An important purpose of this assignment is to examine what the different branches and layers of government do to address a policy using a current issue to illustrate it.
Complete a research essay on the government and healthcare. Remember this is being written for the president to read.
The U.S. healthcare system has been a controversial topic for decades. Here are the aspects and questions to address for this essay:
Identify a current issue being debated about the American healthcare system.
Explain two competing solutions to this problem.
Evaluate which one is preferable.
Address the responsibilities of each level of government, which are federal, state, and local. (Most of the essay will be about the federal government).
Make sure, per the rubric, to differentiate among the three branches of the federal government.
REQUIREMENTS:
500 word minimum and 600 word maximum length, not including references listed at the end or footnotes if used.
Incorporation of concepts and terms from the required readings.
Inclusion of facts from a recent news article about the topic/solution.
Correct spelling, grammar, and formatting, whether it’s APA, MLA, or Chicago/Turabian.
See the essay rubric for further details on grading.
Writing tips:
1) Write concisely! More is not necessarily better if the required points from the rubric are missed. A 500-word essay can earn an “A,” while a 700 word essay may lose points for going too long.
2) Essays should be written in the third person perspective. (Avoid using “I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, you, your”).
Instructions/Syntax for Term Paper Portfolio Analysis
In this project, you will apply the tools learned in EC-300 to a financial portfolio of your selection to determine whether it would be a good purchase. These need to be done on PC’s; MAC’s do not have sufficient capabilities for performing advanced statistical testing. This is a good learning lesson for students that they should become accustomed to; the ‘real world’ uses PC’s, not MAC’s.
In this project, you will make the following calculations:
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Z-Score and Associated Probability
Confidence Interval
One Sample Hypothesis Test
Two Sample Hypothesis Test
Scenario
Suppose that you work for a consultancy group that provides advice on the stock market. A client has asked you to provide an analysis of a particular stock for his/her company (you are actually going to pick the stock, see below). What you will do is amass data from a financial website, utilize the various statistical techniques from the course, and author a ‘financial report’ no shorter than seven pages but no longer than twelve (double spaced, Times New Roman, size 12 font) that contains the statistical analysis you have performed, why you would perform that specific test, and your recommendation for the client. In particular, the report should discuss:
Why you selected the particular company
Financial and non-financial characteristics of the company
How you calculated the various statistics and what they are
The significance of the statistics (both numerically and what relevance the test has)
Conclusions based on research – Is the company a good one to purchase
FAQ’s/Concerns
Do I have to submit my excel work with the paper? No.
Are there any successful examples of this project? Yes, look on blackboard.
Do you want me to describe what I did step by step? Absolutely not. You are to discuss the relevance and significance of each statistical test and how it applies to your particular scenario. Then, you are to analyze what that test and its results say about your particular company.
What do you mean by significance of statistical tests? You need to discuss under what conditions and/or scenarios you might think to apply that particular test. In other words, discuss why is it relevant to the world. Simply stating “I decided to run a confidence interval…” is not acceptable; that does not actually happen. Instead, you would decide to run, say, a confidence interval because you “wanted to create a range of value likely to contain the population mean…”. Get into the liberal arts aspects of statistics where you become aware of when and why a specific tool should be used as well as what its limitations are.
Instructions for Data Collection
Pick a company that you are curious about/really like; you are going to work with this company’s stock for the next several weeks so make sure it is something you are interested in.
Go to Google.com and type in the company’s name, followed by “Ticker Symbol.” For example, if you wanted to look up Apple, you would type in “Apple Ticker Symbol”, which would come up at AAPL. The ticker symbol is the company’s identification code on the various financial markets.
Go to Morningstar.com. Where it says “Quote”, type in the ticker symbol. The company’s profile should then appear.
Click Performance, which is located in the toolbar in the middle of the screen.
Click Price History, which will be right underneath Performance.
Underneath “Historical Prices”, it should say “Date Range” and “Frequency”. For “date Range”, click on 1Y (stands for One Year) and under “Frequency” click on “daily”.
To the right of where it says “Frequency”, click on “Export”. This will download the data into Excel, which is the program we will be using to make calculations.
Organizing the Data
Once the data has been downloaded into Excel, hold down on the “CTRL” button and click on Columns B, C, D, and F.
In this order, hit the buttons “Alt”, then the letter “E”, then the letter “D”, then “Enter”. You should be left with only the Dates in Column A, and the Column that says “Close” (which is the price of the stock when the market closed) in Column B.
The Arithmetic Mean
In Cell D3, type in “Arithmetic Mean” and hit “Enter”. Then type in “=average(” and use the Arrow Directional Keys to move the cursor over to Cell B3.
Once you have done that, hold down the “Shift” key while you hit “End” (it’s over by the “Backspace” key), and then hit the “Down” arrow. Type in a “)” (the symbol for a Closed Parenthesis), and hit “Enter”. That is the average price of the stock.
The Standard Deviation
In Cell E3, type in “Population Standard Deviation” and hit “Enter”. Then type in “=stdev.s(” and use the Arrow Directional Keys to move the cursor over to Cell B3. Once you have done that, hold down the “Shift” key while you hit “End” (it’s over by the “Backspace” key), and then hit the “Down” arrow. Type in a “)” (the symbol for a Closed Parenthesis), and hit “Enter”. That is the population standard deviation of the price of the stock.
It is the number that corresponds to the Greek Letter sigma.
Variance
In Cell F3, type in “Population Variance” and hit “Enter”. Then type in “=var.s(” and use the Arrow Directional Keys to move the cursor over to Cell B3. Once you have done that, hold down the “Shift” key while you hit “End” (it’s over by the “Backspace” key), and then hit the “Down” arrow. Type in a “)” (the symbol for a Closed Parenthesis), and hit “Enter”. That is the population variance of the price of the stock.
It is the number that corresponds to the Greek Letter sigma squared.
Assignments
Now that you have the stock’s return and mean, standard deviation, and variance of its price, we have the required data to perform various statistical tests as we learn them.
Z-Scores and Probability
Click on the Little Tab in the Bottom Left corner of Excel that says Sheet 2. Double Click on it, Delete “Sheet 2” and Rename it as ‘Prob Calculations’.
Go back to your first Sheet, Click on Cell B1. Next, while holding down the ‘Shift’ button, hit the ‘End’ Key, then hit the arrow key that points down. Your column should be highlighted in blue now. Hit CTRL and ‘C’ at the same time, to copy, then click on your new ‘Prob Calculations’ tab (bottom left), then click on Cell A1, and Hit CTRL and ‘V’ at the same time to paste the prices into a new sheet.
We are going to determine three cases of probability: Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3.
Before we begin, copy over your mean and standard deviation from the first worksheet and Enter them in Cells B1 and B2. The mean should be in the first worksheet’s Cell D4 and the Standard Deviation should be in the first worksheet’s Cell E4.
Case 1:
We want to find out the probability that your stock’s price will be between the mean and a 5% increase. To do so, first we need to find out what price corresponds to a 5% price raise.
Place the cursor in Cell C1. Next, we are going to calculate what the value of the stock will be if it is to rise 5%, such as if you weigh 100 lbs and wanted to know how much you’d weigh if you gained 10% of your weight, the difference being we are not going to weight but instead we are going to do price increases. To do so, type ‘=1.05*B1’ (but without the quotation marks obviously). For example, let’s say your mean was 45.02. Then, in Cell C1, you are going to type ‘=1.05*45.02’, then hit ‘Enter’ (but again, obviously without the quotation marks). Here in this example I used 45.02. You are instead going to use whatever your mean is from Cell B1- which will not be 45.02.
This new number you obtained is the price the stock would be if it was to rise 5% in value. (Similar to if you weigh 100 lbs and want to know how much you’d weigh if you gained 10% of your weight you’d do 100*1.10.)
Now that you have the value your stock will increase to if it rises 5%, we are going to calculate the probability that it will in fact have a price between its mean and this 5% increase. To do so, we need to find a z-score.
Place your cursor in Cell C2. Hit ‘=C1-B1’ and then hit ‘Enter’. You have subtracted the mean of the stock’s price from the value it would be if it rose 5%. This is the same as X-Mu in the Z-score formula. Next, in Cell C3 hit ‘=C2/B2’ and hit ‘Enter’. This is your z-score. It is telling you how many standard deviations your observation of a 5% increase in the value of the stock’s price is from the mean.
To get the probability of this occurring, open up your Z-distribution chart in the back of the book or from the blackboard handout (Looking for the one Labelled Standard Normal Probability Distribution) and find the Area/Probability associated with your Z-score. (If your Z-score is not in the chart [if the z-score is greater than 3.09], then in Cell C4 below enter ‘>0.4990’ and proceed from Part c. below.) That is your answer; it is the probability of the stock’s price being between its mean and a 5% price increase based upon past data.
Enter that probability in Cell C4 and in Cell C5, in Bold Font, enter in the information that above is the probability of Case I happening (so you don’t lose it or for easier reference when you return to it later).
Case 2:
Next, we are going to find out the probability that your stock’s price will drop by more than 7%. To do this, like above, we need to identify what price corresponds to a 7% drop of the stock’s price.
In Cell D1, type in ‘0.93*B1’ and hit ‘Enter’ (multiplying something by 0.93 is the same as losing 7% of value since 0.93+0.07=1). This is the price that the stock would have to fall to if it was going to lose 7% of its value.
Next, in Cell D2, type ‘D1-B1’ and hit ‘Enter’. That is the difference between the price of the stock if it dropped 7% and its current average.
Next, in Cell D3, type ‘=D2/B2’. That is the z-score corresponding to the price of the stock falling 7%.
Next, open up your Z-distribution chart in the back of the book or from the blackboard handout (Looking for the one Labelled Standard Normal Probability Distribution) and find the Area/Probability associated with your z-score. Enter it in Cell D4. (If your Z-score is not in the chart [if the z-score is greater than 3.09], then in Cell D5 below enter ‘<0.001’ and proceed from Part f. below.)
Finally, to get the answer, in Cell D5, type ‘0.5-D3’ and hit ‘Enter’. This is your answer; it is the probability that the stocks’s price will drop 7% or more.
In Cell D6, in Bold Font, enter in the information that above is the probability of Case II happening (so you don’t lose it or for easier reference when you return to it later).
Case 3:
Next, we are going to find out the probability that your stock’s price will drop by more than 3% or rise by 4%. To do this, like above, we need to identify what price corresponds to a 3% drop and a 4% rise of the stock’s price. This will require 2 different z-scores.
Start in Cell E1 and type ‘0.97*B1’ (If the stock’s price loses 3% of its value it will still have 0.97 of its value since 0.97+0.03=1). Hit ‘Enter’. This is the price it would be if the stock lost 3% of its value.
Next, in Cell E2, type ‘E1-B1’ and hit ‘Enter’.
Then, in Cell E3, type ‘E2/B2’. That is the z-score corresponding to the price of the stock falling 3%.
Next, open up your Z-distribution chart in the back of the book or from the blackboard handout (Looking for the one Labelled Standard Normal Probability Distribution) and find the Area/Probability associated with your z-score. Enter it in Cell E4. (If your Z-score is not in the chart [if the z-score is greater than 3.09], then in Cell E4 below enter ‘0.5’ and proceed from Part i. below.)
Next, we need to find out the same information, but for a 4% raise of the price of the stock. To do this, start in Cell F1 and type ‘1.04*B1’ (If the stock’s price gains 4% of its value it will have 1.04 of its value since 1+0.04=1.04). Hit ‘Enter’. This is the price it would be if the stock gained 4% of its value.
Next, in Cell F2, type ‘F1-B1’ and hit ‘Enter’.
Then, in Cell F3, type ‘F2/B2’. That is the z-score corresponding to the price of the stock increasing 4%.
Next, open up your Z-distribution chart in the back of the book or from the blackboard handout (Looking for the one Labelled Standard Normal Probability Distribution) and find the Area/Probability associated with your z-score. Enter it in Cell F4. (If your Z-score is not in the chart [if the z-score is greater than 3.09], then in Cell F4 below enter ‘0.5’ and proceed from Part i. below.)
Next, in Cell E5, type ‘=E4+F4’ and hit ‘Enter’. This is the combined probability of both of the Z-scores.
Next, in Cell E5, in Bold Font, enter in the information that above is the probability of Case III happening (so you don’t lose it or for easier reference when you return to it later).
As an FYI, should you encounter problems going forward understanding these directions or if you are unsure of yourself, YOUTUBE.com has videos on how these tests can be done in EXCEL. All you need to search on YOUTUBE.com is the name of the test follow by the phrase “in Excel”. For example, to learn how to run a Confidence Interval in Excel on YOUTUBE.com, simply search this website with the entry ‘Confidence Interval in Excel’ and a multitude of videos will be presented to help you.
Confidence Intervals
Now we are going to calculate a 95% Confidence Interval for the stock’s price.
In Excel, click on the Little Tab in the Bottom Left corner of Excel that says Sheet 3. Double Click on it, Delete “Sheet 2” and Rename it as ‘Confidence Interval’.
Next, return to Sheet 1 with the original Morningstar data and place the cursor in Cell B1, where it says ‘Close’. While holding down the ‘Shift’ key, hit the ‘End’ key, followed by the arrow that points down. It should highlight the entire column in Blue. Hit CTRL and ‘C’ at the same time, to copy, then click on your new ‘Confidence Interval’ tab (bottom left again), then click on Cell A1, and Hit CTRL and ‘V’ at the same time to paste the company’s name and prices into a new sheet.
Next, we have to make sure your computer is ready to run statistical testing. In the top left corner, click on ‘File’, then click ‘Options’, then click ‘Add-Ins’, then click on ‘Analysis Tookpak’, then click OK.
Then, once again, click ‘File’, then click ‘Options’, then click ‘Add-Ins’ and then, in the bottom middle of the pop-up box, next to where it says ‘Manage Excel Add-Ins’, click ‘Go’.
A new screen should pop up and the top of it should say ‘Analysis Toolpak’ with a check-mark next to it. Make sure that there is a check-mark next to it (there most likely already is), then click OK.
What you just did was activate an additional data tool software package in Excel that MAC’s do not come with nor are compatible with. Now let’s run the Confidence Interval.
Click on Cell A1. Delete the word ‘Close’ and instead replace it with the name of your company. This will come in handy later with other statistical testing.
Place your cursor in Cell C3.
To run the Confidence Interval, in the toolbar at the top click on Data, then Data Analysis, and then scroll down and click on ‘Descriptive Statistics’ and hit OK. A pop-up screen will appear.
Where it says ‘Input Range’, click on Cell A1. Next, while holding down Shift, hit the ‘End’ key, followed by the arrow key that points down. This will highlight the whole column with your data.
Your data is grouped by columns, so leave that option alone. Next, click on the button that says ‘Labels in First Row’ since in Cell A1 your data is labelled with the name of the company.
Next, click on the circle next to ‘Output Range’ and then, immediately after, click in the text box to the right of it. Scroll up to the top of your spreadsheet (if you’re not there already) and click in Cell C3. This is where your output chart is going to start.
Next, check off the box next to ‘Summary Statistics’ in your pop-up box. Do the same for ‘Confidence Level for Mean’ and change the confidence level to whatever level you want to use. For our project, we are going to do a 95% confidence level, so simply leave that unchanged/as is. Finally, hit ‘OK’. This will run the data package.
You should now have a rather large data result pop-up box that appeared in your spreadsheet, starting at Cell C3. Here’s how to get the Confidence Interval.
Now, at the top, place your cursor on the dividing line between Column C and Column D until you see a cursor that is two arrows, with one point to the left and one to the right. Double click at that point, to expand the columns (FYI that is how you always expand columns.)
To make the confidence interval, you need to calculate the lower bound and the upper bound. In your data chart, Cell D5 is your mean () and Cell D18 (next to where it says Confidence Level 95%) is the right half of the equation for a confidence interval (t[]). Thus, to make a confidence interval, click on Cell F18 and type ‘Lower Bound’ then Hit Enter. This will put you in Cell F19 and type ‘Upper Bound’ there.
Next, click on Cell G18 to put the cursor there. Type in ‘=d5-d18’ and hit ‘Enter’. That is the lower bound of the Confidence Interval.
Next, click on Cell G19 to put the cursor there. Type in ‘=d5+d19’ and hit ‘Enter’. That is the upper bound of the Confidence Interval.
You now have both the lower and upper bounds of a Confidence Interval. You’re done.
One Sample Hypothesis Test
Now we are going to run a one sample hypothesis test in Excel. Unfortunately, Excel does not strictly perform a one sample hypothesis test. Instead, what we are going to do is run a two sample hypothesis test and ‘trick’ it into thinking it is doing a one sample hypothesis test. Might sound complex, but this is actually quite simple.
In the bottom left of your spreadsheet, next to the tab that says ‘Confidence Interval’, there is a little tab to its right with an orange color coming out of a spreadsheet. That is the icon for adding a new worksheet. Click on it, double click on where it now says ‘Sheet 4’, delete that, and rename it as ‘One Sample Hypothesis Test’. If that doesn’t fit then just choose something you’ll remember.
Now, click on the tab for your Confidence Interval, and click on Cell A1, which is where your company’s name should appear and your data should start below. After clicking on A1, while holding down ‘Shift’, hit the ‘End’ key, then the arrow key pointing down. This should highlight the entire column in blue. Hit CTRL and ‘C’ at the same time, to copy, then click on your new ‘One Sample Hypothesis Test’ tab (at the bottom left again), then once in the new tab, click on Cell A1, and Hit CTRL and ‘V’ at the same time to paste the company’s name and prices into a new sheet.
Now, we are going to test whether it is reasonable to expect that the ‘inherent’ or ‘fundamental’ price of the stock could be 3% more than its current average. Use this time to think about what your null and alternative hypotheses will be, as well as if you have a 1 or 2 tailed test.
To do so, we need to find out what 3% more of its current average actually is.
To calculate this, go back to Worksheet 1 and place your cursor in Cell D4, which should contain your stock price’s mean. Hit CTRL and ‘C’ at the same time, to copy, then click on your new ‘One Sample Hypothesis Test’ tab (at the bottom left again), then once in the new tab, click on Cell D1, and Hit CTRL and ‘V’ at the same time to paste the company’s mean into the new sheet.
In Cell E1, now we are going to find the price corresponding to a rise of 3% of the price. In Cell E1, type ‘=D1*1.03’ and hit enter (If the stock’s price gains 3% of its value it will have 1.03 of its value since 1+0.03=1.03). This is the value you are going to work with, when attempting to find out whether or not your stock’s intrinsic value can be that number.
This is the time to make a note of what the null and alternative hypotheses are. What you want to know is whether that number can be the ‘intrinsic’ or ‘fundamental’ value of your stock, not whether it will be more than that value.
We now need to copy this mean all across Column B (every price in Column A needs to have a matching mean price next to it in Column B. This is simple to do, just follow the instructions.)
To do so, place your cursor in Cell E1 and Hit CTRL and ‘C’ at the same time, to copy. Now we are going to do a function called ‘pasting special’ (this removes all formulas behind the scenes). After copying, leave the cursor in E1 and hit ‘Alt’, then ‘E’, then ‘S’, then ‘V’. That is pasting special. Now hit CTRL and C once again to copy, then put your cursor in Cell A1. Hit ‘End’, then the arrow key that points down (this time you’re not holding shift!) and it should take you to the bottom of your data. Then hit the arrow key pointing right one time to move your cursor into Column B. Once there, while holding ‘Shift’ (this time you do it), hit ‘End’ and then the arrow key that points up. All of Column B should highlight in blue and you should be at the top of the spreadsheet. If that happens, hit CTRL and then ‘V’. You should paste the same number over and over all the way up Column B.
Once that works, hit the left arrow key one time, and the blue highlighting should fade away. Scroll up and put your cursor in Cell B1 again. In Cell B1, write in ‘Null Hypothesis Test Number’.
You should have your original price data in Column A with the name of the company in Cell A1 and in Column B you should have a list of our new price data with each number being the same that has just as many entries as Column A with Cell B1 saying ‘Null Hypothesis Test Number’.
Next, we have to make sure your computer is ready to run statistical testing. In the top left corner, click on ‘File’, then click ‘Options’, then click ‘Add-Ins’, then click on ‘Analysis Tookpak’, then click OK.
Then, once again, click ‘File’, then click ‘Options’, then click ‘Add-Ins’ and then, in the bottom middle of the pop-up box, next to where it says ‘Manage Excel Add-Ins’, click ‘Go’.
A new screen should pop up and the top of it should say ‘Analysis Toolpak’ with a check-mark next to it. Make sure that there is a check-mark next to it (there most likely already is), then click OK.
What you just did was ensure that your additional data tool software package in Excel was activated. FYI, MAC’s do not come with nor are compatible with this tool. Now let’s run the Hypothesis Test.
Now click on Cell D4. This is where we will ultimately put the Output table.
At the top of the toolbar, Click on Data, then click Data Analysis. Scroll down and select ‘T-Test: Two Sample Assuming Unequal Means’.
Click on the text box next to ‘Variable 1 Range’ and then place the cursor in Cell A1. While holding down ‘Shift’, hit the ‘End’ button, followed by the arrow key pointing down. This should highlight the entire column in blue.
Next, click on the text box for ‘Variable 2 Range’ and then place the cursor in Cell B1. While holding down ‘Shift’, hit the ‘End’ button, followed by the arrow key pointing down. This should highlight the entire column in blue.
Next, where it says ‘Hypothesized Mean Difference’, type in 0. Additionally, click the box next to labels because in Cells A1 and B1 you do have the names of the company and the words ‘Null Hypothesis Test Number’.
Next, leave alpha as 0.05.
Next, click the circle next to the words ‘Output Range’ and then click inside the textbox to the right of those words. Click on Cell D4 which is where we will start our t-test readout sheet.
Click OK.
This will make the test results appear. Here’s how to read it:
In Cell D12 your test statistic will appear.
In Cell D13, you will have your P-value for a 1 tailed test.
In Cell D14, you will have your critical value for a 1 tailed test.
In Cell D15, you will have your P-Value for a 1 tailed test.
In Cell D16, you will have your critical values for a two tailed test.
It is up to you to decide whether you have a one or a two tailed test. Remember, you are looking for whether the ‘Null Hypothesis Test number’ can possibly be the ‘intrinsic’ or ‘fundamental’ value of your stock, not whether it will be more than that value.
Upon doing this, you need to decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis and state a conclusion of your one sample hypothesis test.
Two Sample Hypothesis Test
Now we are going to run a two sample hypothesis test in Excel (which we technically did above but are going to run it for two companies). What we want to find out is whether your company and a potential rival have the same stock price, not whether one is greater than the other. Use this time to think about what your null and alternative hypotheses will be, as well as if you have a 1 or 2 tailed test.
In the bottom left of your spreadsheet, next to the tab that says ‘One Sample Hypothesis Test’, there is a little tab to its right with an orange color coming out of a spreadsheet. That is the icon for adding a new worksheet. Click on it, double click on where it now says ‘Sheet 5’, delete that, and rename it as ‘Two Sample Hypothesis Test’. If that doesn’t fit then just choose something you’ll remember.
Go to the previous worksheet labelled ‘One Sample Hypothesis Test’. Click on the name of your company in Cell A1, and while holding down ‘Shift’, hit the ‘end’ key followed by the arrow pointing down. This should highlight the column in blue. Now hit CTRL and ‘C’ to copy the data, click on the Tab for your new ‘Two Sample Hypothesis Test’, and place your cursor in Cell A1. Hit CTRL and ‘V’ to paste the data into the new worksheet.
Next, we need to get data on another company from Morningstar again. Pick a company that is similar to the one you just chose, such as a potential rival.
Go to Google.com and type in the company’s name, followed by “Ticker Symbol.” For example, if you wanted to look up Apple, you would type in “Apple Ticker Symbol”, which would come up at AAPL. The ticker symbol is the company’s identification code on the various financial markets.
Go to Morningstar.com. Where it says “Quote”, type in the ticker symbol. The company’s profile should then appear.
Click Performance, which is located in the toolbar in the middle of the screen.
Click Price History, which will be right underneath Performance.
Underneath “Historical Prices”, it should say “Date Range” and “Frequency”. For “date Range”, click on 1Y (stands for One Year) and under “Frequency” click on “daily”.
To the right of where it says “Frequency”, click on “Export”. This will download the data into Excel, which is the program we will be using to make calculations. This should open up a new spreadsheet, which we will not be using for long.
Place your cursor in Column E in the new file where it says ‘Close’. While holding down ‘Shift’, hit the ‘end’ key followed by the arrow pointing down. This should highlight the column in blue. Now hit CTRL and ‘C’ to copy the data, and return to the file we have been working with and made calculations in. Once there, click on the Tab for your new ‘Two Sample Hypothesis Test’, and place your cursor in Cell B1. Hit CTRL and ‘V’ to paste the data into the new worksheet. In Cell B1, delete the word ‘Close’ and replace it with the name of the second company you chose.
Now we will run a Two Sample Hypothesis Test, but first we must make sure your computer’s software package is ready to run.
In the top left corner, click on ‘File’, then click ‘Options’, then click ‘Add-Ins’, then click on ‘Analysis Tookpak’, then click OK.
Then, once again, click ‘File’, then click ‘Options’, then click ‘Add-Ins’ and then, in the bottom middle of the pop-up box, next to where it says ‘Manage Excel Add-Ins’, click ‘Go’.
A new screen should pop up and the top of it should say ‘Analysis Toolpak’ with a check-mark next to it. Make sure that there is a check-mark next to it (there most likely already is), then click OK.
What you just did was ensure that your additional data tool software package in Excel was activated. FYI, MAC’s do not come with nor are compatible with this tool. Now let’s run the Hypothesis Test.
Now click on Cell D4. This is where we will ultimately put the Output table.
At the top of the toolbar, Click on Data, then click Data Analysis. Scroll down and select ‘T-Test: Two Sample Assuming Unequal Means’.
Click on the text box next to ‘Variable 1 Range’ and then place the cursor in Cell A1. While holding down ‘Shift’, hit the ‘End’ button, followed by the arrow key pointing down. This should highlight the entire column in blue.
Next, click on the text box for ‘Variable 2 Range’ and then place the cursor in Cell B1. While holding down ‘Shift’, hit the ‘End’ button, followed by the arrow key pointing down. This should highlight the entire column in blue.
Next, where it says ‘Hypothesized Mean Difference’, type in 0. Additionally, click the box next to labels because in Cells A1 and B1 you do have the names of the companies
Next, leave alpha as 0.05.
Next, click the circle next to the words ‘Output Range’ and then click inside the textbox to the right of those words. Click on Cell D4 which is where we will start our t-test readout sheet.
Click OK.
This will make the test results appear. Here’s how to read it:
In Cell D12 your test statistic will appear.
In Cell D13, you will have your P-value for a 1 tailed test.
In Cell D14, you will have your critical value for a 1 tailed test.
In Cell D15, you will have your P-Value for a 1 tailed test.
In Cell D16, you will have your critical values for a two tailed test.
It is up to you to decide whether you have a one or a two tailed test. Remember, you are looking for whether the two companies have the same average stock price, not whether one is more than the other.
Upon doing this, you need to decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis and state a conclusion of your two sample hypothesis test.
You’re done! Let’s Type it up (if you haven’t as you’ve been doing these tests)!! See above on page 1 for guidelines on how to do this and how a paper like this should be structured.
Task description Assessing Accounts of Personal Resilience. You are to read and critically analyse at least 2 personal published accounts of a response to an emergency situation. (e.g., Joe Simpson touching the void). These MUST be published accounts NOT the Learning Activity posts of fellow students. Identify how were those accounts similar? In what way were they different? Drawing on the readings as well as your own research of the literature on resilience, what were the factors that promoted and/or reduced resilience in these people during their response to this emergency?
Assessment criteria Demonstrate and apply knowledge of the principles of resilience from physiological and psychological perspectives to the accounts of a response to an emergency situation. Analyse and critically evaluate the different accounts and determine the factors that were shared and different in those accounts. Consider factors that both promoted and reduced resilience. Synthesise the key points in a summary and communicate this effectively within the essay.
Links to unit’s intended learning outcomes
Following this assessment task students will be able to understand and describe the physiological and psychology principles that underpin human responses to emergencies. Students will also be able to identify the factors that support individual resilience to emergencies.
Task length 1000 words
Date due
Assessment details*
Assessment task 1
Individual Resilience – Suggested Resources for Task 1
Video
Title Link Abstract
9/11 – 102 Minutes That Changed America tps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi2vdOSoFFI
History Channel documentary containing raw footage from many people in and around Manhattan, New York City, during (and after)the terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. Footage includes FDNY firefighters, NYPD officers, PAPD officers, amateurs and emergency workers.
The Amazon Project 2012 (5 mins) (Summary of Davey du Plessis’ planned trip)
Choosing to Live – Davey du Plessis (Live) (35 mins)
Against All Odds: A journey of survival through the Amazon Jungle (Part 1) (8 mins)
Against All Odds: A journey of survival through the Amazon Jungle (Part 2) (6 mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_RTdz6xOxY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPoAyYDrVaw
A solo, source to sea navigation of the Amazon River. After 2 months in the jungle, Davey du Plessis was ambushed and attacked by two local men, what ensued was a remarkable story of survival.
An inspirational talk on Davey’s survival in the Amazon Jungle after he was ambushed and shot 4 times.
A documentary (in 2 parts) produced in South Africa (Against All Odds) about Davey du Plessis.
Janine Shepherd : A broken body isn’t a broken person (TED Talk) (19 mins) https://www.ted.com/talks/janine_shepherd_a_broken_body_isn_t_a_broken_person
Cross-country skier Janine Shepherd hoped for an Olympic medal — until she was hit by a truck during a training bike ride. She shares a powerful story about the human potential for recovery. Her message: you are not your body, and giving up old dreams can allow new ones to soar.
Aimee Mullins: The opportunity of adversity (TED Talk) (22 mins) http://www.ted.com/talks/aimee_mullins_the_opportunity_of_adversity
The thesaurus might equate “disabled” with synonyms like “useless” and “mutilated,” but ground-breaking runner Aimee Mullins is out to redefine the word. Defying these associations, she shows how adversity — in her case, being born without shinbones — actually opens the door for human potential.
Jane McGonigal: The game that can give you 10 extra years of life (TED Talk) (19 mins) https://www.ted.com/talks/jane_mcgonigal_the_game_that_can_give_you_10_extra_years_of_life
When game designer Jane McGonigal found herself bedridden and suicidal following a severe concussion, she had a fascinating idea for how to get better. She dove into the scientific research and created the healing game, SuperBetter. In this moving talk, McGonigal explains how a game can boost resilience — and promises to add 7.5 minutes to your life.
Richard Branson: Life at 30,000 feet TED Talk) (30 mins) https://www.ted.com/talks/richard_branson_s_life_at_30_000_feet
Richard Branson talks to TED’s Chris Anderson about the ups and the downs of his career, from his multibillionaire success to his multiple near-death experiences — and reveals some of his (very surprising) motivations.
News ArticlesWeb Articles
TitleTopic Link Abstract
“Clinging to life”, 2004, The Age, Australia
http://www.theage.com.au/news/science/clinging-to-life/2004/03/01/1078117362499.html
Can a strong will to live help you overcome extreme conditions? Lisa Mitchell looks at surviving against the odds.
Contains commentary from Dr Damian McMahon, director of shock trauma services at The Canberra Hospital, and Dr Kenneth Kamler, author of Surviving the Extremes: A Doctor’s Journey to the Limits of Human Endurance, 2004,St. Martin’s Press(refer to Books)
Remarkable Survival Stories, (2009), News.com.au http://www.news.com.au/news/remarkable-survival-stories/story-fna7dq6e-1225750562805
A good article with several summaries of Australians and overseas visitors in Australia who have survived extreme conditions.
Luke Shambrook joins others who survived when the odds were against them, (2015), The Australian http://www.theaustralian.com.au/travel/news/luke-shambrook-joins-others-who-survived-when-the-odds-were-against-them/story-e6frg8ro-1227295412790
Australian survivors
Disaster Readiness Index, Volunteering Queensland Inc., (2015) http://www.emergencyvolunteering.com.au/home/component/vmschecklist/?reset=reset
The Disaster Readiness Index is a short 9-questions checklist which focuses on the things you need to know, the actions you should be taking, and your understanding of your environment before and during a disaster. The result of the checklist is your very own Disaster Readiness Index, measured upon a base score of 100.
The Road to Resilience, American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx
Text reproduced from a brochure produced by the APA.
This brochure is intended to help readers with taking their own road to resilience. The information within describes resilience and some factors that affect how people deal with hardship. Much of the brochure focuses on developing and using a personal strategy for enhancing resilience.
Journal PapersReports
Citation Link Abstract
Zimmerman, M. D., Appadurai, K., Scott, J. G., Jellett, L. B., &Garlick, F. H. (1997). Survival. Annals of Internal Medicine, 127(5), 405-409. http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=710795
Editorial. Discusses the experiences encountered during medical school in Australia while mentioning the hiking expedition. What other activities apart from studying did the author involve himself in; Reflection on his hiking expedition; Reference to the difficulties which he encountered.
Scheper-Hughes, N. (2008). A Talent for Life: Reflections on Human Vulnerability and Resilience. Ethnos,73(1), 25-56.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00141840801927525
This article explores the limitations of the dominant psychological trauma model. Drawing on the experiences and the aftermaths of chronic ‘states of emergency ‘ among shantytown families in rural Northeast Brazil, among hunted street kids in urban Brazil, and among revolutionaries and warriors of different political stripes following the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa, I identify several features of human resilience, the sources of strength, toughness, hardiness, and relative immunity from personal and psychological collapse that we have come to associate with exposure to a variety of human calamities. We need to rethink our notions of trauma, violence and its sequelae. It wasn’t ruthlessness that enabled an individual to survive – it was an intangible quality, not particular to educated or sophisticated individuals. Anyone might have it. It is perhaps best described as an overriding thirst – perhaps, too, a talent for life.
Parker, J. (2008). Wisdom in wind and water: Katrina and other lessons of a social work educator. Traumatology, Vol 14(4), Dec 2008, 75-82.
http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/trm/14/4/75/
The worst natural disaster in U.S. history was anything but natural for the city of New Orleans and the Tulane School of Social Work. The associate dean’s account of personal and collective losses and victories in the devastation of Hurricane Katrina and the broken levees in New Orleans provides social work education both confirmation of and challenges to traditional thinking about trauma, recovery, and resilience. Actual accounts of individual and organizational survival are linked to tenets of trauma responses within a framework of lessons that inform the reader on personal, practice, and teaching dimensions.
Scott, D. (1979). A Crawl Down the Ogre.The Himalayan Journal, Vol.35
https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/35/29/a-crawl-down-the-ogre/
Karakoram: BainthaBrakk (Ogre), 23,900 ft. An account of the first ascent by a British expedition and the subsequent accident which resulted in Doug Scott crawling for seven days, on his hands and knees, down one of the highest mountains in the world with two untreated broken legs and on starvation rations.
Cohn, A., Hodson, S. &Crane, M. (2010). Resilience training in the Australian Defence Force. InPsych, April 2010 https://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2010/april/cohn/
This article focuses specifically on the resilience training programs being developed to enhance the coping abilities of ADF personnel. The resilience training program, dubbed BattleSMART (Self-Management and Resilience Training), is a cognitive-behavioural based program that aims to develop both arousal reduction techniques (i.e., the Self-Management component) and adaptive cognitive coping strategies. ADF personnel are taught to identify adaptive from maladaptive responses to stressful situations and adjust their responses as necessary. The article also outlines the origins and empirical support for psychological resilience training in the ADF.
Moss, A. (2012). Evaluation of the Ab Initio Officer BattleSMART Module at the RAAF Officer Training School. JHC Technical Brief R11047793. Joint Health Command Canberra, Australia, February 2012 http://www.defence.gov.au/FOI/Docs/Disclosures/318_1314_Documents.pdf
BattleSMART (Self-Management and Resilience Training) is a modularised educational program that operates across the ADF, teaching resilience training at key points throughout a member’s career. It is a preventive program designed to enhance an individual’s ability to cope effectively with increased stress and adverse or potentially traumatic events in their lives. As a result of the recommendation by Dunt (2009), an Ab Initio Officer module of BattleSMART was developed and rolled out to the RAAF Officer Training School (OTS) in 2010.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Ab Initio Officer BattleSMART module delivered at the RAAF OTS, as per the recommendation by Dunt (2009), to determine whether the current module meets the needs of personnel undergoing officer training.
Books
Title Link Abstract
Scott, James & Robertson, Joanne, (1993). Lost in the Himalayas : James Scott’s 43-day ordeal. Lothian, Port Melbourne. http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/44625368
This is the incredible story of James Scott’s survival. He lasted 43 days in the Himalayan winter; he survived cold, hunger, isolation and despair. He should never have made it out of the mountains alive. It is also the story of another struggle, of the search kept alive by his sister, Joanne Robertson. She refused to give up hope. This is a story about hope, endurance, survival and the human spirit.
Kamler, K.(2004). Surviving the extremes: A doctor’s journey to the limits of human endurance, St. Martin’s Press. https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Surviving_the_Extremes.html?id=f3HfRj0dYFcC&redir_esc=y
Surviving the Extremes uses first-hand testimony and documented accounts to illustrate what happens in environments where our instinctive survival strategies must become fully engaged. At the heart of the book is a quest for the source of our will to survive and the question of why some can, and others cannot, summon it at their moment of greatest need.
Du Plessis, D.(2013).Choosing to live: A remarkable true story of adventure and survival in the amazon jungle, On Demand Publishing, LLC-Create Space. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZOi3oAEACAAJ&dq=choosing+to+live+du+plessis&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIusf3oratyAIVRBqmCh14oAAQ
Two months into a planned solo source to sea navigation of the Amazon River, adventurer, Davey du Plessis was ambushed and shot within the isolated jungles of Peru. The adventure turned into an intense moment-to-moment struggle to survive as he made his way wounded through the dense jungle, seeking rescue and safety.
Wood, Gareth & Jamieson, Eric, 1949- (1996). South Pole: 900 miles on foot. Horsdal&Schubart Publishers, Victoria, B.C http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/15639446?selectedversion=NBD12738996
Canadian Gareth Wood along with two Englishmen successfully walked across Antarctica to the South Pole. Each man hauled a sledge loaded with 350 pounds of survival gear 900 miles through the unimaginable cold of the empty, hostile continent. Unlike Robert F Scott’s 1911-12 Antarctica expedition, this trek to the bottom of the world ended with success and survival. Roger Mear, Robert Swan, and Gareth Wood overcame 9,000 feet of altitude and 900 miles of frozen barriers en route to the South Pole without dogs, radios, mechanical support, or caches of food. In tribute to their American predecessor, they used Scott’s log. Their epic struggle tested these self-assured individuals and taught them the value of co-operation and teamwork in the face of disaster. For Gareth Wood, the day they finally reached the Pole was more the beginning of a new journey than the end of his quest. The ship that was to have collected the team was crushed in the ice. Not only did Wood survive another year in the Antarctic, but he also lived to describe the horrific attack by a savage leopard seal.
RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF EMERGENCIES: ASSIGNMENT 1 – ASSESSING ACCOUNTS OF PERSONAL RESILIENCE
Assessing Accounts of Personal Resilience. You are to read and critically analyse at least 2 personal accounts of a response to an emergency situation. (e.g., Joe Simpson touching the void). How were those accounts similar? In what way were they different? Drawing on the readings as well as your own research of the literature on resilience, what were the factors that promoted and reduced resilience in these people during their response to this emergency?
Step 1:.Describe the personal accounts you are considering. Give a brief description of these accounts. What happened, where? How? Be precise. (200 words)
Step 2: Assess the factors that promoted and/or reduced resilienceFocusing on the modules associated with physiological and psychological resilience, discuss the factors that promoted and reduced resilience in these personal accounts. (300 words). You might consider creating a table in your submission that talks about the factor in one column (e.g., positive emotions and the description in another column e.g., Simpson went through many emotional states however in the end managed to continue to stay positive and this assisted him to keep looking for ways to escape the crevasse). The table can be excluded from the word count if you are struggling for space.
Your Assignment cover should clearly state your
0 First and Last names
0 Student number
0 You have to list all reference sources using Harvard format at the end of the assignment
1. Define software engineering while highlighting its three fundamental cornerstones, why was
the discipline initiated? (6)
2. In a paragraph briefly discuss the term “software crisis “is it still used? (5)
3. Briefly discuss what is meant by ethics, and the role it plays when developing software. Who
are the two major societies associated with it? (5)
4. One of the phases in product development life cycle in most models is coined “post-delivery
maintenance”. Define post – delivery maintenance, list and discuss in detail all different
forms of this type of maintenance (10)
5. It is believed that post – delivery maintenance is only applicable to bad software products, do
you agree or disagree with this statement? Substantiate your answer with any existing
references if possible (8)
6. Some software process models may include software retirement. Briefly discuss this (3)
7. Define the meaning of commercial off-the-shelf software giving three clear examples
(COTS)? (5)
8. ln software development, who is a stakeholder, give any practical example? (3)
9. You have just registered your own software development company, write a brief mission
and vision statement of your organization (5)
10. You have been offered a tender to develop a payment solution software for MTC. Discuss in
a chapter which part of the project will will account for the most part of the budget and
why? (6)
11. Given you are the chief programmer leading the project in question 10, which process
model would you recommend and why? (10)
12. What the four activities are of process engineering, discuss clearly each one of them? (8)
Then select the class Fund of Human Resources and Mgmt and select assessment 5- Compensation and Benefits
From there please read the requirements for the paper, and the required/suggested sources needed to be used.
Write a research paper in which you address the compensation and benefits of a selected organization, based on information you have gathered and
analyzed about the organization.
Structuring and communicating a total compensation package that meets regulatory requirements and the needs of the workforce requires a delicate
balancing act between what is required and what will contribute to an effective relationship between employer, employee, and the community in which the
company operates. Communicating benefits programs to employees can be as important as the benefits themselves. Knowing how to leverage all available
compensation options is a necessary skill for any HR professional.
**INSTRUCTIONS**
Preparation
Choose an organization to use for this assessment. It can be where you are currently employed or a company with which you are familiar. It must be an
organization that is researchable, as you will need to gather and analyze information in order to complete the assessment. You may use the same
organization for the other assessments in this course.
If you choose the organization where you are currently employed, please keep in mind that the analyses you make must be based on facts that can be
documented rather than your personal opinion as an employee.
Research the compensation and benefits of your selected organization. These topics are fluid and ever-changing, and a very good resource of information
for these topics is the Capella library. Please search for sources published within the last 1–2 years for your assessment as you describe the
compensation and benefits programs your chosen organization offers.
Deliverable
Based on your research into the compensation and benefits of the organization you selected, write a research paper in which you complete the following:
Describe the formal pay structure within the organization.
Describe any benchmarking activities the organization undertakes, including information on whether the organization offers a competitive compensation
structure or incentives.
Describe any profit sharing or stock ownership programs that are available.
Explain which benefits offered by the organization are legally mandated and which are voluntary.
Analyze the cost of the benefits to the organization.
Explain how benefits are communicated to employees.
Analyze the environmental factors that have influenced the compensation and benefits of the organization.
Describe any problems associated with the compensation policies of the organization.
Analyze any current issues related to compensation and benefits faced by the organization.
Please note: You must address all the required elements of this assessment. If details for any of the bulleted points are unavailable, research the
topic and present recommendations you believe would be best for the organization, along with your supporting rationale.
Additional Requirements
Your submitted assessment should include a title page, introduction, body, conclusion, and reference page.
Be sure you support your analyses with references to at least two resources.
You should format this assessment as a research paper following APA 6th edition guidelines for both style and citing sources, making sure that you also
use correct grammar and mechanics.
Be sure you answer these criteria’s as well:
– Analyzes types of employee compensation.
– Analyzes the role of benchmarking activities in developing a competitive compensation structure.
-Analyzes the costs of employee benefits to a company. Compares the costs to potential ROI.
-Analyzes how benefits are communicated to employees.
-Analyzes the differences between benefits that are legally mandated and those that are voluntary.
-Analyzes environmental factors that can influence the compensation and benefits offered by an organization.
-Analyzes issues related to compensation and benefits packages organizations face and the potential impact on employee compensation and benefits
packages.
Please thoroughly read through the requirements and complete Assessment 5
Organized Labor Movement
Long ago it was said that ’one half of the world does not know how the There [3 WQrk that profits Children, and
other half lives.’ That was true then. It did not know because it did not brings profit only to employers. The oh
care. The half that was on top cared little for the struggles, and less for children [in the view of the employer] is
the fate, of those who were underneath, so long as it was able to hold to get high profits from their work. -Lel
them there and keep its own seat. -Jacob Riis
Considering your previous knowledg
Considering your knowledge of the hardships that developed in industrialization of the United States
society due to industrialization, how does the above image and would the above image and quote
quote reflect the income inequality in the 2nd Industrial need for a major labor movement
Revolution? Provide 2 specific connections to the image/quote. reform? Provide 2 specific reasons and link cl
Press pause on slide control to k ep slides from changing
Respond to the following scenario with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. Be substantive and clear, and use research to reinforce your ideas.
Mary Francis has just returned to her office after attending preliminary discussions with investment bankers. Her last meeting regarding the intended
capital structure of Apix went well, and she calls you into her office to discuss the next steps.
“We will need to determine the required return for our intended project so that we have a decision criteria defined for the project,” she says.
“Do you have the information I need to describe capital structure and to calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)?” you ask.
“I do,” she smiles. “We can determine the target WACC for Apix Printing Inc., given these assumptions,” she says as she hands you a piece of paper that
says the following:
•Weights of 40% debt and 60% common equity (no preferred equity)
•A 35% tax rate
•Cost of debt is 8%
•Beta of the company is 1.5
•Risk-free rate is 2%
•Return on the market is 11%
“Great,” you say. “Thanks.”
“Be sure to indicate how these costs of capital might be used to determine the feasibility of the capital project,” Mary says. “I want your
recommendation about which is more appropriate to apply to project evaluation, too. Let me know what you think.”
“One more thing,” she says as she stands up to signal the end of the meeting. “You did a good job with the explanations that you provided Luke the
other day. Would you have time to define marginal cost of capital for me so I can include it in my discussions with investors? You seem to have a knack
for making things accessible to nonfinancial folks.”
“No problem,” you say. “I’m glad my explanations are so useful!”
For this assignment, complete the following:
•Describe capital structure.
•Determine the WACC given the above assumptions.
•Indicate how these might be useful to determine the feasibility of the capital project.
•Recommend which is more appropriate to apply to project evaluation.
•Define marginal cost of capital.
Please submit your assignment.
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials.
M4D1: Nuclear Security
After you have completed reading “10CFR73.55: Requirements for Physical Protection of Licensed Activities in Nuclear Power Reactors Against
Radiological Sabotage,” post your answers to the following discussion questions.
Respond to the following:
• 10CFR73.55, item (b)(3)(ii) states that a facility’s security program must “provide defense in depth.” With regard to facility security,
what components would be included in “defense in depth”?
• 10CFR73.55, item (b)(9)(i) describes an “insider mitigation” program that, “must monitor the initial and continued trustworthiness and
reliability of individuals granted unescorted access to a protected or vital area” (USNRC, 2012, para. 18). What efforts do you think are required
to ensure trustworthiness and reliability of individuals?
M4D2: Quality Assurance Programs
After you have completed reading “Appendix B to Part 50—Quality Assurance Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel Reprocessing Plants,” post your
answers to the following discussion questions.
Respond to the following:
• Appendix B, Section III, Design Control, contains the statement: “The verifying or checking process shall be performed by individuals or
groups other than those who performed the original design, but who may be from the same organization” (USNRC, 2012, para. 7). What is the purpose of
this statement?
• Appendix B, Section XVI, Corrective Action, states that: “Measures shall be established to ensure that conditions adverse to quality, such
as failures, malfunctions, deficiencies, deviations, etc. , are promptly identified and corrected” (USNRC, 2012, para. 20). How do you think human
performance (that is, performance of reactor operators, technicians, etc. ) would be addressed by the corrective action process?
describe why excites about being a member of the school’s community.
-what excites me about being part of this school community is that fact that the school is located in a central city where there endless of things
to do. Where the campus is beautiful and the urban landscape is perfect for young individuals.
-the school focuses not just local unity but global unity and offers diversity in sense of curriculum and student and the school is private so
offers. many benefits for student body
-One thing I enjoy is extracurricular and school and location itself offers many opportunities and diversity
-being part of influential alumni
-A traditional boarding campus where school pride and unity is endorsed.
-pursue my major and enjoy the golden years with my classmates
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