this authority individuals trained in rhetoric were allowed to argue cases for individuals although not trained in law. These individuals were called orator and never used to take fees. Later on came the jurists who were individuals with law knowledge to whom people went to seek legal opinions. It was until Imperial Period the lawyers started to practice law as paying job and it was also during this time schools of law emerged. In Rome this period saw rise of sophisticated legal system which made law profession indispensable. Soon after this period, law became a full time occupation, training schools were established, local professional associations started, national professional associations were established, states licensing laws became a practice in many states and code of ethics to govern lawyers profession were established.(Vago 2009)

Profession of advocates is believed to have emerged in 1200s in England and French. In these two countries practice of law was limited to those approved by judicial officers. The first professional lawyers were judges and trained their successor through apprenticeship. During this time law was taught through the court by barristers who eventually became court lawyers. Barristers led to creation of solicitors whose main work was to prepare cases for trial and handle matters outside the court.  Law had not yet been considered by universities as one of the areas to study. (Vago 2009)

 

This was followed by recognition of law as a subject to be taught in University which was initiated by Oxford and Cambridge University. By 18^th century law was a full fledged profession in England. Members to this profession considered it as full-time occupation, schools training on law had also been established, degrees in law were also being offered by universities, and law professional associations had been established in form of guild. Skills on legal procedures and law knowledge became a marketable commodity. Law practice requiring licensing as well as formal code of ethics was also established. Only members to lawyers’ guild could participate in practice of law in royal courts. Training in 18^th century was usually informal and through apprenticeship in some countries such as England and USA. However, by19^th century law was a formal subject to be taught in university e.g. in Harvard University. By 20^th century law was a highly recognized profession and many countries had embraced it. Today, this is a big respected profession guided by a number of ethics and rules and practiced by many qualified professionals. (Vago 2009)

What can be done to heighten the reputations of lawyers?

Of late reputation of this profession has become poor. Many lawyers have been involved in corruption and cheating against their clients. To combat these malpractices, the following steps should be taken. First, lawyers association should establish more stringent rules and punishment including banning those involved in malpractices from practicing this profession. Secondly, government arms should establish checks on practices of the lawyers to protect citizens from being swindled off their money and being misrepresented in their cases. Code of ethics in this profession should be well taught to the trainees and emphasized. Such actions will heighten lawyers’ reputation and eliminate those associated with malpractices.

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This article is about social, economic and political organization of the Prisoner of War Camp. Like the outside world, this society P.O.W camps have social institutions, ideas and habits. This organization is of great importance to their present and future existence. Prisoners engage in exchange of goods and services to enhance their material comfort. Prisoners carry out this through small transactions and simple expression of comfort and wants in terms of cigarettes and jam, razor blades and writing paper. Although they carry out this in small scale, it is very important to them (p2).The article also emphasizes on the importance of trade in ensuring that individuals’ preferences are given expressions and comfort increased. P.O.W camp is described as a simple economy. According to Radford, similarity between P.O.W camp economy and outside organization arises from similar stimuli that evoke similar responses. The article reports of trading for food against cigarettes or other food stuff and how cigarettes are used as currency in this P.O.W camps economy trade. In these camps, supplies mainly consisted of rations provided by the detaining power and food parcels donated by the Red Cross. The prisoners also received private parcels such as clothing, toilet requisites and cigarettes. These supplies were equal and regular to all individuals. It is on these commodities that the prisoners traded on. (p3)

A non smoker could give a smoker friend his cigarettes in exchange of a chocolate ration, and other commodities preferred. This trend soon became an accepted custom. Prisoner could go around the camp carrying what he wished to exchange for other goods he needed most. This trend continued to increase and volume of trade grew and rough scales of exchange came into existence e.g. a cigarettes issue was worth several chocolates issues. Eventually lively trade in all commodities was on progress. Relative values of all commodities had also been known. Cigarettes also became the standard of value. Every commodity was then to be measured in term of cigarettes. In the permanent camps, Exchange and Mart notice boards were established where information about goods available for exchange, price (in terms of cigarettes), and room number could be posted. The result of this progress was that cigarettes became a normal currency. (p 4)

However a transit camp was more chaotic and consisted of many markets since prisoners did not have information about goods available for exchange and the room number of the owners. Prices also varied in different camps. Trade secrecy as well as offering reasonable prices was also emphasized by prisoners from various countries. In a permanent camp in Germany, prisoners could leave their surplus goods in shop organized as a public utility to be sold at a price fixed in terms of cigarettes (p5). Eventually prices were fixed by the operations of demand and supply. Some prisoners could also offer services in exchange of cigarettes. This was a labor market at work. Entrepreneurial skills were also present-coffee stall owners who sold tea, coffee at two cigarettes a cup (p6).

Prisoners who traded in food and cigarettes also made some savings in terms of cigarettes. Speculation motives were also evident. The traders could ration cigarettes available and offer them near the next issue where prices were high. Credit was also part of this big trade. This article also reports about how price movements were dependent on cigarettes and food deliveries in the camps. Influx of new prisoners also raised prices. News about war, optimism and pessimism waves also affected prices. The article also report of price fixing activities by medical Officer to control sale of food due to fear that some prisoners may sell too much to detriment of their health. (p8). Public opinion was also evident in this P.O.W camps. Some condemned the trade citing cases of malnutrition to devoted smokers, and frauds and so on. Traders opposed this and termed it as hostility. Generally many felt that just price which was determined by supply and demand for cigarettes and food existed. (p12)

(2). Prisoners in P.O.W camps traded to get rid of surplus commodities of which they did not need in exchange of goods and services which they had a deficit and important for their welfare. Those did not smoke could exchange for food with the smokers.  Comparable to international trade where trade is based on comparative advantage, surplus goods in POW camps was traded in to meet the deficit.

(3). Yes. The Exchange and Mart notice boards and shop which was organized as a public utility offered a market where forces of demand and supply could meet. Through such organization, operations of demand and supply were in operation. Thus market equilibrium was achieved.

(4). The role of cigarette in P.O.W camps.

Cigarette acted as a medium of exchange, unit of account, standard of deferred payment, and also as a store of value. This commodity was homogenous, reasonably durable and portable since it was of convenient size. (P7). According to this article, the value of all commodities available for sale was measured in terms of cigarettes e.g. two cigarettes were comparable to one cup of coffee or tea. In this case cigarettes were used as unit of account.  Prisoners also exchanged their surplus for cigarettes. In this sense cigarettes acted as medium of exchange. In the P.O.W camps, credit facilities were also provided. A prisoner could obtain certain goods in agreement to give certain number of cigarettes in future. Thus cigarettes were used as standard of deferred payment. Finally, cigarettes played the role of store of value. Prisoners who were involved in trade could save part of their income in terms of cigarettes.

(5). Despite cigarettes acting as currency in P.O.W camps, there existed some differences between it and world economy money.  First, the cigarettes had no particular authority of issue.  World economy currencies are usually issued by a certain authority. Cigarettes are a good that can be consumed- by the smoker. The world economy money is usually in form of paper and coins which cannot be consumed in any way.

(6). Supply of cigarettes greatly affected the P.O.W camps economy. When cigarettes supply was low, prices fell and trading declined in volume and vice versa. When supply of cigarettes was high trade volume was also high, prisoner could exchange more goods and services. (p8)

(7). Market is usually formed as various economic agents seek to further their own interests. Economic agents with surpluses exchanges goods and services with economic agents with deficits.  This naturally occurs since economic agents have to meet their needs so as to live. Economic agents will also need to acquire goods and services that will enhance their life and make them more comfortable. Thus market in P.O.W camps economy naturally arises as the prisoners seeks to further their own interests. Non smokers’ interest was to exchange cigarettes for food while smokers’ interest was to exchange food for cigarettes.

P.O.W camps economy is fairly a good organization of the economy. It ensured exchanges of goods and services in this economy. However, this economy organization is not the best way. Using cigarettes as currency was not a good option. Cigarettes are not durable, and are consumer good which threatens its supply. A more durable commodity with a token value could be appropriate.  A coin currency could have been provided by the prison management.