Category: Analysis papers

What channels of distribution and logistics help LI&FUNG togain strengths in the international competition markets?

What channels of distribution and logistics help LI&FUNG togain strengths in the international competition markets?
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For health professionals in hospitals, Does alcohol based handwashing approve to be more effective hand washing method compare to soap based handwashing”? pls follow the 4 tasks and answer each of the 4 tasks.

TASK 1. Identify and describe a specific area of your practice in which you have a particular interest or where there is uncertainty/differing opinions about the way care should be provided. Access any existing organisational or health department policy/policies (attached three of them for you to access) that govern/s the described area of practice. Briefly describe the policy (attached). If there are no existing policies in this area, describe your search to find the policies and suggest reasons why a policy does not exist.

TASK 2. Develop a specific searchable question using the PICO format or similar based on the area of practice described in task 1 and covered by your identified policy (if applicable). Conduct a search for up to 3 examples of high level evidence to answer your question. Succinctly describe your search process and provide justification of the resources that you chose to search and the evidence selected. I have tried to done the research. You can have a look as start point

TASK 3. Compare and contrast the answer to your question in the high level evidence to the information contained in the policy selected from your area of practice or (if no policy was obtained) the current practices in this area. Your discussion should highlight the level of evidence or strength of the recommendations and any differences (any conflicts) that exist between the evidence based recommendations and your existing policy or practices.

TASK 4. Discuss the barriers that may exist in your specific clinical setting if there was a need to change practice based on the high level recommendations and how these barriers may be overcome and/or strategies that exist to promote EBP within your practice setting.
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Current Directions in Psychological Science

 

choose an article from this

Current Directions in Psychological Science:

Volume 20, Issue 4 (August 2011)
Volume 20, Issue 5 (Octoberl 2011)
Volume 20, Issue 6 (December 2011)

prepare a brief (1- 2 page) typewritten paper summarizing its contents. should be clearly written, and indicate that you have read, understood, and thought about the contents of the article. The first part of each paper should summarize the research in the article and the nature of its findings/conclusions
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How did doctor Faustus came to such ending? Could he come to a different ending?

 

For your research essay, you are responsible for developing an original interpretation of a text we have read together in class. In developing your paper, you must perform research beyond the texts and materials we have explored in class. This essay should be formal, thesis-driven, argumentative, and you must provide evidence for your claims.
Develop an argument, written for an academic audience, in which you will present your own specific interpretation of one work based on a complex reading of the text, incorporating an awareness of other interpretations. This assignment builds upon the analytic skills we have practiced throughout the semester. Our discussions in class have offered various approaches and methodologies for understanding each of the works we have read. Now, you should develop and offer your own creative and insightful interpretation of a work of literature based on some of the theoretical and philosophical perspectives we have examined. Your primary objective in the Research Essay is to develop an interesting, original, and persuasive reading of a single literary work.
In our class, we have focused in the interconnectivity of medieval Meditteranean cultures. The works we explored travelled across geographical and territorial boundaries, often defying neat categorization. Issues surrounding the history of the work?s translation and transmission are therefore important to consider in developing your interpretation.

Throughout ?Doctor Faustus?, he wavered in his conviction to sell his soul and tried to repent to the god. However, everytime he tried to do so he was interrupted by either his own mindset or the devils (Mephastophilis and Lucifer). He thought it was too late to repent and he commited too much sins to get salvation for the god. Also, when he tried to repent, Mephastophilis threated him not to. What would happen if he actually repented to the god and decidede to be dovoted? Dotor Faustus could have been saved and not come to such a tragic ending.
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Creating the Future

– The shift in the world’s economy towards a modern economy (the 1950s vs today’s economy).
– How Peter Drucker viewed "The change in the world"
(his views were discussed in his last interview in 2004).
– when anticipating the future, key questions to be asked; What is? What if? what works?
– Peter Drucker’s views in creating the future rather the predicting the future (with your products, innovation, etc).
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1the mitigation analysis of unusable motor vehicles in Saudi Arabia
1 write about Saudi Arabia Government Act, Regulations, laws and systems regarding to unusable vehicles that are left on the roads for a long period of time.
2write about the legal or illegal situation regarding abandoned and derelict vehicles on public roads in Saudi Arabia.
3 – I want you to write about what is the opinion of Saudi Arabia government about leaving unusable vehicles on the roads and in the vehicle dump for a long period of time. (300 words)
4 – I want you to write crucial questions to be resolved and also write/make a questionnaire of this issue.

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How do you overcome the knowing-doing gap?

How do you overcome the knowing-doing gap?
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Reflective Log

As you start to research into possible case studies, and then later as you plan your report, you should keep a reflective log. This should chart the progress of your thinking during the course of the Semester. For instance, after each lecture session you should critically reflect on how the material presented helps you to identify issues relevant to the case studies under consideration. As you come across sources and possible case studies note these down, and then outline the reasons for continuing with some of them and discarding others. Bear in mind the requirements for part 2 of the assignment when compiling your log.
The reflective log details the progress of your thinking. Here are some ideas for what to include:
? written reflections
? annotated photocopied sections of relevant documents you have researched (do not include more than 20 pages in total of researched material in your submission)
? clippings and ideas collected from lectures and other sources
? notes/jottings and diagrams

Obvious questions to start the reflective process are: Why was this case study chosen? What issues does it exemplify? How can the module materials be applied to the case study ? e.g. ideas about risk, quality, management, security, usability, and so on. How could things have been done differently?

There are no definitive answers to these questions. You need to develop your own understanding!

The real value of this part of the assignment will be shown in the way in which it informs your formal report. You may reference sections of your log in the formal report.
 
Part 2 case studies

1. Case study: Thousands of children at risk after NHS computer fault (26 Feb 2006)
As many as 3,000 babies and toddlers may have gone without crucial vaccinations because a privatized NHS computer system has failed to monitor which children are due for jabs and whether they have received them.
The study (NHS computer fault Factors: A Revisit) analyses and identifies the failure factors of IT projects in the UK NSH.
An Observer investigation has found that the child health information system, introduced last summer as part of the government’s ?7 billion IT programme, has derailed the country’s entire vaccination programme, leaving health staff resorting to slips of paper to work out who needs immunising. Several women whose babies were stillborn have received letters asking them to take their babies for their first vaccinations.
Discuss each case study in the light of the NAO materials. For instance if a case study is from the public sector, how does its success/failure reflect upon the effectiveness of the NAO? Or did the case study predate the NAO, in which case have the relevant lessons been learned and incorporated into current practice and advice?

Reference
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/feb/26/health.medicineandhealth1
http://www.theregister.co.uk/
http://www.zdnet.co.uk/
http://www.computerweekly.com/Home/Default.aspx
http://www.computing.co.uk/
 
2. Case study: U.K. government hit with another large computer failure
DWP admits multiple fraud system failures 9 hours of disruption in 2010

IT system failures continued to plague the U.K. government this week, when as many as 80,000 civil servants working for the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) had to deal with what is being described in the local press as the biggest computer crash in government history.
Microsoft Corp. and Electronic Data Systems Corp. (EDS) run the DWP’s network as part of a $3.8 billion information technology contract.
Discuss each case study in the light of the NAO materials. For instance if a case study is from the public sector, how does its success/failure reflect upon the effectiveness of the NAO? Or did the case study predate the NAO, in which case have the relevant lessons been learned and incorporated into current practice and advice?

Reference
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/fraim_downtime/
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/97853/U.K._government_hit_with_another_large_computer_failure
http://www.zdnet.co.uk/
http://www.computerweekly.com/Home/Default.aspx
http://www.computing.co.uk/

case studies Formal Report word limit: 3500

Using your reflective log as a resource, write a formal report aimed at an academic audience to address the following topic areas:

 Outline the two case studies that you have selected ? explain why they were chosen. Then discuss the management and quality issues that they raise, relating these issues to the module materials, and research literature and sources;

 Discuss each case study in the light of the NAO materials. For instance if a case study is from the public sector, how does its success/failure reflect upon the effectiveness of the NAO? Or did the case study predate the NAO, in which case have the relevant lessons been learned and incorporated into current practice and advice?

 Discuss the ways in which the issues raised by both case studies could have been addressed in a more effective manner, relating these recommendations to the module materials and relevant literature, including the materials derived from the papers for discussion. Credit will be given for illustrating your answer with examples of how concepts and techniques introduced in the module or derived from your reading could have been applied to some of the management and quality issues you have identified in part (i).

 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of a range of advanced and contemporary approaches to information systems management and quality.

 Analyse problems and scenarios objectively using appropriate concepts and techniques.

 Identify solutions to information systems issues by applying appropriate strategies, methods and techniques.

 Review and critically evaluate current perspectives, methods and strategies in information systems management and quality enhancement, relating them to the existing knowledge base in organisations.

 Demonstrate practical skills in information systems management and in the implementation and review of quality standards.

National audit Office [NAO]

Attached is an article from The Guardian (5 January 2008) which mentions a number of UK Government IT Failures. (NB The title of the article is ?Not Fit for Purpose?.) This mentions 5 different projects. For your assignment you need to look for examples of IS systems (failures or successes) in the private or public sectors, in the UK or elsewhere, which may or may not include one or more of those referred to in the article itself. Your aim is to select 2 case studies for use in the formal report ? see below.

You will also be directed to various materials published by the National Audit Office [NAO].

As well as BBC, Newspapers and other sources here are a few others to help get you started:-

http://www.theregister.co.uk/
http://www.zdnet.co.uk/
http://www.computerweekly.com/Home/Default.aspx
http://www.computing.co.uk/

Discuss each case study in the light of the NAO materials. For instance if a case study is from the public sector, how does its success/failure reflect upon the effectiveness of the NAO? Or did the case study predate the NAO, in which case have the relevant lessons been learned and incorporated into current practice and advice?

1. Case study: Thousands of children at risk after NHS computer fault (26 Feb 2006) in UK.
As many as 3,000 babies and toddlers may have gone without crucial vaccinations because a privatized NHS computer system has failed to monitor which children are due for jabs and whether they have received them.
The study (NHS computer fault Factors: A Revisit) analyses and identifies the failure factors of IT projects in the UK NSH.
An Observer investigation has found that the child health information system, introduced last summer as part of the government’s ?7 billion IT programme, has derailed the country’s entire vaccination programme, leaving health staff resorting to slips of paper to work out who needs immunising. Several women whose babies were stillborn have received letters asking them to take their babies for their first vaccinations. Please read this article online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/feb/26/health.medicineandhealth1

2. Case study: U.K. government hit with another large computer failure – DWP admits multiple fraud system failures 9 hours of disruption in 2010.
IT system failures continued to plague the U.K. government this week, when as many as 80,000 civil servants working for the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) had to deal with what is being described in the local press as the biggest computer crash in government history.
Microsoft Corp. and Electronic Data Systems Corp. (EDS) run the DWP’s network as part of a $3.8 billion information technology contract. Please read this article online: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/97853/U.K._government_hit_with_another_large_computer_failure

Your report should typically be 3500 words in length and should be presented professionally.

Whilst Descriptive narrative is necessary for this type of assignment, this is PhD level and we will be looking for evidence of research and critical evaluation. You will be expected to research appropriate literature and show evidence of this within your assignment.

A professional level of presentation is expected and marks will be deducted for poor quality of presentation

Consideration will be given to the following:

You are assessed on your ability to research a given subject area and evidence that research correctly in your report.

The distinction is drawn between descriptive narrative and critical evaluation. Descriptive narrative is required for providing context and evidence of your knowledge of the subject area under investigation. Critical evaluation is required to demonstrate work at PhD level. You should be analytical in your writing to demonstrate not only your knowledge but also your understanding and insights regarding the subject area.
 
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/jan/05/computing.egovernment
Not fit for purpose: ?2bn cost of government’s IT blunders
? Catalogue of abandoned projects over seven years
? ?1.6bn wasted by work and pensions ministry
?Bobbie Johnson and David Hencke
?The Guardian,
?Saturday January 5 2008
The cost to the taxpayer of abandoned Whitehall computer projects since 2000 has reached almost ?2bn – not including the bill for an online crime reporting site that was cancelled this week, a survey by the Guardian reveals.
The failure of the multimillion pound police site marks the latest chapter in the government’s litany of botched IT projects, with several costly schemes biting the dust. Major blunders overseen by Downing Street have included the Child Support Agency’s much-derided ?486m computer upgrade – which collapsed and forced a ?1bn claims write-off – and an adult learning programme that was subjected to extensive fraud.
Top of the ministries for wasting public money is the Department for Work and Pensions, which squandered more than ?1.6bn by abandoning three major schemes – a new benefit card which was based on outdated technology; the upgrade to the CSA’s computer which could not handle 1.2m existing claims; and ?140m on a streamlined benefit payment system that never worked properly.
The Guardian’s survey of abandoned projects is not exhaustive and the total of ?1.865bn is likely to be a considerable underestimate of the actual cost to taxpayers because neither Whitehall nor the National Audit Office, parliament’s financial watchdog, keep definitive lists of which schemes go wrong.
Neither does it include the major modifications required to fix new systems that have failed to perform as required. One example is the pilot work done on the new ?12bn NHS computer system – where outdated technology was installed at Bexley Hospital in south London, and has had to be replaced after it was found to be "unfit for purpose". Another is the huge modification required to the new computerised single payments system for farmers run by Defra’s Rural Payments Agency, where the government has had to set aside some ?300m to meet possible EU fines for wrong payments to thousands of farmers.
The abandoned police site, which was launched in 2003, allowed the public to report non-urgent crimes and provide photographic and video evidence through the internet. The system – linked to police forces around the country – then prioritised the information and distributed it to the correct forces.
It was being used to report around 30,000 crimes a year but began to falter when defence technology company, Qinetiq, was brought in to build a replacement in 2005. Costs began to spiral and the new system was deemed to be unfit for purpose, resulting in suspension of the service last March and final closure in December. The deal is now subject to a legal dispute, with Qinetiq claiming that it has completed the work it was contracted to do. The National Police Improvement Agency, which manages IT systems for the police, would not say how much money had been spent on the portal, but documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act showed that running costs had risen above ?5m a year in 2006.
The replacement system was not fit for live use due to "a range of serious defects and delays", a spokeswoman said. "It is not possible to issue more details as it is now subject to legal proceedings." A senior Whitehall official has questioned the heavy spend and high rate of failure.
Joe Harley, programme and systems delivery officer at the Department for Work and Pensions, said that the government’s ?14bn annual spend on IT could be used to build thousands of schools every year, or to employ hundreds of thousands of nurses in the NHS. "Today only 30%, we estimate, of our projects and programmes are successful," he told a conference. "It is not sustainable for us as a government to continue to spend at these levels. We need to up the quality of what we do at a reduced cost of doing so."
The extensive list of failed projects calls into question other major government IT programmes, such as the proposed ?5bn ID cards scheme.
Price of failure: Where the money went
Benefit claims
Set up in December 2003 to streamline payment of benefits. Aimed to save ?60m by picking up new and repeat claims by phone and the internet. The system was shelved in 2006 after it failed to work. Cost: ?140m
Broadband procurement
Stephen Timms, e-commerce minister, led the 2004 project to pool public-sector buying power to get cheaper broadband deals. But after it was found the ?3.5m savings made from the scheme were far smaller than the projected ?200m cost the DTi shut the project. Cost: ?15m
Immigration casework
A computer system of 2001 meant to clear the backlog of immigration casework for the Home Office, was scrapped after missing its deadlines. Cost: ?77m
Independent learning accounts
The 2001 system offering adults ?150 for educational use was abandoned after fraudsters coined millions in fake applications. Cost: ?97m
Pathway
This project to introduce a benefits payment card in 2000 was scrapped after four years of expensive development when government experts realised the magnetic swipe technology that it was based on was already out dated. Cost: ?1bn

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An analysis of an ad campaign of your choice. Your report must have the buying process as a main theme.

Subject:

Advertising

The ad campaign you choose must provide sufficient material for a full analysis
The campaign should have appeared across a range of platforms i.e. TV,Radio,Online etc.
The campaign should have an international application i.e. not just one country. You can choose an ad from your own country as long as you translate all elements of it.
Copies of the actual campaign must appear with your report.
Strongly recommend the use of “thumbnails” as visual support for your commentary.
Choose an advert or advertising campaign you have seen. It can be taken from any media and can be something you thought was really effective or not. Remember this is all about how you perceive things and you need to justify every point you make!
You will need to consider:
WHO? Who is the advert targeted at? Paint a picture of the consumer using your knowledge of segmentation variables.
WHAT? What brand or services are being offered? What are the features and benefits?
WHEN? For what occasion is the product/service being advertised for? Is seasonality involved?
WHERE? Where is the advert positioned? Is this important?
WHY? Is the advertiser informing/selling?
Perception – Colours used/text/models used/celebrity endorsers. Are these used correctly in your opinion?
Buyer Process – What stage of the buyer process is your advert aimed at?
Involvement Levels/Risk Perception? Are they high, medium or low? What types of risk are displayed?
Marketing Mix elements:
• Product – what are the features and benefits? How effectively does the advert communicate the brand to you?
• Pricing – do the adverts contain information about pricing? Why / why not?

• Place – what distribution strategies are being used in your industry? How much information (if any) is given about this in the advert? Does the advert tell you anything about distribution?
• Promotion – What are the promotional objectives and how effectively are they achieved in your opinion? What does the choice of media tell you about the promotion strategy of the company?

Critique and recommendations – you should conclude with a critique of the approach the advertiser has taken and make some recommendations. Do not simply describe what the advertiser has done or summarise what you have already said in your report. A critique is a critical review in which you give an evaluation, stating what you think is good and what you think could be improved. If you think the advert is good, what is it that is good about it? If you think the advert is bad, why is it bad and how could it be improved?

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Subject:

Psychology

Please provide a response to the following posts.

Post 1
Chapter two concepts in regards to al-Zawahiri:

Operational Codes
What and how a person behaves is a direct correlation as to what a person believes. According to Cottam, ?operational codes are constructs representing the overall belief systems of leaders about the world?. (Cottam, et al. 2010) When the code is broken down into its baser parts, it is that blending of nature and nurture within the subconscious self that dictates how a person interprets and responds to any given stimuli.

In the book, The Road to Al-Qaeda, a history and characterization is given of Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri by the author, Montasser al-Zayyat, a man who lived in the same world as Zawahiri and knew him personally. (al-Zayat 2004) The operational code that helped to shape Zawahiri is seen first by the environment that he was born into, then secondly how those initial beliefs shifted by the environment that he moved to when he left Egypt and settled in Afghanistan. The move was precipitated by a shock to perhaps one of Zawahiri?s most personal codes of conduct when he was forced to betray a leader he held in great esteem, Esam al-Qamari, while being tortured, which lead to the leaders arrest and eventual martyrdom. (al-Zayat 2004) While the Muslim community and those that were closest to him, even al-Qamari, did not blame him for this betrayal understanding the duress he was under, Zawahiri could not seem to ever forgive himself for this breach of his personal code. According to al-Zayatt, this seemed to be when Zawahiri turned from seeking peaceful solutions, or at least being open to them, to the need for violent actions as the means for his instrumental beliefs against those that did not hold to his philosophical beliefs. (al-Zayat 2004) Egypt was the starting point for these aggressions, but once Zawahiri joined with Osama bin-Laden, his sights turned towards the United States , rejecting all his earlier proselytizing of fighting the ?near enemy? as the means of spreading Islam.

Need for Power
This concept is just one of many beneath the theory of leader traits or motive theroies, and seems self-explanatory. In truth, there are a variety of power needs and how different leader utilize the type of power they seek. As defined by Cottam, need for power is ?a personality trait involving a concern for impact and prestige?. (Cottam, et al. 2010) Effective need for power is balanced however, by the ability to garner such power without seeking aid from others. (Leadership 2008)

In al-Zayatt?s book, he describes how this need for power shifted effectiveness through Zawahiri?s writings in his early years, or pre- bin Laden years, to when he moved to join with Osama. Zawahiri transitioned from the leader of the Islamic Jihad to the second behind Osama bin-Laden as his views shifted. Al-Zayatt posits that this was probably due to his need to leave Egypt over the guilt of betraying al-Qamari, and living in the war entrenched Afghanistan. There is also that which is at the root of most all power struggles, and that is money. Money had become scarce after so many defeats against the Egyptians, especially after so many of his group were arrested in the aftermath of these defeats. Osama, with his vast resources, was a logical solution to Zawahiri?s problems. An interesting side note that makes one think for a moment, is that al-Zayyat describes Osama as a priest, and was seeking peaceful means until spending time with Zawahiri. There is the possibility that Osama was merely the charismatic, deep pockets front man that the strategic Zawahiri manipulated to his way of thinking. If this was the case, then perhaps Zawahiri remained within that leadership role, though shifting from an open affective leader who attained his need for power with the needs of the people in the forefront of his mind, to the type of leader who?s need for power consumed him to the point of lashing out against any who opposed his way of thinking as he did against al-Zayyat and in ways that even by his own kind seemed to go too far, as in the killing of the 15 year old boy in front of his father. (Cottam, et al. 2010)

Need for Achievement
Another concept beneath the motive theories umbrella is the need for achievement. This concept is defined as a person ?concern with excellence and task accomplishment?. (Cottam, et al. 2010) It is a means of validation by which to judge the standard and worthiness of one?s life. It can directly affect what choices a person makes, whether it is for the greater good, or as a way to alleviate inner feelings of self-loathing.

Self-loathing is a key factor that seemed to drive Zawahiri towards his need for violent retribution against those that made him compromise his personal code, as discussed above, which was at first the ?near enemy?, Egypt, then to what he considered the heart of the beast or the ?far enemy?, the United States. Al-Zayyat makes the distinction and refers back to it often that the man Zawahiri was before his time in prison and the torture he suffered there, was not the same man who emerged, indeed his whole personality seemed to change, especially the more time he spent in his self-imposed exile to Afghanistan. (Cottam, et al. 2010) In his need to achieve his end goal of an Islamic nation ruled by shari?a law, the affects on the Islamic community as a whole was not taken into consideration. His personal needs outweighed the needs of the community.

Chapter three concepts and al-Zawahiri:

Availability Heuristic
This concept utilizes information that the person inherently is aware of to process the most likely of outcomes to any given situation. This can be based on past experiences of outcomes in similar situations, or an educated guess on what the person can imagine to be the outcome. Cottam describes availability heuristics as one of the most important of the variety of heuristics, or ?mental shortcuts? in how we perceive others. (Cottam, et al. 2010)

An example of how using the availability heuristic can fail or backfire is the bombing of the New York city trade towers on September 11, 2001. Bombings are nothing new in the world of Zawahiri, and had been employed on numerous occasions and with success as with the embassies in Nairobi and Darussalam, the American military bases in Riyadh and Al-Khubar, and the USS Cole. (Cottam, et al. 2010) What previous experience did not account for and what Zawahiri failed to imagine was the multiplied response by the US Government and its people when he struck on US soil as opposed to some far off place that did not fully capture the attention of the US public in their day to day lives. Unlike in most middle eastern countries, the US was not used to a life filled with the real possibility of being shot or bombed on a daily basis, so at that time when embassies or ships were bombed, it was with the understanding that it was ?over there? and those people chose to put them in a position of danger, such as on Naval ship or in an embassy in a hostile area. Zawahiri miscalculated the response of the United States by relying on past responses what he imagined the outcome would be, or so al-Zayyat surmises. (Cottam, et al. 2010)

In/Out Groups
There is a hierarchy of groups that we all belong too. We all belong to the human race, whether we like it or not. Then it breaks down by region and religion, race and even what sex you are born. Most of the larger groups we are born in to, and they help to shape our beliefs of what give us self-worth and fulfillment. In-groups are those groups that we belong to, and out groups are simply, those groups we do not belong to. A person is judged by not only the group they are in, but those groups that they do not belong to, and more so by how closely related those two groups are. (Cottam, et al. 2010)

Zawahiri was born into an aristocratic family, which is a type of group, and one that allowed him the ability to study and become the scholar and doctor he became. He was also born a Muslim, a group which defined his life. Both groups combined so that he could form his own group/cell within the Islamic faith, which eventually became the Egyptian Islamic Jihad group. Even within the Islamic faith however, there were out groups that greatly affected how Zawahiri saw himself and others and how he defined his reasoning, such as the Gama?a al?Islamiyya who sought a cease fire initiative which was in opposition to his own views on how to achieve the final outcome. This out-group was vastly popular and threatened his desired role as the one to lead Islam against the infidels to be governed by Shari?a law in a world of enlightenment. (al-Zayat 2004)

Dissonance
Dissonance is what happens when what we say/do and our true beliefs on the subject do not fall in line with each other. As defined by Cottam, ?dissonance refers to an aversive state that results when our behavior is inconsistent with our attitudes?. (Cottam, et al. 2010) In today?s vernacular, it?s when you talk the talk but do not walk the walk.
Zawahiri created such dissonance within himself and as an extension within the Islamic community when responsibility for the embassy and other such bombings went unclaimed. Al-Zayyat states in his book that it is a point of pride and tradition to claim responsibility for actions against those that work against Islam and Shari?a law within at least a couple of hours of the action being taken. (al-Zayat 2004) By not claiming such responsibilities, even as he and Osama could not deny them, there was a backlash within his own community, and a thought that Zawahiri had compromised his principles, and the principles of Islam. So in an effort to push the cause of Shari?a and Islam, he compromised the very principles that are an integral part of the society, therefore creating tension for all.

Post 2
3 Concepts from chapter two and how they relate to al-Zawahiri?

Integrative complexity is the ability to take a scenario and be able to look at it with differentiation and integration in order to bring ideas together that may be initially conflicting (Cottam 2009, 29). The ability to see another?s point of view that is different from one?s own and incorporate the two together so they harmoniously integrate into one concept elevating the synthesis of the argument. Al-Zawahiri was a studious child and read all throughout his childhood giving him a strong background in his studies. When others would present an idea to al-Zawahiri that he did not necessarily agree upon or understand he was not quick to dismiss it. Instead rather, he would listen intently to try and understand the different point of view and expand upon his knowledge (Al-Zayyat 2004, 17). When all was said and done and both sides were explained he still preferred his own opinion and continued to clash with those who did not agree with them. Al-Zawahiri was not initially trying to seek out leadership positions and put himself in a position he was not ready for. He knew he needed to absorb as much information as he could before he could rise as a leader and stand next to bin Laden.

Within the Big Three there is the Need for Power. This is the desire to fulfill a need for impact and prestige (Cottam 2009, 21). The need for power is just one of the motives that drive an individual to do what they do and make the decisions they do. Al -Zawahiri is described as a studious, tender and softhearted individual who was born into a religious Muslim family (Al-Zayyat 2004, 16). He believed that there was a need to establish an Islamic government over the current government, in order to establish this Islamic government the was going to be a movement known as Jihad in order to resist the current government with the intent of removing it altogether and replacing it with an Islamic government instead (Al-Zayyat 2004, 43). In order to achieve this al-Zawahiri believed this could be accomplished best through a coup. This would mean the minimal amount of loss of life and bloodshed to achieve their goal. Looking into al-Zawahiri?s upbringing one would question how someone raised as well as he was would follow into this path. One thing that al-Zawahiri was taught as a young child was to revolt against bad circumstances life based on their revolutionary heritage (Al-Zayyat 2004, 35). Al-Zawahiri took this literally and used it as his internal force to begin his revolt against the government and seek power.

Psychobiography involves looking into the life history of person taking into consideration one?s personal, social and political developments and experiences as they have gone through life (Al-Zayyat 2004, 17). This concept is based off the idea that people are shaped dependent on childhood socialization while looking for patterns of behavior to explain the outcomes and make predictions for those in the same or similar circumstances (Al-Zayyat 2004, 17). Al-Zawahiri was not around child who acted out, nor was he a child needing attention. He was smart, involved in his studies and was academically doing very well. But when looked further into his life and looking into those that got involved with him later on we can apply this concept better. Al-Zawahiri?s psychobiography starts to take place and unfold when he meets bin Laden. Bin Laden allowed al-Zawahiri to recreate his Jihad movement and collectively fed off of one another?s approval for violence against the foreign and domestic enemies of Islam (Al-Zayyat 2004, 11). Bin Laden gave al-Zawahiri the confidence to use force against the current government in order to put an Islamic government in the seat (Al-Zayyat 2004, 45). Al-Zawahiri was greatly influenced by bin Laden throughout the years. Bin Laden enlightened al-Zawahiri to include not only those enemies close but also those far to include the United States and Israel (Al-Zayyat 2004, 64). Initially a man with dream and desire to achieve Islam in the government was now branching out to a larger scale of terrorism due to environmental and personal influential factors. Al-Zawahiri also played a role in changing bin Laden?s goals and the two were a combined force of terrorism.

3 Concepts from chapter three and how they relate to al-Zawahiri?

Bolstering is ?selective exposure to information, as people search for information supporting their decision and avoid information that would be critical of it (Cottam 2009, 42). Al-Zayyat discusses how al-Zawahiri was selective in what he would report and write on. He directly states that al-Zawahiri chose to criticize him, al-Zayyat, for the ceasefire initiative but left his out the members of his own group who were in support of it (Al-Zayyat 2004, 79). Al-Zayyat goes on to explain how al-Zawahiri continuously contradicted him on the same topic when looking to place blame and place him in a better light than what was actual fact (Al-Zayyat 2004, 81). Al-Zayyat expressed that al-Zawahiri would twist the facts to other groups about al-Zayyat and his imprisoned leaders of the Gama?a al-Islamiyya to try and cause conflict and get the leaders to abandon al-Zayyat (Al-Zayyat 2004, 89). Al-Zawahiri was reaching beyond his means, trying to create conflict within the politics of the internal Jihad to raise himself higher as the one to take over for bin Laden.

Social identity is described as how we classify ourselves into groups as well as how we classify others into groups (Cottam 2009, 47). There are in groups and out groups. As one describes the group they are a part of that becomes the in-group and when there is a reference to someone in a group on the outside that is considered the out-group. As much conflict as there can be between in and out-groups there can also be disagreements within the in-group leading to splits within the group. In the same manner out-groups can become a part of the in-group when opinions and policies are agreed upon and groups want to join forces. One factor that can lead to in and out group conflict is just the simple idea that there is a separation and creating a dividing line and hence creating conflict that was never there to begin with but the label of in verse out created it (Cottam 2009, 47). This is further known as the us verse them and hence lines are drawn. Al-Zawahiri had drawn lines between those fighting for an Islamic government through Jihad and those against. He considered himself and his followers the ?us? and those opposed were the ?them?. Al-Zawahiri was more concerned with the battle close to home and fighting those directly connected to his cause until bin Laden showed him a new way of fighting the greater picture of who he felt were getting in his way (The United States and Israel). Al-Zawahiri continued to join groups such as the International Islamic Front for Jihad on the Jews and Crusaders expanding his group of ?us? (Al-Zayyat 2004, 71). The more groups one can get on the side of the ?us? the stronger they are against the ?them? group. In order to continue to grow this dividing line Al-Zawahiri needed to continue to convince others that there was a split and countries were against Islam. By connecting up with bin Laden he could capitalize on adding ways to discriminate against the out group by convincing those who believed in bin Laden to believe in him as well as a package deal.

Security dilemmas ?are situations in which the efforts made by one state to defend itself are simultaneously seen as threatening to its opponents, even if those actions were not intended to be threatening? (Cottam 2009, 55). The situations al-Zawahiri put his people in along with bin Laden after September 11 can relate to this. The US needed to go to war to protect its people which in turn led to bombings and fighting on Afghanistan soil and innocent people were caught in the cross-fire. Al-Zawahiri and bin Laden put innocent children and families in the way of American bombs (Al-Zayyat 2004, 98). This caused anger and led more people to fight against the Americans to try and protect their own families. They did not necessarily agree with al-Zawahiri but all they could see was America attacking and they needed to protect their families. This leads to spiral conflicts as both sides begin an arms race and aggression builds (Al-Zayyat 2004, 98). This worked in the favor of al-Zawahiri and against the US as he now had additional fighters for him which he never counted on before. All the attacks al-Zawahiri was behind has only led to more bloodshed and more lives lost. He has put the people and the country he claims in the path of destruction and has forced them to fight on his behalf for fear of their own lives. The US had to attack Afghanistan to defend itself. The intent to kill innocent people was never there, but in order for the US to protect themselves against the Taliban and al-Qaeda war erupted and in order for innocent civilians to protect themselves they had to fight as well for fear of the Taliban and al-Qaeda would hurt them if they did not fight on their behalf.

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