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Is there a significant increase in the rate of Hepatitis B infection among people with diagnosed with HIV in the United States , compared to the United States reported rate for the general population?

literature review using 10 peer-reviewed

10 peer-reviewed references and cited.
Research Question : Is there a significant increase in the rate of Hepatitis B infection among people
with diagnosed with HIV in the United States , compared to the United States reported rate for the
general population?
keep it general and your population should only be those diagnosed with HIV).
Null hypothesis : The general hypothesis for this research is given the reduced immunity among people
with HIV, there is a significant increase in the rate of Hepatitis B among this group compared to the
rate for the general population.
Alternative hypothesis: There are various risk factors that are associated with the increase in the
rate of hypothesis B among people diagnosed with HIV compared to the general population and this does
not have to do with the HIV infection.

*For this module , you are asked to clearly identify the approved research question from Module 1. You
are also asked to provide a 3-page literature review using 10 peer-reviewed studies previously
conducted that specifically relate to your research question. Your literature review should discuss
previous studies that have been conducted (which directly relates to your research question),
including results that support or do not support your hypothesis. Provide a critical evaluation of
inconsistent studies. The conclusion should identify gaps in research conducted on your topic. Refer
to the articles in the Background Reading on writing a literature review
*you need to follow the questions asked, with subtitles so you organize your work.
make sure you include the identified research question, so I can follow your literature write-up.
make sure that your conclusion to include what is asked above.

 

Assignment Expectations

Length: SLP assignments should be between 2-3 pages (500-750 words) in length.

References: References must be included from scholarly sources (e.g. peer-reviewed journal articles).
Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is
critical thinking). When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it must be enclosed in
quotes. The references should be cited within the text and also listed at the end of the assignment in
the References section (APA format recommended).
Please refer to the modular assignment for further assignment expectations.

Reading required:
Edith Cowan University. Literature Review: Academic Tip Sheet. Retrieved May 26, 2012
fromhttp://intranet.ecu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/20621/literature_review.pdf
University of California, Santa Cruz. Guidance on Literature Reviews. Retrieved May 26, 2012
fromhttp://library.ucsc.edu/help/howto/write-a-literature-review
James Bell Associates. (2008). Evaluation Brief: Conducting a Process Evaluation. Arlington, VA.
August 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2012 fromhttp://www.jbassoc.com/reports/documents/evaluation%20brief
%20-%20conducting%20a%20process%20evaluation%20-%20final%E2%80%A6.pdf
——————————————————————————————————
———————
This is the paper that I wrote but was not accepted?? See the comment(you need to follow the questions
asked, with subtitles so you organize your work.
make sure you include the identified research question, so I can follow your literature write-up.
make sure also to change your conclusion to include what is asked above.}
Literature Review
Different authors have explored Hepatitis B and HIV coinfection and the significant increase in the
rate of Hepatitis B among people diagnosed with HIV compared to the United States reported rate for
the general population. Buskin et al.,(2011) evaluated trends and risk factors for viral hepatitis
among HIV patients age 13 and older . That analysis include 29,490 participants diagnosed with HIV
.and the findings reveal that overall cohort participants were diagnosed with liver disease 8% with
chronic hepatitis B. The study also reveals that Hepatitis B infection rate rise from 7 % in 1998 to 9
% in 2004.
Another study from Spradling et al.,(2010) present another framework for examining Hepatitis B
infection rate in patients diagnosed with HIV. In this study shows that Hepatitis B virus infection
rate is substantially higher in HIV patients compared with General population. The two studies relates
to my research questions and support my hypothesis .U.S department of health (2011) stated that Viral
hepatitis is a leading cause of death and claims the lives of 12,000–15,000 Americans each year.
Current data shows that 38,000 persons were newly infected with virus and persons with HIV are
disproportionately affected by this virus so the results of these studies are again relevant to my
research question
In the United States, there is a close similarity between human immunodeficiency virus types 1 with
viral hepatitis epidemiology. The prevalence of HBV infection among individuals with HIV patients is
reported to be about 80% with the prevalence of chronic HBV infection being 10% (Tedaldi et al.
,2008). This data is, however, limited in the present day yet the data is crucial for understanding
the infection of HBV among the HIV-infected individuals. Unlike in the past, number of people becoming
infected with HIV and Hepatitis B has been rising tremendously in the United States. The Centers of
Disease Control has estimated that over 1, 178, 350 adolescents and adults are living with HIV
infection by 2008. This is the most recent national data showing the estimated prevalence of
individuals living with HIV in the U. S. The statistics indicates an increase of about 7% from the
2006 estimates (Williams et al., 2011).
Despite the increasing number of individuals becoming infected, national data on HBV infection
prevalence show contradicting data. Various health departments, through the CDC, have reported that
since 1990s to 2009, the prevalence of HIV infection has reduced (CDC, 2009). William et al., (2011)
agree with this report saying that the reduced prevalence rate is as a result of the use of infant
vaccination and vaccinations provided to adolescents and children (Williams et al., 2011). The
researchers are optimistic that with the declining trend, a major population of patients with HIV will
be protected from the hepatitis B infection. The reports by William et al., (2011) and that of CDC are
similar and disagree with my hypothesis.
The Institute of Medicine (IOM,2010) reported that the surveillance capacity for monitoring chronic
and acute viral hepatitis is limited at a local and state level as a result of these reports not being
submitted by the state. This means that the actual prevalence of HBV among HIV patients is not
reflected with the current national data. This report by IOM, therefore, agrees with my hypothesis and
this leads to variable and incomplete data.
Iser & Lewin(2009) looked at the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) on the life
expectancy of those infected with HIV. However, there is no much research done to establish the
effects of HAART on the transmission of HBV. Additionally, the effects of HBV have continued to become
apparent among the population of those infected with HIV. There is disagreement in research on the
impact of HIV on the disease infection and progression of HBV .
Isolated anti-HBc is evidence in individuals infected with HIV as a serological pattern. However, the
role of isolated anti-HBc remains a debatable issue, and research has not yet found any relationship
between it and liver disease. Among those infected with HIV and have the isolated anti-HBc reactivity,
the development of latent hepatitis B has been found to range from a minor percentage to as high as 89
percent (Gaglio, et al 2007).
The incident HBV infection data for HIV -infected individuals is limited yet this data could have
helped in the provision of opportunities on HBV infection prevention among HIV-infected individuals.
One of the studies has reported that the acute HBV infection incidences is as large as 12.2 cases in
1000 persons and the prevalence rate being 7.8% (Kellerman et al., 2003). This study utilizes a window
of observation from 1998 to 2001 and did not provide the proportion of HBV infection of becoming
chronic and failure to be reported (Kim, 2009). This means that the HBV infection prevalence in the
United States is underestimated. The available national data indicate and an overall decrease of HB
infection incidences in the overall population within the past two decades (CDC, 2008).

 

References
Buskin, S. E., Barash, E. A., Scott, J. D., Aboulafia, D. M., & Wood, R. W. (2011). Hepatitis B and C
infection and liver disease trends among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. World
journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 17(14), 1807.
Centers of diseases control and prevention (2010). Viral Hepatitis Statistics & Surveillance On
February 15th, 2013 from http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/Statistics/index.htm
Chun, H. M., Fieberg, A. M., Hullsiek, K., Lifson, A. R., Crum-Cianflone, N. F., Weintrob, A. C., &
… Landrum, M. L. (2010). Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a US Cohort of HIV-Infected
Individuals during the Past 20 Years.Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(3), 426-436. doi:10.1086/649885

 

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Explain how the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers (a large securities firm) reduced the liquidity of the commercial paper market.

I want you to answer two questions each in one page, the book I am studying is

FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS 10TH E.

the first question is:-
17. Impact of Lehman Brothers Failure. Explain how the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers
(a large securities firm) reduced the liquidity of the commercial paper market.

second question is:- Go to https:// research.stlouisfed.org/fred2. Under categories,� select �interest
rates.� Compare the yield offered on a T-bill with the yield offered by another money market security
with a similar maturity. What is the difference in yields? Why do you think the yields differ?

 

 

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What do you think Phillip K. Dick is saying about religion of mercerism?

please you will need to read the book which call (Do Androids dream of electric sheep) and here is the

link of the book as pdf https://www.kejvmen.sk/dadoes.pdf
to write an essay about this question which it is ( what do you think Phillip k Dick is saying about
religion of mercerism?) please get the information from the book not from another source to write that
essay

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Ethical standards and principles are what form the basis of creating and maintaining trust in couseling

Ethical standards and principles are what form the basis of creating and maintaining public trust. They are rules that must be obeyed by counselors in the course of their work. Now in this case study, I am going to assess Jocelyn’s case with relation to the ethical standards to know whether Jocelyn exceeded her bounds of competence and if so, in what respect? What are the legal and ethical issues related to therapist competence? What major factors should be considered to determine your boundaries of competence given your field of study? How do you assess your competence in deciding what to do and what not? Provide an example of when competence may play a role in client care and what would you do in this situation? This is what basically I will focus on.

As far as I am concerned, Jocelyn is acting beyond her competence  because when the pastor of her church asked her to address the increasing need of a counselor in her region, she agreed to work as his extension to counsel her neighbors and if need be she would make referrals. This is an indicator that she was determined to give clinical mental health rather than let her neighbors wallow in pain. She intended to this knowing very well that her level of training did not allow her. In fact she had eight more courses before she could go in the field for practice.

The legal and ethical issues that are related to the therapist’s competence are: To be a professional counselor or a therapist you must have a valid license. The clergy are exempted from having it because theirs is a vocational ‘call’. There is a difference between professional counseling and a ‘calling’ and one should be able to draw a line between the two. One is also required to work under supervision of a fully qualified counselor before he/she can go to the field to work alone. (Barbara H. and Corey G. 2005) There are also some major factors that should be considered when determining ones boundaries of competence. First, you should complete your studies and attain the required grade. Secondly, you must have a working experience which is gained after supervised practical sessions and above all, you should have a valid license.

There are various ways to assess your level of competence in order to know what to offer or not. First, assess the problem to see whether it falls under your scope or outside. Second, you should not counsel people if you are not qualified to do so. Like Jocelyn, who had eight more courses before she could have her supervised practical. Third, you should also be able to distinguish between a profession and a ‘calling’ from above. If you have the profession, then you can go ahead and offer mental counseling. Like in this case, for the pastor is not a profession but a ‘call’. Lastly, consider yourself incompetent and unqualified if you don’t have a valid license like Jocelyn. (Corey G. et al, 2006)

Competence may play a role in client care for example when dealing with somebody who is under stress. As a competent person you should be able to approach them well so that they can open up and tell you what really is disturbing them. After that you synthesize all that information to know the root cause. From there, it is easier to know where to start and how to address the problem without referring your patient to other therapists.

To conclude, it should be known that counseling is not something that you can wake up one day and start doing it but it is something that requires seriousness, determination , in depth knowledge and a great deal of practice. It is only after this that you can know the limits of your career.

 

Reference:

Barbara H. and Corey G. 2005. Ethical Standards Casebook. American Counseling           Association. 6th Edition.

Corey G. et al, 2006. Issues and Ethics in the Helping professions. Brooks/Cole      Publication Company,United States.

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Absenteeism at ONO Inc (HR Case Study)

Place an order for a custom essay, research paper on this or related topic

In determining the cost of absenteeism in ONO Inc. Cal will require to consider a number aspects associated with absenteeism of all workers to the organization. First, Cal will have to determine what is being measured. In this case all costs associated with the failure of employees to report for or remain at work as scheduled regardless of the reason should be included in the report. He should not include costs related to vacations, holidays, jury duty, and so on. No excusable absenteeism in this case since the underlying fact is that the employee is not available for work as it was scheduled. This is the business perspective Cal should take in preparing the report. The report should include actual and opportunity costs of the absenteeism such as cost of payments for non-work time of absenteeism, costs of managing absenteeism problems, cost of time of replacement of workers and cost of reduced work quantity or quality. In this case opportunity cost means all opportunities foregone that might have been realized if the absent employees were at work (p49-50).

To determine total cost of absenteeism he will have to calculate total employee hours lost to absenteeism for the period under consideration, compute the weighted average wage or salary/hour absent employee, compute cost of employee benefits/hour/employee, and then calculate total compensation lost to absent employees through multiplying total employee hours lost to absenteeism with wages and benefits paid to the worker per hour.  The next step will be to determine total supervisory hours lost to employee absenteeism. This step will include computing average hourly supervisory salary/hour and benefits, and calculation of total supervisory salaries lost to managing absenteeism problems by multiplying estimate of total supervisory hours lost to employee absenteeism by average hourly supervisory and benefits. All other costs incidental to absenteeism should be included. To get total cost of absenteeism, Cal should add up total compensation lost to absent employees, total supervisory salaries lost to managing absenteeism and estimate of incidental costs of absenteeism. Finally Cal should determine total cost/no of employees (p50-51). In this case, total employee hours lost due to absenteeism is (67. 375 days * 24 hours) =1617 hours. The paid sick leave should also be included. This will equate to 12*24*11=3168 hours. Total hours lost to employees absenteeism will be 4785 hours.  The next step will be to compute cost per lost hour due employees absenteeism. This is $21+ (33% of 21); 21+6.93=$27.93. Total compensation lost to absent employees will then be 4785* 27.93=$133,645.05.  Next step is to calculate supervisory cost due to absenteeism. On average 1.5 hour was lost by one supervisor whenever an employ was absent for a day. Therefore, hours lost will be: 1.5*2*67.375=$202.125 hours. Cost of this supervisory will be hours lost multiplied by hour salary/hour +benefits to the supervisor; 202.125* (28+33% of 28) = $7527.135. The incidental costs included cost of employing temporary workers which was $31,100.  By adding these figures total cost of absenteeism in ONO Inc will be: $133,645.05 +7527.135+31,100= $172,272.135. Total cost of absenteeism/no of employees=172,272.135/13=$13,251.70. Absenteeism based on days will be supervisory hours lost +employees hour lost to absenteeism: 4785+202.125=4987.125 hours. This hours divided by number of employees will be; 4987.125/ (13*24) =15.97 hours; approximately 16 days.

In interpreting the costs of absenteeism one should have knowledge of what those figures means, determine whether they are average, above average or below average. The type of firm and type of employee (skilled, unskilled, and professional workers.) who are absent should also be considered (p52). Basing this on U.S.A benchmark, in which an average employee misses 2.3 % of scheduled work or an average of 5.5 unscheduled absences per year or slightly more than one week. In Europe benchmark, an average employee misses average of 10 days per year or two weeks. It is evident that this company is incurring cost $13,251.70 per employee owing to absenteeism. This is detrimental to the profitability of ONO Inc. Additionally, the rate of absenteeism (16 days) is above two weeks. Comparing this rate with that of U.S.A it is double than the expected. The rate is also higher than that considered to be average in Europe. Based on this, it will be not misleading to conclude that absenteeism is a serious problem at ONO Inc.

To curb absenteeism in ONO Inc., I have the following recommendations. First, the management should eliminate all sick leaves and give permission for absenteeism to the employees on cases when one reports to be sick. Additionally, the management should review cases under which absenteeism should be allowed i.e. to cases which are reasonably serious and requires the physical presence of the employee in attending to it. The management should also consider reducing benefits accruing to the employees in days they are away from the work. This will ensure that absent employees incur costs that may give them incentive to be at work unless under unavoidable occurrence. The management should also call for a meeting with all employees and let them know that this rate is unacceptable and will not be encouraged henceforth.

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Theorizing health communication – Research paper

The author, Winnickoff, et al (2009), wanted to establish beliefs about the health effects of third hand smoke and home smoking bans, there was the sure intent to asses the health beliefs of adults on the issue of exposing children to third hand smoke, whether smokers and non-smokers have different views on the same. How does cigarette smoking affect people and mostly children? The author addressed issues such as the types of smoke to be able to fully understand and come up with concrete facts. There are different types of smoking, which are second hand smoking and third hand smoking. There is no form of exposure that could label as safe. All levels of exposure have their own effects. States have then been compelled to form laws that govern cigarette smoking to protect other people who might be easily exposed to such environments. For instance, people who work in bars, workplaces and the like. Second hand smoking has been found to have adversely affect adults and causing a high rate of death. The third hand smoking has been found to affect the health of young children. According to Winnickoff, et al (2009), beliefs about the effects of thirdhand smoking on health are independently connected with total restriction of smoking at home. It was clear that thirdhand smoking is a health hazard to young children and is an important fact to consider as a reason enough to push for bans on smoking at home. The health information on thirdhand smoke contamination can easily be placed in current tobacco campaigns, programs as well as clinical practices. Types of cigarette smoke and their effects to the people exposed to them is also an important factor to understand to be able to find best ways of alienating the same. Keeping on the low effects caused by the same. For instance if one has to smoke at home he should then ensure that the fans are on , windows are open or smoke from somewhere open and far from the house and wait until that smell of smoke is over. How well are people exposed to facts concerning cigarette smoke and their effects? Healthcare (2008).  How do beliefs vary from different groups, what do they think about cigarette smoke and how willing are they to adapt to a healthier way of living was some of the important factors that the author had in mind. If people are able to follow policies stipulated concerning cigarette smoke the lives of people will be in less danger. People will be in a position to avoid sicknesses arising from such smoke. For instance lung cancer or chest problems. The lives of children and their health will also be safe, as they will no longer be exposed to harmful smoke. People at work will also feel respected in that they will not be forced to inhale the smoke that comes from smokers especially from bars. There are obvious dangers if people literally ignore the obvious negatives of smoking. The number of death rates will increase as well as poor health conditions caused by cigarette smoke could be highly realized.   There was an effort to find out the major beliefs on the effect of thirdhand smoke to children, in that connection, there were varying differences between adult. Some of them felt that the third hand smoke affected children whereas others thought the secondhand smoke affected children. According to the author, it was arrived at that, third hand smoke was independently associated with rules prohibiting home smoking whereas second hand smoking was not independently connected to rules prohibiting smoking at home or in vehicle.

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Online Paramedic consulting center – Essay

Introduction

Paramedics are leaders who accept hardships and responsibility. Their excellent judgment and know how in decision prioritization gives them an edge in establishing patients rapport so as to act in the best interest of the patient. In other words, paramedics give hope to those who need it desperately; they save lives. They are people with good medical knowledge. (Dick W. F., 2003 pp. 35–37.)

There have been many cases of declining paramedic care to patients and consultancy services for doctors. More often than not, complaints have floated that hospitals are ignoring their patient’s needs and they are getting the wrong medication. This is attributed to high mortality rate among patients with serious conditions like heart diseases, kidney failures or merely high stress levels. (Nancy Evans, 2009)

 

Aware of this problems and driven by a passion to create ethical professionals who can save lives, I decided to come up with a business that will offer pre- hospital counseling, recommend medication for patients and also educate physicians on how to handle patients with different needs. I also thought of simplifying the complex process of license acquisition for paramedics by offering it in my online business. People will be able to buy a page and host it as theirs and offer services as individuals. The credibility I will gain as a business, which is to be determined by those I will sell pages to will also work for or against their new businesses. At a point I am planning to advance from offering the advice to clinical doctors to a paramedic consultant worldwide.

The good thing with online service is that it will be accessed worldwide and at my comfort base, I can save lives in the extreme opposite end.

 

The emerging trends in the field have made it possible to have mobile paramedics, online paramedics and hospital based paramedics. The excellent idea of online paramedics is welcome; however, it comes with its own challenges which must be addressed.  It will mean that some established paramedics will be forced out of business as they struggle to cope with the new technology. Working under a supervisor can also prove add and this will bring factions in the whole field making it hard for efficient delivery of services to customers. Where different experts feel that they have different special qualifications, it will always delay decision making as each and every wants his/her opinion to be considered. (Bell, G., Hindley, N., Rajiyah, G. & Rosser, R. 1990, pp. 154-162)

 

Justification

The enrolment for certified paramedics is limited making it difficult for delivery of services to all parts effectively. After having spent more than six years in study and requiring two or more years in the field so as to get the license, I have seen it good to come up with a business which will bring together both the licensed and the unlicensed to share ideas and give aid to patients. The increasing cases of clinical doctors negligence has prompted this measure, one which will likely solve the problem of mistaken diagnosis and establish the use of newest technology in fighting diseases. Through the business, even doctors will have a forum to study and ask questions regarding patient interaction and medicinal administration.

 

Again, with the increased number of outpatient centers, patients will need information at the click of a button regarding their conditions. My business will be fitting in a society where every one is a ‘doctor’ who needs advice before administering dosage on a patient. As said earlier it will be information hub for matters regarding clinical matters. Qualified applicants for web pages will be assimilated to the program only after interviews, tests and various exams. (Sackett, David L; Rosenberg, William M C; Gray, J A Muir; Haynes, R Brian; Richardson, W. Scott, 1996, pp. 71–72.)

 

Project goal

The pooling of all forms of paramedic specialists into a single community will create a source of information for patients and doctors to effectively handle their conditions. The website will have various links directing a paramedic to different information regarding the type of emergency at hand. The site will have indexes with respect to the level of skill a particular paramedic has i.e.  Common technician skills, advanced technician skills and/or advanced paramedic skill, emergency issues like breathing and airway management, circulation and cardiac monitoring, drug administration among others and a dropdown list leading to various procedure pertaining the emergency in question.

 

It’s a long-term goal that the site will expand by selling license rights to qualified paramedic professionals to input quality information on various procedures, maintain and market their sub-sites world-wide.

 

Assumptions and constraints

Running a website is expensive. However, the cost of buying a domain has remained within reach for business entities hence a plus for my business. The online paramedic consulting center will buy its own domain so as to remain free of spam and malicious change of content by unknown people. As a starting move, I will buy fewer bites hoping to reach a smaller area and then later expand as per the response I will get. Through liaison with other established paramedics, I will amass the much required knowledge on what services to offer in my business. As at now I have divisions such as common technician skills, advanced technician skills and/or advanced paramedic skill, emergency issues like breathing and airway management, circulation and cardiac monitoring, drug administration among others and a dropdown list leading to various procedures as pertaining the emergency in question.

 

The major assumption in coming up with this business is that internet charges will not go high than I can manage as a new entity dealing with complex issues of medicine. Them remaining constant will give me a chance to research and enroll in others to gain experience as I run mine too.

 

The assumption that not licensing for paramedics will not remain as low as it is now so that many qualified people can join the growing website will depend on the governments ability to liaise with other countries to pass medical bills which favor licensing and recognition of qualified doctors. Lastly, the governments’ efforts to make it possible for everyone to access technology is a major boost as most of the patients who need these services are in the marginalized areas. It’s my hope that the efforts to come up with outpatient facilities will continue as that will pose a greater need for consultancy services from my business.

 

Being a pioneer in the field, I am bound to get all the attention needed from authorities and hospitals in regard to their problems with patients and medicine technicalities. (“Tactical Paramedic Operations”. Retrieved June 2011 at http://www.srpmicnsn.gov/community/fire/Welcome/Salt%20River%20Fire%20Dept%20SOGs/209.03%20-%20TACTICAL%20PARAMEDIC%20OPERATIONS.pdf)

 

Constraints

Again this new trend of online paramedic will be met by challenges of trust and licensing. The world today is full of counterfeit products. A malicious company would come up with the same services, knowing very well that they are not qualified so as to reap the many benefits there are. To fight such companies, stringent measures which translate to high cost on part of the business will need to be put in place. A powerful online monitoring device and a unique code for the business should be developed. (Wilson, R.M., Runciman, W. B. & Gibberd, R. W., 1995 pp.

458-471)

A thorough scrutiny of qualification by the concerned authorities prior to licensing of such a business may delay the start of operations hence affecting the achievement of set goals. At such a time, a more organized business entity might come up and go ahead to command a large market segment to the disadvantage of this new business. Customers who are not connected to the internet or are technologically illiterate will not benefit from the system. Even as the business comes up, the large target is cities and suburbs were the service is not as highly needed. Even for those with internet, there are medical terms and conditions which need to be explained by illustrations face to face. Therefore that’s another area of challenge to the new online business.

 

The site will give an avenue for students and patients as well as established doctors a chance to ask questions regarding the field. Through discussions, improvements in the field will be communicated and implemented for better services and growth. (Ramon Z. Shaban, 2004)

 

Options

  1. Home based office or a rented premise office
  2. Mac Computers or Microsoft Computers
  3. Mobile phones

Option 1

I considered an independent office or my own residence.

1.1 Home based office

Advantages of home based office

  • No extra rent expense
  • Flexibility to work on many activities through-out the day.

Disadvantages

  • Clients will not feel free to do face to face consultations if need be.
  • There is problem of space for expansion.

1.2  Outside independent premise.

Advantages

  • There is space for expansion
  • Clients can come in for consultations freely
  • It can host as many equipment as possible for the business

Disadvantages

  • High cost in renting a business premise
  • The place possess a high risk of vandalism
  • Any lack of power or other important facilities in the rented house means extra expense on the business.

COSTS: Electricity, security, location and internet availability considered, renting a premise will cost around $500 per month. Costs of cleaning and other office miscellaneous will amount to $20 per day. In total per month, I will need $1100 to operate a rented premise. In my house I will cut this cost by 90% to $110 as I will pay for internet only.

RISK: At my place, incase of any theft I will lose even my personal property. If the government recognizes that I am operating without a license from home, I can be sentenced to imprisonment and my property taken. Rented office is no better as lack of insurance means that in the event of fire of theft, the owner can not replace your property.

Option 2

2.1 Computers

Advantages

  • Web pages can be accessed fast and are well visible.
  • They can store large amounts of data due to their large hard disks.
  • Different experts in different locations of the globe can engage in a meeting from their offices, teleconferencing. This is because it combines audio and visual.

Disadvantages

  • They discriminate against those who can’t see as they can’t read posts or see demos online.
  • Computer break down can mean that it’s the end of its life especially if no one is able to repair it. If operated by people who do not know what they are doing, they can be permanently damaged.
  • Crushing of computers can lead to loss of important data.
  • They need frequent software updates which sometimes are hard to get. Some of these software’s need trained people who may not be available.

COSTS: Macs are the best computers in the market as they are not easily affected by viruses. They also combine a wide range of software’s as compared to Microsoft computers. One Mac will approximately cost $800 and its software’s about $300 making it a total of $1100. A Microsoft computer will go for approximately $400 with all software’s intact. A starting office will need four computers, one to act as server, one for reception, and the other two for professional experts. If I am to opt for Mac then I will need a total of $4400 while for Microsoft it will be $1600

RISKS: they pose the risk of making professionals zombies and antisocial. As they sit and offer their services at the comfort of their offices, paramedics may forget the very vital element of customer rapport.

Option 3

3.1  Mobile phones

Advantages

  • Portable
  • Personal

Disadvantages

  • Display screen is too small to read some certain content.
  • Not all mobile phones have internet features and those that have the features are expensive.
  • They discriminate against those who can’t hear or talk.

COST: Equipping an entire unit with mobile phones will cost a lot. It is so because they are expensive with internet features and need top-up every now and then for operations. It will also need special contract with mobile service providers to get a large bandwidth and subsidized rates for the clients. One mobile phone will go for about $200 and a top-up of $50 daily. I need 20 cells therefore coming to an initial cost of $4000 and $1500 worth of top-up per month.

RISKS: Cells are subject to loss and breakdown according to the way they are handled. They can not carry large amount of data and what they can do is limited. Use of mobile phone has the risk of being traced and information altered.

 

Recommendation

Online paramedic consulting center will thus operate from a rented promise and use Mac computers rather than mobile phones. It is better to incur a large expense at the start than a lot of repair costs as time goes on.

 

Timeline for the Idea

The idea will be implemented in four phases of four months each which started a while ago in the month of April.

 

Phase 1: April to August 2011

Extensive research is going on to establish the needs which have not been addressed by paramedics. It is a tour to establish whether or not online paramedic consulting center is the only of its kind and if not, what new thing am I bringing into the market.

 

Phase 2: September to December 2011

Having concluded and compiled the research report, I will move around to identify the best locations where I can set an office. It will also be the time when I will look for sponsors to fund my project.

 

Phase 3: January to April 2012

It will be characterized by interviews for those to work in the business center. The exams and tests will be carried within this time so that efficient employees are identified early. The period will be characterized by acquisition of operations license, purchase of equipment and setting of office for work.

 

Phase 4: May to September 2012

This last phase will mostly be characterized by agreement of all concerned stakeholders to commence business operations. Extensive campaigns to create awareness through the internet, radio, TVs and newspapers as well as billboards will be the order of this phase.

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Against Colonization

Colonialism is a term coined in the 20th Century to define the phenomenon of three distinct processes of exploration/colonization, revolution and imperialism. It is not a recent doctrine as its roots can be traced back to ancient Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans. However modern colonialism can be traced to European desire to conquer the world and expand their empires and obtain raw materials to meet the industrial revolution as well as find new markets for the finished goods that the revolution was churning. Thus colonialism is the forcible imposition of foreign rule on a territory. Thus colonization is morally objectionable because it infringes on the basic human rights to freedom and self-governance
The forcible nature of colonialism requires that the colonizing power use violent force or subjugation techniques that may include extermination or enslavement of the indigenous populations such as in Africa and parts of Asia. In her book, Britain’s Gulag, Caroline Elkins outlines how more than 200,000 indigenous Africans were massacred by the British colonialists and 1.5 million forced into labor camps reminiscent of the Nazi labor camps for resisting their rule. The Europeans first came to the continent as explorers and missionaries but the abundant wealth of raw materials foresaw the scramble and partition for mineral rich nations in the Berlin Conference of 1886.
The colonizing process often included civilizing the natives against their will and imposing taxes to ensure that they participated in the money economy by engaging in forced labor.This imperialistic view that the colonizing powers’ cultures were better led to the abolishment of native cultures and hence revolutionized their way of life. Often the colonizing powers deemed themselves superior and introduced racist and essentialist doctrines like apartheid in South Africa. Thus the colonized natives became second class citizens in their own lands and any resistance was met with deadly force.
Thus the imposition of foreign rule on any territory is morally objectionable since basic human rights of freedom and right to self-governance are infringed upon. The minority colonizing powers have to employ brutal means in order to control the natives who usually outnumber them.

References
Elkins, Caroline. Britain’s Gulag: The brutal end of empire in Kenya. 2005