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Math-Statistics-Quiz:Quantitative Methods in Public Admin

Math-Statistics-Quiz:Quantitative Methods in Public Admin

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MODULE 7

Instructor’s Notes #6:

Observational Methods (continued)

1. Quasi-Experimental Designs (Quantitative)

Research outside the laboratory setting may not allow the required amount of control achieved in the classic experimental approach. However, one alternative is the use of so-called “quasi-experiments,” where the researcher constructs the best possible approximation of an experiment and controls for as many threats to validity as practical.

2. Experimental Options in the Absence of Randomization

Without randomization we now must deal with selection problems directly through either:

•Study Design. Find ways to match up the control and treatment groups before the research is conducted. This involves thinking through important dimensions of the treatment group that might be related to the results, and to find a control group that is similar.
•Statistical Methods. This involves collecting information about confounding factors that might affect the outcomes for both the control and treatment group. Multiple regression is the typical form of statistical analysis. We will cover multiple regression later in this course.
3. Key to Good Quasi-Experimental Design

Both strong study design and adequate data are keys to good quasi-experimental design because they make possible the use of powerful statistical tools. I will discuss design issues and analysis tools within the context of three “typical” types of quasi-experimental design.

•Post-Design Only
•Pre- and Post-Design
•Time Series Design
4. Basic Non-equivalent Group Designs

Without randomization, the study design takes on even greater importance. The credibility of the study to the public, even if you use sophisticated statistical methods, will often hinge on whether you have a good study design. The key question to ask yourself in designing a study is: Are there alternative explanations for the results that you found in the study? If so, can you design a study that will rule-out alternative explanations? A key in quasi-experimental design is the selection of the control group.

5. Selecting the Control Group – Design Alternatives:

Cluster Sampling

First you need to characterize your treatment group on important observable characteristics. Then, you will constrain your potential control group to fall within these ranges. The control group is artificially constrained to look as much like the treatment group as possible.

•Matched Pair Sampling If you keep adding control factors to the cluster sampling eventually you will get to the point where there is only one member of the control group. This is termed the “matched pair” sample. A profile for each treatment group member is developed and then a match is found for the control group with similar characteristics.
•Cell matching is a version of cluster sampling, except a separate cell is created for each treatment group member (or group of members) with certain characteristics. The control group is then divided into similar cells and equal numbers of control group members to the treatment group are selected from this cell.
•Distance function matching involves creating a composite measure for each treatment and control group member which is a combination of relevant characteristics. Treatment group members are then matched to the control group member that is the closest distance.

Cohort Design

Sometimes the best comparison group is within the same organization itself, but at an earlier time.

Random Sample

Although seldom discussed, it is possible to actually do a random sample of the control group, even if the treatment group is self-selected. If you know the direction of the bias, then it is possible to use statistical methods to provide a rough estimate of the effects without the bias. The control group is used to fit a model of the true population. You then attach confidence intervals around this regression model, and see if the treatment group falls within the intervals. If not, then you can conclude with confidence that there is a significant difference.

Answers

MIDTERM EXAMINATION (Ch. 1-7)

PUB 504

                                                         Fall  2013

Student’s name: __________________________________________

There are 5 parts to this 100-point exam; you are to answer each part. If problems need calculations and you use a calculator, please show explicitly all the computational steps you followed to obtain your results. [In case of a calculation mistake, you’ll get partial credit. Don’t miss this opportunity]! For other problems just type your answers. [You can use reasonably unlimited space]. Do well!

                                                                                  

Part 1 (30 POINTS, one for each question)

 

1. A researcher is preparing a report and wants to select a measure of central tendency that shows the most commonly occurring score in a particular distribution. Which statistic should she select?

a. mode

b. median

c. mean

d. none of the above

 

2. Since computation of the standard deviation requires addition, division, and other mathematical operations, it should be used for

a. interval-ratio level variables

b. non-continuous variables at any level of measurement

c. nominal level variables

d. discrete variables only

 

3. When interval-ratio data are badly skewed, the appropriate measure of central tendency is the

a. mode

b. median

c. mean

d. first quartile

 

4. The Z score table gives the area between a score and the mean. For a Z score of -1.00 that area (in percentages) is

a. 34.13%

b. -34.13%

c. 68.26%

d. -68.26%

 

 

5. If the scores on a variable are 11, 18, 14, 25, and 20, the median is

a.   3

b. 16

c. 18

d. 19

 

6. The area between a negative Z score and a positive Z score can be found by                                        a. subtracting the Z scores from each other

b. subtracting each Z score from the mean and adding the results

c. adding the Z scores and finding the area in the Z score table for the summed Z scores

d. adding the areas between each Z score and the mean

 

7. When constructing a frequency distribution, the number of class intervals, in general, should be

a. more than 20

b. about 10

c. only 2

d. the same as the number of cases

 

8. The sampling distribution links the ________ distribution to the __________ distribution.                 a. stratified, EPSEM

b. statistical, empirical

c. sample, population

d. empirical, real

 

9. The purpose of inferential statistics is to acquire knowledge of the ____________ from the ___________ by means of the _____________ distribution

a. population, sample, sampling

b. sample, sampling, population

c. inductive, empirical, stratified

d. theoretical, empirical, theoretical

 

10. The most commonly used confidence level is

a. 99.5%

b. 95%

c. 90.5%

d. 90%

 

11. In addition to saying that one case is different from another, the ordinal level of measurement allows us to

a. order categories from high to low

b. measure the distance between high and low

c. say that one case is more or less than another

d. both a and c

 

 

12. Which sample size will produce the confidence interval with the smallest width?

a.  100

b.  200

c.  500

d. 1000

 

13. Which of the following is NOT a nominal level variable?

a. level of education

b. zip code

c. occupation

d. maker of auto

 

14. Computation of a mean is completely justified when a variable is measured at which level?

a. interval-ratio

b. ordinal

c. nominal

d. normal

 

15. To obtain the area below a positive Z score or above a negative Z score you would                            a. subtract the value of the Z score from the mean

b. subtract the area in the “Area Beyond Z” column of the Z score table from 50%

c. add the value of the Z score to the area beyond the mean

d. add the area between the Z score and the mean to 50%

 

16. The average weight of a sample of women who attend aerobics classes at the YWCA is 130 pounds. We constructed a confidence interval (using an alpha of 0.05) of ± 3.45. The upper and lower limits of our estimate are

a. 130.00 and 133.45

b. 126.55 and 130.45

c. 126.55 and 133.45

d. unknown; these values will depend on the number of  women who are truly serious about exercising

 

17.  Below are some items from a population survey.  For each survey item, identify the level of measurement.

a. In what region of the country were you born?

__ South

__ Northeast

__ Midwest

__ Far West

__ Other

__ Born out of Country

 

Nominal

b. How many siblings do you have? ______

Interval-ratio

 

c. How satisfied are you with the quality of instruction at this institution?

__ Very satisfied

__ Satisfied

__ Dissatisfied

__ Very Dissatisfied

Ordinal

 

d. How many miles per gallon does your car average?____

Nominal

e. People convicted of first degree murder should be executed.

__ Strongly Agree

__ Agree

__ Neither Agree nor Disagree

__ Disagree

__ Strongly Disagree

Ordinal

18. In Table 1, what percentage of Community A are Republicans?

a. (103/264) x 100 = 39.02

b. (103/17) x 100 = 605.88

c. (264/328) x 100 = 80.49

d. (103/135) x 100 = 76.30

 

TABLE 1 POLITICAL PARTY MEMBERSHIP IN TWO COMMUNITIES
                     PARTY:     COMMUNITY A COMMUNITY B
                 Republican 103 17
                   Democrat 135 21
               Independent  17 15
                     Socialist    9 11
                  TOTALS: 264 64

 

 

 

19. In Table 1, what is the ratio of Socialists to Democrats in Community B?

a. 11:21

b. 11:64

c. 64:11

d.   9:11

 

20. As our confidence in an interval estimate increases, the width of the interval

a. decreases

b. increases

c. remains the same

d. increases or decreases depending on the alpha level

 

21. A police department reports that the number of reported rapes in their jurisdiction increased by 100% over the past decade. This means that the number of reported rapes today is

a. double the number 10 years ago

b. actually about the same as 10 years ago

c. equal to the number 10 years ago plus 50%

d. triple the number 10 years ago

 

22. The chance of a randomly selected case having a score beyond ± 1.00 standard deviation of the mean is

a. .6826

b. .5000

c. .3174

d. 1/2 of the area of 1 standard deviation

 

23. Histograms and line charts or frequency polygons are used with data measured at the

a. nominal level

b. ordinal level

c. interval-ratio level

d. any level

 

24. In a two person race, if the Republican presidential candidate is projected to attract 44% ± 3% of the vote and the Democratic candidate is projected to attract 46%±3% of the vote, then

a. the Republican is the probable winner

b. the Democrat is the probable winner

c. neither candidate will win a majority of votes in the electoral college

d. the race is “too close to call”

 

25. In a positively skewed distribution the mean is

a. equal in value to the median

b. greater in value than the median

c. less in value than the median

d. either a or b, depending on the value of the mode

 

26. The most appropriate measure of central tendency for the variable age (measured in years) would be the

a. mode

b. quartile

c. mean

d. standard deviation

 

27. In any distribution, the mean and the median will have the same value when the distribution is                        a. symmetrical

b. positively skewed

c. negatively skewed

d. all of the above

 

28. The variable socioeconomic status ranges from upper class to lower class and is an example of the

             a. nominal level of measurement

b. ordinal level of measurement

c. interval-ratio level of measurement

d. ratio level of measurement

 

29. If you subtracted the mean from each score in a distribution and added the results, the sum would be

a. zero

b. less than zero

c. a minimum

d. the mode

 

30. If distribution A and distribution B have the same mean but A has a larger standard deviation, we may conclude that

a. the medians of both distributions would be the same

b. distribution B has a range of 0

c. A has a greater degree of dispersion

d. distribution B displays more variety

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Part 2 (15 POINTS)

 

Read the following article from The New York Times (on page 7) and answer the following questions.

 

  1. What is the objective of Dr. Larry Kurdek’s research?

 

To determine how marital quality changes over time

 

 

  1. What is the population that he is studying?

93 couples

 

  1. What is the sample size?

522 couples

 

  1. What is the unit of analysis?

 

Rate of change in marital quality

 

  1. What is the dependent variable? (What level of measurement would you use for it? In other words, given what you know about measurement, how do you think the respondents were asked to reply to the questions?).

 

Marital quality

 

 

  1. What are the independent variables? (What level of measurement would you use for each variable? In other words, given what you know about measurement, how do you think the respondents were asked to reply to the questions?).

 

  • Divorce history,
  • Presence of children
  • Personality variables

 

 

  1. Draw Kurdek’s theory (causes and effects) using boxes and arrows…

 

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Management Orientation proposal

Management Orientation proposal As the healthcare provision becomes more complex due to advance in technology and the effects of globalization, the existing orientation programs for nurse leaders lack the capacity to fully equip the newly recruited nurses with essential leadership direction for effective performance (Julie, & Annette, 2004). Competent training programs for nurse managers will offer basic efficiency for the nurses t ensure they step up their leadership performance in line with the organization’s goals and mission. Competent leadership training program for the nurses will help to increase the efficiency of performance by nurses in the organization (Cathcart, Greenspan, & Quin, 2010). Also, competent leadership training program will lessen the burden of training nurses for the leadership roles in the organization. This proposal aims at developing a new manager orientation program to improve nurses’ leadership in the organization. The purpose is to reduce time wasted in orienting the newly hired managers to the operations of the organization by engaging online training where those managers can familiarize themselves with the management processes in the organization. Management Orientation Program Most of the nurse management training program focus on closing the gap between the leaders and the nurses for the purpose of effective serve delivery (Ragsdale, & Mueller, 2005). The nurse leaders are trained on how to identify and respond to the needs of the nurses and patients and on how to regulate human resources in the organization in order to perform in accordance to the organizations requirements. Although these programs have resulted to increase in output of the nurses and has helped to improve relationships between the nurses and staff leaders, those programs have overlooked the time wasted to train nurse leaders to achieve specific performance in accordance to the organizational requirements (Cathcart, Greenspan, & Quin, 2010). The interaction between staff leaders, nurses and patients or their patient’s family members is ineffective hence this affect the process for making a quick decision and the efficiency of providing a solution to those problems. The inclusion of information technology in leadership orientation program will result to effective interaction between the newly recruited leaders and the training managers who acts as reservoirs for knowledge in the organization (Dellasega, et.al. 2009). The proposed orientation program will involve online training for the managers where they can gain knowledge at their own time. This training program will provide a quick learning tool for incumbent managers and give the trainee managers quick and efficient transfer of knowledge for effective performance (Julie, & Annette, 2004). Also, it will ensure the trainees are able to learn about the organization at their own time hence reducing time wasted in imparting knowledge to the trainee nurse managers. Online training of nurse leaders is essential because it will equip the nurse leaders with an opportunity to understand different problems facing staff and patients and be able to provide a quick solution to those problems. Also, it will offer managers with a chance to familiarize with various issues that occur in the organization and different approaches to solving those problems (Deanna, Patricia, M., & Timothy, 2012). In addition, this program will help to coordinate the training of nurse leaders and ensure a smooth transition of powers in decision making, interaction between the staff, managers and family members of the patients. Topic Rationale for inclusion Objectives Possible resources General organization structure It is essential for the management to define who is responsible for what activity in the organization (Cathcart, Greenspan, & Quin, 2010). This procedure helps to reduce conflicts of interest in the organization and ensure quick decision making process. To enable the newly recruited leaders gain knowledge on the structuring of responsibilities in the organization. Define the structures of the organization managers, procedure for decision making and how resources are utilized in conducting operations of the organization. Competence and professionalism Nurse leaders should be aware of the professional principles regarding their career I order to ensure they do not disrespect the law as they discharge their duties (Ragsdale, & Mueller, 2005). This will help the organization to increase efficiency of performance and at the same time deliver quality services to their clients. To acquire information on the professional code of ethics for the healthcare providers The code of ethics clearly indicated in the organization’s website from where the trainee leaders can access them. Stating the organizations managerial goals and approaches Making the newly hired leaders aware of the organizational goals and the management approach they should take to achieve those goals will result to competent operations and quality service delivery to the clients (Deanna, Patricia, M., & Timothy, 2012). Improved leadership style Write down the qualities and characteristics of effective leaders. Improve organization relationships Leaders in an organization should focus on strengthening their relationships with each other (Cathcart, Greenspan, & Quin, 2010). These will the staff members to work together and share the common challenges facing the management hence they will be able to come up with a solution to those challenges. Development of hopeful and constructive relationship with other staff members. establish the weaknesses and strengths in Improve communication in the organization. If an organization has effective channels for disseminating information, it will be easy for the managers, staff and clients to share effectively with each other (Ragsdale, & Mueller, 2005). This will help the managers to understand the areas that require quick decision to improve performance of the organization. To establish a mechanism for responding to the client’s needs faster and efficiently. To create a platform for reporting challenges and opportunities as they occur in the organization. Motivating and retaining of employees. The purpose of orienting nurse leaders is to ensure they are familiar with operations of the organization and equip them with the knowledge to deal with emerging issues in the organization (Dellasega, et.al. 2009). This will enable the training managers to gain confidence with their work and offer their best to the organization (Julie, & Annette, 2004). This will reduce the rate at which employees will leave their work to go and seek for employment elsewhere. The organization will be able to reduce the cost of hiring new managers from time to time. Train managers on effective communication and leadership style to increase their managerial competence. Evaluate the rate of employee satisfaction and confidence in the performance of their work. Conclusion Providing online managerial orientation for the nurse leaders will save time and increase efficiency of familiarizing the newly hired leaders with the operations of the organization. This is essential because it will increase interactions between the staff and clients. In addition, this will motivate the managers and help them organization to maintain those leaders hence reducing the expense which they would otherwise incur in hiring new employees from time to time. Furthermore, online training will provide newly recruited managers with an opportunity to the organizations challenges and discover new opportunities for improving their performance.

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Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination

International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
1. What issue is the International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination intended to address?
2. Who do you think was most responsible for defining the problem or drawing attention to this issue and for carrying it to conclusion?
3.EXPLAIN the stated objective of the International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination- Provide the Article number that sets this out
4. ANALYSE the International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination and draw from it any features that might affect (positively or negatively) its effectiveness (drafting precision, enforcement, etc)- Provide Article numbers that refer to these features.
5. Discuss your assessment of how successful the International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination has been in achieving its set goal. What problems have been encountered in its implementation? What achievements can it claim?

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The spiritual needs

spiritual needs assessment

The Joint Commission provides some guidelines for creating spiritual assessment tools for evaluating the spiritual needs of patients. Using this resource and any other guidelines/examples that you can find, create your own tool for assessing the spiritual needs of patients.
The spiritual needs assessment tool should include a minimum of five questions that can either be answered by the patient and/or by your observation of the patient.
Utilizing your assessment tool questions, practice completing a spiritual assessment survey with a patient, a family member, or a friend; analyze your results in 750-1000 words including:
1. Writing a brief summary of your assessment findings
2. What significant discoveries did you make about the individual you chose to assess?
3. What went well?
4. What would you do differently in the future?
5. Were there any barriers or challenges that inhibited your ability to complete the assessment tool? How would you address these in the future or change your assessment to better address these challenges?
6. Describe the spiritual experience you had with your patient, family member, or friend using this tool. How does this tool allow you to better meet the needs of your patient?
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How does this difference in prose style reflect upon the characters and their crimes. Both are post-war books.

literature
Discuss Lolita as the last document of a condemned man. Compare this to The Stranger. In both of these novels the main character is a morally compromised man, who ends up in prison for his actions.
Compare the prose style of The Stranger with that of Lolita. How does this difference in prose style reflect upon the characters and their crimes. Both are post-war books. How does the difference in the prose style reflect the author’s differing post-war experience.
Compare Lolita is in some ways an American Road story such as Kerouac’s On the Road, or William Least Heat Moon’s Blue Highways, or Steinbeck’s Travels with Charlie. Road stories are generally picaresques and often involve a quest theme, although not always. Discuss Lolita and how it fits into the picaresque or quest category, if you think it does.
Lolita is sometimes considered an aesthetic novel. In other words the luxury of the prose, the philosophical and psychological attitude taken by Humbert towards his life seems to illustrate the aesthetic philosophy. Is this true? You might want to make comparisons to Dorian Gray.
Discus the idea of social alienation, i.e. not fitting into the culture in which you find yourself. Social alienation of plays a role in both Lolita and Chronicle of a Death Foretold. It is also a theme in The Stranger. In either of these cases how does the alienation experienced by the character reflect that of the author?
Do a research project on Lolita in which you focus on one aspect of the story and research the background through references and critical material. Some possibilities would be the relationship between Lolita and Nabokov’s personal life, his aesthetics, his influences, his own research on the novel, themes of his other novels,
Compare the written novel Lolita to the two different film versions of the story: Stanley Kubrick and Adrian Lynn. How does the film version alter the “message” of the story? What aspects are changed? What is lost or gained in the editing process? Can film do justice to literature?
Lolita has a number of gothic elements in it. Compare the use of the gothic in Lolita to other novels we have read, such as Frankenstein or Dorian Gray.
Discuss the idea of social complicity in Lolita, and compare it to Marquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold. In both of these novels, and even in Dorian Gray, the society is in some ways complicit in the crimes that take place.
Compare the social criticism that takes place in Lolita with that of Dorian Gray. Both novels have a character who is particularly disdainful of the society they live in.
Discuss the concept of “honor” in relation to murder. In Lolita and Chronicle of a Death Foretold the murders might is some sense be related to defending the honor of another character. This topic could also be discussed in relation to The Stranger. When is honor an appropriate excuse for killing?

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Procrastination

Gender Differences Between the Effects of Stress Levels on Procrastination

 

Give the Gender Differences Between the Effects of Stress Levels on Procrastination.
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International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)

International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
1. What issue is the International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination intended to address?
2. Who do you think was most responsible for defining the problem or drawing attention to this issue and for carrying it to conclusion?
3.EXPLAIN the stated objective of the International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination- Provide the Article number that sets this out
4. ANALYSE the International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination and draw from it any features that might affect (positively or negatively) its effectiveness (drafting precision, enforcement, etc)- Provide Article numbers that refer to these features.
5. Discuss your assessment of how successful the International Covenant on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination has been in achieving its set goal. What problems have been encountered in its implementation? What achievements can it claim?

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spiritual

spiritual needs assessment

The Joint Commission provides some guidelines for creating spiritual assessment tools for evaluating the spiritual needs of patients. Using this resource and any other guidelines/examples that you can find, create your own tool for assessing the spiritual needs of patients.
The spiritual needs assessment tool should include a minimum of five questions that can either be answered by the patient and/or by your observation of the patient.
Utilizing your assessment tool questions, practice completing a spiritual assessment survey with a patient, a family member, or a friend; analyze your results in 750-1000 words including:
1. Writing a brief summary of your assessment findings
2. What significant discoveries did you make about the individual you chose to assess?
3. What went well?
4. What would you do differently in the future?
5. Were there any barriers or challenges that inhibited your ability to complete the assessment tool? How would you address these in the future or change your assessment to better address these challenges?
6. Describe the spiritual experience you had with your patient, family member, or friend using this tool. How does this tool allow you to better meet the needs of your patient?
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pollution in my present physical environment

Social determinants.

Consider the social determinants of health (p. 6) and ask yourself: How might pollution in my present physical environment affect both local and global health? Give specific examples.

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